Drug/Alcohol Abuse

Special considerations for drugs that help certain conditions only affecting a limited number of individuals.

"Orphan Drug Law"

1. Cite 3 main reasons the Temperance Movement and Prohibition failed.

(1) European immigrants came over and began populating America and they are used to drinking as a normal thing, so they wouldn't give up drinking (2) enforcement against alcohol use was overthrown by corruption in law enforcement (3) after 2 years, people started to consume more alcohol than before and minors were becoming addicted

7. Describe five symptoms associated with narcotic withdrawal.

(1) Minor stomach cramps, (2) loss of appetite, (3) vomiting, (4) diarrhea, (5) chills/ fever, (6) aching bones/ muscle spasms

5. Provide 4 specific examples of how Sylvia would meet criteria for an Alcohol Use Disorder. Please state the specific criteria and use an example from the documentary.

(1)craving (2)physical dependence (3)tolerance (4)impaired control over drinking

3. Describe 3 common pharmacological therapies to treat alcohol and opioid dependency, withdrawal, and cravings.

(1)for opioids: methadone and suboxone to help with withdrawal (2) for alcohol: naltrexone (vivitrol) (3) antabuse for alcohol. It makes the person violently ill when they come into contact with alcohol.

10. Describe the 3 types of drug interactions. Give specific examples of each kind.

(1)synergistic: alcohol and barbiturates (2)antagonistic: naloxone and opioids (3)additive: aspirin and motrin

What age group category report the most illicit drug use?

- 18-20 age - males are more likely than females to be current illicit drug users

Major Risk Factors for Addiction

- Alcohol and/or other drugs used alone - Alcohol and/or other drugs used in order to reduce stress and/or anxiety - Availability of drugs - Abusive and/or neglectful parents; other dysfunctional family patterns - Misperception of peer norms regarding the extent of alcohol and/or drug use (belief that many other people are using drug - Alienation factors, like isolation and emptiness

What are the four principle factors that affect drug use?

- Biological, generic, and pharmacological factors - Cultural factors - Social factors - Contextual factors

Education

- College graduates had the lowest rate of current illicit drug use, while those who did not complete high school had the highest use of illicit drug use - However, past-month alcohol use increased with higher levels of completed education

Substance use disorder

- DSM-5 combines substance abuse and substance dependence into a single condition - Diagnosis include: Pharmacological - taking the substance in larger doses Excessive time spent obtaining the substance Craving the drug Social impairment Risky use of the substance Tolerance Withdrawal

Why drug use is more serious today?

- Drug use has become a widespread phenomenon - Drugs are much more potent than they were years ago - Drug sales are a multibillion-dollar-a year business - Both licit and illicit drugs are experimented with by youth at an increasingly younger age - People in today's society are more directly exposed to drug advertising - Greater availability and wider dissemination of drug information - Crack as well as crystal methamphetamine and other manufactured "newer" drugs offer potent effects at a low cost - Growth of crime rates among the young - Serious accidents in the workplace - Drug use endangers the future of a society by harming its youth and potentially destroying the lives of many young men and women

Why is drug use an equal-opportunity affliction?

- Drug users are founding all occupations and professions, at all income and social class levels, and in all age groups. - No one is immune to drug use

Erich Goode's Four Types of Drug Use

- Legal instrumental use - Legal recreational use - Illegal instrumental use - Illegal recreational use

Psychoactive drugs are classified as either:

- Licit (legal): coffee, tea, alcohol, tobacco, and over-the-counter drugs - Illicit (illegal): examples may include marijuana, cocaine, and LSD

Major Model of Addiction

- Moral Model - Disease Model - Characterological or Personality Predisposition Model

Abused Drugs as Positive Reinforcers

- This explanation believes that most drugs with abuse potential enhance the pleasure centers by causing the release of dopamine, which is a specific brain neurotransmitter. - These areas of the brain that dopamine is acting on regulate emotions, thoughts, motivation, movements, and feelings of pleasure....so the brain is actually teaching itself to repeat the enjoyment of pleasurable experiences. - Brain cells get used to all of the dopamine in your synapse and actually start to crave them when they are missing. - This often leads to "exhaustion" of the pleasure centers in the brain rendering it incapable of experiencing pleasure as it once did....leading to depression and other mental health problems.

Structural analogs

- drugs that result from altered chemical structures of current illicit drugs - it involves modifying the basic molecular skeleton of a compound to form a new molecular species

Miscellaneous drugs

- examples include inhalants, nutmeg, and morning glory seeds - extent of use cannot be verified

Designer Drugs

- new categories of hybrid drugs like Ecstasy and Demerol - these relatively recent types of drugs are created as structural analogs of substances already classified under the Controlled Substance Act.

