Drug and Behavioral Psych Exam 2

Subcutaneous

Usually used for allergies tests Just under the skin (heroin is now being taken this way)

Parenteral

Veins to heart, to lungs, to heart, to brain/body

Dose-Response Curve

When tolerance is present, the dose response curve is shifted to the right A graph comparing the size of response to the amount of drug

Inhalation of gases

Whippets Usually short-lived and temporary

What's the difference between the effects of alcohol and other depressants compared to opioids?

With opioids there's a clouding of consciousness without the recklessness abandon, staggering, and slurred speech

Is tolerance reversible?

Yes!! Gradually decreases as you decrease use of the drug

Besides the psychological effects, what other effects are reliably produced by peyote?

"Bad trips" vomiting/violent sickness, convulsions

Find the therapeutic index if the LD50 is 100 and the ED50 is 10. What does this mean?

100/10 = 10. The therapeutic index is 10. This means you'd have to take 10 times the ED50 dose to have a 50% chance of dying

What were the approximate dates and who where the combatants in the Opium Wars?

1839, Britain and China

Nuvigil (armodafinil)

A longer-lasting version of modafinil, approved to treat the same conditions

Provigil (modafinil)

A medication used to treat narcolepsy, shift work sleep disorder, and daytime sleepiness associated with sleep apnea

Generic

A name that specifies a particular chemical, but not a particular brand - in the public domain, meaning they cannot be trademarked

If an elderly person has less protein in the blood than a younger person, how would you adjust the dose of a drug that has high protein binding?

ANSWER ME

Potency

Absolute number of molecules of drug required to cause a response Basically a fancy way of saying dose required Less molecules binding to get effects of drug means it's more potent

Will there be a difference in the response to a drug if a very small person and a very large person take the same amount?

Absolutely. Men and women also metabolize alcohol differently

Placebo

An inactive drug

Intracranial Self-Stimulation (ICSS)

Animals work at high rates to obtain ICSS Animals prefer ICSS over food, water, sex ICSS enhances the rewarding properties of food, water, sex Areas of the brain that best support ICSS are those of the natural reward circuits

Drugs that don't maintain self-administration

Aspirin, haloperidol, lidocaine, LSD, mescaline (not reinforcing)

Incentive Sensitization Theory

Attempts to explain drug craving Stimuli that activates the mesolimbic dopamine system have incentive Salience occurs: the stimulus is attended to by the organism, the stimulus motivates behavior towards it, the organism "WANTS" the stimulus With repeated use, a drug will acquire greater incentive value (sensitization)

What do you study with humans in a lab?

Basic effects of a drug: HR, respiration, etc, where it works in the brain (PET, fMRI) Self-reported effects of the drug: Do people like it? What do they tell you happens? Choice Behavior: Do they choose to take the drug? Alternate actual drug and placebo for 4 days, on 4th ask which one they want Are people willing to work for a drug? Treatment Options: medicinal and behavioral Cognition, driving (in a simulator), motor, and perception effects

Why should LD(50) always be greater than ED(50)?

Because LD(50) is the lethal dose where as ED(50) is the effective meaning. There should be a BIG difference between the two because if they're close, it'll be easier to cross into the lethal dose when trying to reach the effective dose

Why might nonspecific factors influence psychoactive drug effects more than the effect of an antibiotic?

Because with psychoactive drugs, the influences of expectancy, experience, and setting are also important determinants of the drug's effects

Which of the hallucinogenic plants was most associate with witchcraft?

Belladonna

Morton's makes table salts, also known as sodium chloride. What's the chemical name, generic name, and brand name?

Chemical: Sodium Chloride Generic: Table Salt Brand: Morton's Table Salt

What is the neuronal evidence of the Incentive Sensitization Theory?

Chronic use of several drugs of abuse increases glutamatergic (excitatory) input onto dopamine neurons in the VTA Also occurs with the stimuli associated with drug of abuse - stuff related to drug as well as drug itself (paraphernalia, location, and people you do it with)

Pharmacodynamic tolerance

Decrease in reactivity in the target site

Metabolic tolerance

Decrease in the amount of drug reaching the target site

LD1

Dose that's lethal for 1% of the population

What type of procedure must be conducted during human drug research?

Double Blind Procedure

Why and when did private and public physicians stop maintaining dependent individuals with morphine and other opioids?

During the 1920s under pressure from federal officials

ED50

Effective dose for 50% of the population

ED99

Effective dose for 99% of the population

What are the enkephalins and endorphins and how do they relate to plant-derived opioids such as morphine?