When does use lead to abuse?

- the amount of drug taken does not necessarily determine abuse - the motive for taking the drug is the most important factor in determining presence of abuse - Initial symptoms include: excessive use, constant preoccupation about the availability and supply of the drug, refusal to admit excessive use, and reliance on the drug

Disease Model

- the thought that one becomes "hijacked" by the disease and has no control over it - this is the model that AA and NA groups subscribe to.

Drug abuse

- the willful misuse of either licit or illicit drugs for the purpose of recreation, perceived necessity, or convenience - refers to more intense misuse of drugs - often to the point of addiction - also known as chemical or substance abuse

Gateway drugs

- types of commonly used drugs that are believed dot lead the use of other more powerful mind-altering and addictive drugs, such as hallucinogens, cocaine, crack, and heroin

Drug Testing

- used to identify who who may be using drugs - urine, blood screening, and hair analysis

Low-risk drug choices

- values and attitudes that lead to controlling the use of alcohol or drugs - self monitoring your drug use, behavior, and abstinence - knowing your family drug history - knowing your limits - knowing the consequences of excessive drug and alcohol use

True or False: Cross-tolerance is when dependence on a drug can be relieved by other similar drugs

-False, Cross-dependence

Drugs, Crime, and Violence

1. Drug users in comparison to non-drug users are more likely to commit crimes. 2. A high percentage of arrestees are often under the influence of a drug while committing crimes. 3. A high percentage of drug users arrested for drug use and violence are more likely to be under the influence of alcohol and/or stimulant-types of drugs such as cocaine, crack, and methamphetamines.

What are the three major simultaneous changes in the user?

1. The social and psychological rewards from the effects of the drug "high" results in the illusion of temporary satisfaction and postponement of social pressures and anxieties leading to a superficial belief that problems and/or concerns are nonproblematic. 2 Pharmacologically, the nonmedical use of most drugs alters body chemistry largely by interfering with (affecting) its proper (homeostatic) functioning. Drugs enhance, slow down, speed-up, or distort the reception and transmission of reality. 3. Using a particular drug may satisfy an inborn or genetically programmed need or desire.

The percentage of alcohol commonly found in one glass of wine

10-12%

How many Americans use or have used marijuana/hashish in their lifetime?

107,842 million (41.9%)

How many Americans, age 12 and up, have used alcohol in the past month?

125 million

Required manufactures to include on labels the amounts of alcohol, morphine, opium, and heroin in a product

1906 Pure Food and Drug Act

Moral Model

19th and 20th century accounts that the inebriety was a condition of poor moral values. - Due to highly stigmatized nature of addiction, many people still take this point of view - Many cultures also accept it

The amendment which repealed Prohibition.

22nd Amendment.

How many drugs can be found in the average household?

50 drugs (40% prescriptions, 60% OTC)

How many Americans in the past month have smoked tobacco?

61.5 million

Circle all Strategies for preventing drug abuse a. Supply reduction b. Inoculation c. Demand reduction d. Harrison act

A B. C.

What is an antagonist?

A compound that suppresses the actions of a drug

What is comorbidity?

A condition in which two or more illnesses occur in the same person, simultaneously

What is a partial agonist?

A drug that has both agonist and antagonist properties

What is the "War on Drugs"?

A set of policies enacted in the U.S. and other countries to limit the production, distribution, and consumption of psychoactive illicit drugs. Yet, these policies affect low-income and minority communities most, particularly the African-American community.

What age group has the highest use of illicit drugs? A. 18-20 B. 50-65 C. 30-40 D. 12-16

A. 18-20

What are designer drugs? A. structural analog of a substance already classified under the Controlled Substance Act. B. Drugs that celebrities use C. Drugs approved by the FDA

A. structural analog of a substance already classified under the Controlled Substance Act.

What is the term that refers to the to the psychological and physical attachment to a drug A.) Addiction B.) dependency c.) withdraw d.) alcoholism

A.) Addiction

What refers to the neurotransmitter present in the regions of the brain that regulates movement, emotion, cognition, motivation, and feelings of pleasure? A.) Dopamine B.) Serotonin C.) GABA D.) Endorphin

A.) Dopamine

Three Principle Biological Theories

Abused Drugs are Positive Reinforcers Drug Abuse and Psychiatric Disorders Genetic Explanations

In which stage does a change does a person actively attempt to change?

Action

_____ substances activate the receptors while ______ substances inhibit the receptors.

Agonistic, antagonistic

Before modern drugs, what is most common depressants used to ease tension?

Alcohol

What are the most commonly used gateway drugs?

Alcohol Tobacco Marijuana

An enzyme that the live produces that breaks down alcohol into digestible components

Alcohol dehydrogenase

Why are CNS depressants problematic?

Availability due to over prescription

How long does a single "shot" of heroin lasts? A. 2 to 4 hours B. 4 to 6 hours C. 6 to 8 hours D. 8 to 10 hours

B. 4 to 6 hours

The maximum effect a drug can have regardless of the dose is known as the A. Threshold dose B. Plateau effect C. Cumulative effect D. None of the above

B. Plateau effect

Which substance causes the most annual deaths? A. Marijuana B. Tobacco C. Heroin D. Alcohol

B. Tobacco

What is the preferred prescribed CNS depressants for anxiety and sleep?

Benzodiazepines

Major Factors Affecting Alcohol and Drug Use

Body size Gender Poly drug use Fatigue or illness Empty stomach Strength (alcohol proof) Mindset

What is the correlation between the amount of drug given and its effects? A. Margin of safety B. Tolerance C. Dose- response D. Potency

C. Dose- response

Which types of drug users begin using largely because of peer pressure and curiosity? A. Compulsive users B. Floaters C. Experimenters D. None of the above

C. Experimenters

From _______ to present, drug use has become a wide phenomena? A.) 1980 B.) 1840 C.) 1960 D.) 2000

C.) 1960

Generic Explanations for Drug Abuse Vulnerability

Character traits, such as insecurity and vulnerability, which is often found in many drug users/abusers may be genetically determined. Factors that determine how difficult it will be to break a drug addiction may be genetically determined. Psychiatric disorders may be relieved by taking drugs of abuse, thus encouraging their use. Drug users may have reward centers in the brain that may be especially sensitive to addictive drugs. Addiction is a medical condition in the brain of addicts. Addiction is genetically determined, and people with this predisposition are less likely to abandon their drug of abuse.

Theories Based on Learning

Conditioning Habituation Addiction to pleasure theory

People who are addicted to opioids are __ more likely to be addicted to heroin A. 2x B. 3x C. 15x D. 40x

D. 40x

What is synergism? A. Presence of one drug alters the action of another B. Effects created when drugs are similar and actions are added together C. Effects created when drugs cancel one another D. Ability of one drug to enhance the effect of another

D. Ability of one drug to enhance the effect of another

Which of the following is a common side effect of drugs? A. Nausea B. Dependence C. Allergic reaction D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Which countries have legalized heroin? A. Canada B. Switzerland C. Australia D. Both A and B

D. Both A and B

Which of the following is not an example of drug misuse? A. Taking more drugs than prescribed B. Mixing alcohol and other types of drugs C. Giving prescription drugs to friends or family members D. Completing use of prescribed drugs

D. Completing use of prescribed drugs

Which of the following are NOT one of the four main factors that affect drug use? A. Biological B. Cultural C. Social D. Financial

D. Financial

Which of these is an example of illicit drugs? A. Coffee B. Tobacco C. Over-the-counter drugs D. Marijuana

D. Marijuana

What are the cost of drug use to society? A.) Illnesses B.) Shortened life spans c.) Martial and Family Strife D.) All of the above

D.) All of the above

What is not a major risk factor for addiction? A.) Alcohol and or drugs used alone B.) Abusive/ Neglectful parents C.) Alienation factors D.) Lack of sleep

D.) Lack of sleep

Which is NOT a model of addiction? A.) the moral model B.) Disease model C.) Character logical model D.) The psychological model

D.) The psychological model

What is the elimination of a toxic substance, such as a drug, and its effects?

Detoxification

Cough syrups contain this opioid

Dextromethorphan

The neurotransmitter responsible for the maintenance of addiction.

Dopamine

This neurotransmitter is involved in the process of addiction.

Dopamine

What legislation allowed qualified physicians to prescribe specifically-approved Schedule III, IV, and V medications for the treatment of opioid addiction in general medical settings?