Endorphins: morphine-like neurotransmitters found in the brain and pituitary gland enkephalins: morphine-like neurotransmitters found in the brain and adrenals Both have potent opioid effects. They have actions on at least 3 types of opioid receptors

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)

Ensures federal regulations for animal care and use are maintained on camp Any experiments using animals must be approved by this committee Any individuals with animals must complete training

Drugs that maintain self-adminisration

Ethanol, nicotine, PCP, THC (reinforcing) Everything's IV minus ethanol (want to model humans drinking)

What was the significance of De Quincy's writing about opium eating?

Even in the early 19th century, a period when many contemporary observers tend to regard as one with few drug use moral strictures, he felt compelled to provide justification for his daily use of opium. He also detailed the pains of opium withdrawal.

Double-blind procedure:

Experiment in which neither the doctor nor the patient knows which drug is being used

Cross Tolerance

Exposure to ne drug can produce tolerance to another drug

Who studied Placebo Effects?

Filmore & Vogel-Sprott

What are the three different Ratio Schedules and define?

Fixed: reward every 5 bar presses Variable: number of presses vary (usually best option because they just keep pressing) Progressive Ratio: fixed schedule that gets more demanding - 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64

Rectal Administration....yeah

For unconscious, vomiting, or unable to swallow Alcohol and meth are the 2 big ones right now - if alcohol is taken rectally, it will initially bypass metabolism in the liver Quickly goes into blood stream - nothing is metabolized, so it's much stronger!! Actually blow higher on a breathalyzer test! CAN SOAK A TAMPON

Who did a TON of work on the Incentive Sensitization Theory?

George Koob and Barradge

Why do people say that LSD is one of the most potent psychoactive drugs?

Hallucinogenic effects can be obtained with 50 micrograms, compared with several milligrams required of other hallucinogens and only 1% actually reaches the brain.

Psychoactive Drugs

Hallucinogens, stimulants, nicotine, psychotherapeutics, opioids, depressants, marijuana

Therapeutic Index

Idea of drug's toxicity - what's the chance that someone will OD on the drug LD50/ED50 is the equation used

What can be concluded from the evidence regarding the neurotoxic effects of MDMA?

In animals the serotonin neurons can be destroyed, but the relevance of this and related findings for human recreational use is unclear. Recreational MDMA users don't typically use large doses as large as those used in animal experiments and when the cognitive abilities of these users is compared with education and age-matches counterparts, they perform equally well

When are chemical names of drugs most commonly used?

In laboratory situations where biochemists or pharmacologists are developing and testing new drugs

Variability slope

Individual differences in drug response Steeper slope typically means less variability

What are the three different types of inhalation?

Inhalation of gases, inhalation of solids, inhalation of smoke

Intraperitoneal

Injected into abdominal cavity - rabies shot and animal research use this

WHo must approve any research done on humans?

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

Intravenous

Into vein - fastest into system into brain!! Widely used

Which route of administration gets a drug to the brain most quickly?

Intravenous (IV) injections because the drug is put directly in the blood stream

What are the strengths of the Incentive Sensitization Theory?

It explains the development of addiction Explains craving Also helps to explain why people still want a drug, even when they now longer "like" it

How is it possible that heroin was at first sold as a nonaddicting pain reliever?

It was originally used as a cough suppressant and also helped block pain. There wasn't enough information out yet about their addictive problems

Why was LSD used in psychoanalysis in the 1950s and 1960s? How does this relate to its proposed use by the Army & CIA?

It was thought to be able to access the "subconscious mind." It was used as an adjunct to psychotherapy. It took over as a modern truth serum. They though tit could help prisoners tell the truth and also possibly make soldiers focus more (it most definitely did not).

How do you describe drug doses?

It's important to use a common metric system that everyone investigating the certain drug can observe similar results

Lipid solubility

Lipid soluble drugs pass through membranes easily Stays in lipids outside of the CNS Ionized molecules are NOT lipid soluble

Contrast MDMA and PCP in terms of how they appear to make people feel about being close to others.

MDMA increases openness and empathy, increases sociability and euphoria PCP has reports of violence....so no social

Efficacy

Maximum effect obtainable additional doses produce no more effect (taking 6 Advil won't make any more of a difference than 4...or whatever its max is)

What are the 3 main types of tolerance?

Metabolic, Pharmacodynamic, and behavioral

Why doesn't morphine have the same effect in mice and humans?

Mice metabolize drugs at a different rate (faster) than humans

What is the effective dose?

Minimal dose necessary to produce the intended drug effect in a given percentage of the population

How might two drugs interact with each other through actions of the CYP450 enzyme system?

Modern antidepressant drugs have a high affinity for one of the CYP450 enzymes and "occupy" the enzyme molecules, so they effectively inhibit the enzyme's action on any other drug. Now a previously safe dose of blood pressure medication/cough syrup suppressant results in much higher blood levels that could be dangerous.