Drug Addiction and Treatment Act (DATA)

8. Describe the role of dopamine in the process of addiction.

Drugs with abuse potential enhance the pleasure centers by causing the release of dopamine, which is a specific brain neurotransmitter

What are common withdrawal symptoms of heroin? A. Runny nose B. Tears C. Minor stomach cramps D. Loss of appetite E. All the above

E. All the above

What are the uses of opioids? A. Pain relief after surgery B. Injury or trauma C. Cancer pain D. Pain arising from disease E. All the above

E. All the above

Psychological Factors of Addiction

Escape from reality Boredom Inability to cope with anxiety Destructive self-indulgence (constantly desiring intoxicants) Blind compliance with drug-abusing peers Self-destructiveness Blindly using drugs without wanting to understand the harmful effects of drug use Self medicating (need the drug to feel better)

The two types of synapses are:

Excitatory and Inhibitory

Career Pattern of Addition

Experimentation Escalation Maintenance Dysfunction Recovery Ex-addict

T/F Females are more likely to be illicit drug user than males

False

True or False: Alcohol beverages have vitamins, minerals, proteins, and fats, which are good for you.

False

True or False: In the U.S., we are considered to have a "wet culture"

False

True or False: The prohibition began with the outlawing of alcohol use in 1919 with the 19th amendment

False

True or False? Drug addiction is not a mental illness.

False

True or False? The capacity of a drug to do damage or cause adverse effects in the body is known ad potency

False

T/F The US consumes less than 20% of the world's opioids.

False - 80%

The process by which alcohol is formed from yeast.

Fermentation

Psychological Explanations for Drug Use/Abuse

Focus on mental or emotional states of drug users, the possible existence of unconscious motivations that are within all of us, and social and environmental factors. The American Psychiatric Association classifies severe drug dependence as a form of psychiatric disorder. Drugs that are abused can cause mental conditions that mimic major psychiatric illness.

6. What is Motivational Interviewing? What are the components of MI? Why is Motivational Interviewing helpful in working with addiction?

Focuses on engaging natural motivation to change behavior of the client It is goal oriented counseling that tries to help the client explore and resolve ambivalence and supports self-efficacy

CNS depressant work on this system in the brain

GABA

Most common inhibitory transmitter in brain regions?

GABA

These 2 NT are inhibitory while these 2 are excitatory:

GABA, serotonin VS. Glutamate, norepinephrine

9. Define the following: homeostasis, dose-response curve, margin of safety, potency, and sensitization.

Homeostasis: Body's effort to maintain stability and balance via the nervous system and the endocrine system, based off internal and external changes in environment Neurotransmitters and hormones Dose-response Factors affected by it include: rate of absorption, metabolism, and how it is administered Margin of Safety Range between drug having an effect and the toxic dose Potency Amount of drug required to have an effect Sensitization Reverse tolerance, experiencing enhanced effect of substance

What induce drowsiness and encourage sleep?

Hypnotics

Cost of Drug Use to Society

Illnesses Shortened lifespans Marital and family strife Fetal alcohol syndrome Criminalistic behavior Drugs in the workplace/disruption of careers and professions Cost of assistance programs (e.g., Employee Assistance Programs [EAPs])

This was passed as a result of the thalidomide tragedy.

Kefauver-Harris Amendments.

List 3 drugs that are in Schedule I:

LSD, DMT, cannabis, MDMA, heroin, etc

What is the effect of Amnesiac?

Loss of memory

Personality Predisposition Model

Many schools of psychoanalysis will subscribe to the fact that there are clusters of personality "traits" that go along with addiction

The range in dose between amount of drug necessary to cause a therapeutic effect and a toxic effect

Margin of safety

What are the causes of Sedatives?

Mild depression and relaxation

The pharmacological name for the substance given to heroin users experiencing overdose

Narcan (Naloxone)

The specialized nerve cells in the nervous system are:

Neurons and glial cells

The rate at which the live can process alcohol

One drink per hour

Methadone is used in the treatment of addiction to what type of drug?

Opiates

Why are people attracted to drugs?

People use drugs as a means to temporarily: - Experience pleasure or heighten good feelings - Relieve stress, tension, or anxiety - Forget one's problems and avoid or postpone worries - Relax after a tension-filled day of work - Fit in with peers or as a rite of passage - Enhance religious or mystical experiences - Relieve pain and some symptoms of illness

The master gland

Pituitary gland

What are the five stages of change?

Pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance

2. Describe the factors that affect the concentration of alcohol in the blood.

Presence of food in stomach, rate of alcohol consumption, body composition, concentration of alcohol, mood, previous experiences, method of drinking

The form of alcohol most commonly known as anti-freeze

Propolyne glycol

Geography

Rate of past-month illicit drug use higher in large metropolitan counties than in small metropolitan countries and nonmetropolitan counties

Stages of drug dependence

Relief: satisfaction from negative feelings in using the drug Increased use: involves taking greater quantities of the drug Preoccupation: consists of constant concern with substance Dependency: a synonym fro addiction, is when more of the drug is south despite the presence of physical symptoms Withdrawal: the physical and/or psychological effects from not using the drug

Area of the nervous system responsible for basic human functions like sleep, heart rate, blood pressure, etc..

Reticular Activating System (RAS).

The substances in this schedule have a high abuse potential and no approved medical use.

Schedule I

Morphine, Meperidine, hydromorphone, fentanyl, and methadone all fall on this drug schedule.

Schedule II

Basic Reasons People Take Drugs

Searching for pleasure Relieve pain, stress, tension, or depression Peer pressure Enhance religious or mystical experiences Enhance social experiences Enhance work performance Drugs can be used to improve athletic performance Relieve pain or symptoms of illness

Who is at high risk for drug use and addiction?

Sensation-seekers - an indviduals motivation to seek drugs is caused by social influences or social pressures

The act of simultaneously using heroin and cocaine

Speedballing or crisscrossing

4. Define alcoholism.

State of psychological and physical dependence to psychoactive drug known as ethanol

What are paradoxical effects?

Sweating and uninhibited behavior

The ______ nervous system is responsible for 'fight-or-flight' while the ______ is responsible for 'rest and digest'.

Sympathetic, parasympathetic

Illegal recreational use

Taking illicit drugs for fun or pleasure

Illegal instrumental use

Taking non prescribed drugs to achieve a task or goal

What is homeostasis?

The maintenance of internal stability

The autonomic and somatic are a part of

The peripheral nervous system

What is the most recognized residential treatment model?

Therapeutic community

T/F About 42 women die everyday from drug overdose

True

T/F Alcohol and marijuana are common gateway drugs.

True

T/F Every 3 minutes a woman is hospitalized for opioid misuse

True

T/F The most active substance in opium is Morphine

True

T/F Tolerance does not become clinically evident until after 2 to 3 weeks of frequent

True

True or False: Alcohol use began to diminish for the first 2 or 3 years after the prohibition was in effects

True

True or False: College aged males binge drink more than females

True

True or False: Dysphoric is characterized by unpleasant mental effects and is the opposite of euphoric

True

True or False? Dose, Tolerance, Potency are factors that can affect the way an individual responds to a drug

True

True or False? Drugs are more potent today then previous years.

True

True or False? Low risk drug choices are developing values and attitudes that lead to controlling the use of alcohol drugs.

True

True or false? The belief that people abuse alcohol because of some biologically cause condition is referred to as the disease model.

True

The major reason CNS Depressant use is such a problem today.

What is lack of professional supervision, dangerous behavior, accidental overdose, etc...

The lethal dose of alcohol is within this range. a. 0.4-0.6 b. 0-0.2 c. 0.1-0.3 d. 0-.4

a. 0.4-0.6

Which act divided drugs into schedules? a. 1970 comprehensive drug abuse prevention and control act b. Harrison act c. 1906 pure food and drug act d. 18th amendment

a. 1970 comprehensive drug abuse prevention and control act

What are drug courts? a. Designed to deal with nonviolent drug abuser b. Designed to deal with violent drug abusers c. Court that holds drugs d. Designed for drug abusers in rehab

a. Designed to deal with nonviolent drug abuser

Which of the following are the regulations of nonprescription drugs a. Generally recognized as safe and effective b. Not safe and effective or unacceptable indications c. Insufficient date to permit final classifications d. All of the above

a. Generally recognized as safe and effective

Sally is part of a study and she is given 2 shots of vodka, almost immediately she begins slurring her words and falling over. This is an example of which of the following: a. Pseudointoxication b. Placebo effect c. Drunken comportment d. Disinhibition

a. Pseudointoxication

A substance that is added to heroin that changes its potency is known as an

adulterant

A CNS depressant category used in hospital settings to perform some more complicated procedures.

amnesiac

What is a drug?

any substance that modifies (enhances, inhibits, or distorts) mind and/or body functioning

Of the 2 million people treated for drug abuse, how many are being treated for alcoholism? a. 39% b. 64% c. 15% d. 98%

b. 64%

What does BAC stand for? a. Body Alcohol Control b. Blood Alcohol Content c. Born After Christ d. Borderline Addictive Consumer

b. Blood Alcohol Content

What is the fast track rule? a. Address a problem that patients are not allowed to return drugs b. Expedited review of drugs used to treat serious disease and fill unmet medical need c. Permission to market nonprescription drugs d. Clinical research done within 6 months

b. Expedited review of drugs used to treat serious disease and fill unmet medical need

Which of the following stipulation of the switching policy? a. Prescription for 2 years b. Prescription for 3 years c. Prescription for 4 years d. Prescription for 5 years

b. Prescription for 3 years

Phenobarbital is a _________________

barbiturate.