What two chemicals are extracted from the opium poppy?

Morphine and codeine

Inhalation of smoke

Nicotine, cocaine (crack), methamphetamine (ice) Really only best in pure form!

Are drug effects due to the absolute amount of drug administered?

No. The effect of a drug is related to is CONCENTRATION in the body

Where is the dose presented on the dose response curve?

On the horizontal axis

Where is the size of effect or percentage affected usually on a dose response curve?

On the vertical axis

What were some of the lessons learned about heroin dependence as a result of the Vietnam experience?

Opioid dependence and compulsive use aren't inevitable among occasional users and under certain conditions - availability and low cost of drug, limited sanctions, stress - a relatively high percentage of individuals will use opioids recreationally

Into which major category does each of these drugs fall: heroin, cocaine, alcohol, LSD, Prozac?

Opioids: Heroin Stimulant: Cocaine Depressant: Alcohol Hallucinogens: LSD Prozac: Psychotherapeutics

What are the issues that must be focused on during Human Drug Research?

Participation MUST be voluntary! No coercion Deception must be reviewed Debriefing - tell you what happened

Transdermal

Patch Trying to get around abuse Sometimes people can scratch off the coating on the patches and use that to get high

Which type of tolerance is related to physical dependence and why?

Pharmacodynamic tolerance because it leads not only to a reduced effectiveness of the drug, but also to these withdrawal reactions.

What MUST participants have for drug use research?

Prior (proven biologically) history of drug use Medical staff MUST be available Participants mMUST be completely sober prior to exiting the facility

What's the active agent in the "Magic Mushrooms" of Mexico and is it an indole or a catechol?

Psilocybin; indole

Tolerance

Repeated exposure to a drug produces a decrease in sensitivity to the drug

Intramuscular

Right into a muscle - usually a large one

What are some of the many factors that influence drug effect

Route of administration, metabolism, tolerance

Which hallucinogen acts as an agonist at the Kappa opiate receptors?

Salvia Divinorum

Explain why taking opioids in combo with sedatives isn't advised

Sedatives alone are depressants and combined with opioids - a depressant as well - the entire system could become too depressed and shut down (a.k.a. death)

"Reverse Tolerance"

Sensitization: some effects an actually increase i sensitivity. These become sensitized Lower dose required to obtain the effect Shift to the left in the dose response curve Happens with meth

Inhalation of solids

Snorting Cocaine, metamphetamine, tranquilizer Ketamine ("Special K"), etc.

Oral

Stomach/Intestine to liver (metabolism) to blood, to veins, to heart, to lungs, to heart to brain/body First pass metabolism

What are the four different ways of injection?

Subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, and intravenous

Oral Administration

Swallow......duh Aspirin, pot brownies, mushrooms, LSD Very slow onset - has to be processed out of tummy Very effective for analgesics; slowly absorbed; therefore, it's easy to maintain constant levels in the blood

Who controls brand names?

The FDA - overly suggestive ones aren't approved

LD50

The dose that's lethal for 50% of the population

What is the diagnostic term for "flashbacks"?

The individual hasn't used the drug recently, but has re-experienced one or more of the perceptual symptoms experienced while intoxicated

What is one of the most profitable industries in the US with sales exceeding $290 billion a year?

The legal pharmaceutical industry

What is the lethal dose?

The minimal dose necessary to produce death in a given percentage of the population

Absorption

The movement of a drug from the site of administration to the blood Drugs are distributed throughout the body by the blood

What does the Institutional Review Board view as the highest priority and what do they weigh?

The right of the participants is highest priority They weigh the costs and benefits

What is the effect of a narcotic agonist on someone who has developed a physical dependence on opioids?

These antagonists can precipitate immediate withdrawals syndrome. This can prevent dependent individuals from experiencing a high if they use heroin -- blocks/reverses the depressed symptoms

What are the distinctions among phantastica, deliriants, psychedelics, psychotomimethics, entheogens, and hallucinogens?

They all create an altered state of reality (perception)

How did the typical opioid abuser change from the early 1900s to the 1920s?

They grew from simple daily medicine to low-class criminals willing to do anything to get their drug.

Selective Tolerance

Tolerance develops to some drug effects, but not to others

Behavioral

Tolerance occurs in the same environment the drug as administered If you move to a new environment, your tolerance will be lower Also called context specific tolerance

Describe the dependence potential of LSD in terms of tolerance, physical dependence, and psychological dependence.

Tolerance: develops rapidly as well as cross tolerance (recovery also happens rapidly). Physical: none Psychological: none really, but can get addicted to the feeling or want to experience the "trip" more and more because it can make a person feel more serene or creative

True or False: You develop tolerance quicker with IV

True