Experimenters

begin using drugs largely because of peer pressure and curiosity, and they confine their use to recreational settings

Drugs that have the ability to cross the _____________________ can alter perception, change mood, and lead to addiction.

blood-brain barrier.

100 Proof is what percent alcohol? a. 25 b. 100 c. 50 d. 200

c. 50

Which pharmacological therapy is used for treating alcoholics? a. Clonidine b. Methadone c. Antabuse d. Naloxone

c. Antabuse

Which of the following is schedule 1? a. Morphine b. Valium c. Heroin d. Cocaine

c. Heroin

Patent medicines were created as a conscience of _____? a. Food, drug, and cosmetic act b. Switching policy c. Sherley amendment in 1912 d. Harrison act

c. Sherley amendment in 1912

What percentage of consumed alcohol is inactivated by liver metabolism? a. 50% b. 10% c. 70% d. 95%

d. 95%

Which of these is not an example of something that BAC produced depends on? a. Rate of alcohol consumption b. Concentration of alcohol c. Drinkers body consumption d. Drinker's mood

d. Drinker's mood

Which is the following is not criteria that is used to define alcohol use disorder: a. Difficulty functioning socially and economically b. Tolerance c. Preoccupation and cravings d. Drinking more than 4 servings of alcohol a day

d. Drinking more than 4 servings of alcohol a day

Which of these four types of alcohol is considering drinking alcohol? a. Methyl alcohol b. Isopropyl alcohol c. Ethylene alcohol d. Ethanol

d. Ethanol

When an alcoholic's blood level first drops below their usual blood level, they experience which of the following: a. Delirium tremens b. Acute alcohol withdrawal syndrome c. Need for immediate hospitalization d. Relapse syndrome

d. Relapse syndrome

Which of the following is NOT a reason women for more sensitive to the effects of alcohol? a. Generally smaller body size than men b. Women absorb alcohol sooner due to higher fat percentages c. Women possess less of the metabolizing enzyme that gets rid of alcohol d. Women's sensitivity is socially influenced factor

d. Women's sensitivity is socially influenced factor

Compulsive users

devote considerable time and energy into getting high, talk incessantly about drug use, and become connoisseurs of street drugs

What are psychoactive drugs?

drugs compounds (substances) that affect the central nervous system and/or alter consciousness and/or perceptions

When a person uses heroin, tolerance begins

during the first use

Floaters or "chippers"

focus more on using other people's drugs without maintaining as much of a personal supply

Addiction

is characterized as compulsive, at times uncontrollable, drug craving, seeking, and use that persist even in the face of extreme negative consequences (WHO) defined it as "a state of periodic or chronic intoxication detrimental to the individual and society, which is characterized by an overwhelming desire to continue taking the drug and to obtain it by any means" (1964, pp. 9-10).

Which drug has been FDA-approved to treat alcoholism?

naltrexone (Vivitrol)

High-risk drug choices

refer to developing values and attitudes that lead to using drugs both habitually and addictively

Psychological dependence

refers to the need that a user may mentally feel about continuing the use of a drug to experience its effects and/or relieve withdrawal symptoms

Physical dependence

refers to the need to continue taking the drug to avoid withdrawal symptoms, which often include feelings of discomfort and illness

Comorbidity

refers to the term given to client who suffer from both addition and mental illness

The phenomenon where a drug gives a user an enhanced response.

sensitization

Legal instrumental use

taking prescribe drugs or OTC drugs to relieve or treat mental or physical symptoms

Drug misuse

the unintentional or inappropriate use of prescribed or over-the-counter types of drugs Ex. - Taking more drugs than prescribed - Using OTC or psychoactive drugs in excess without medical supervision - Mixing drugs with alcohol or other types of drugs - Using old medicines to self-treat new symptoms of an illness - Discontinuing prescribed drugs at will and/or against physician's order - Administering prescribed drugs to a family member without medical consultation and supervision

Employment

unemployed person have a greater tendency to use more illicit-types of drugs than people gainfully employed

Legal recreational use

use licit drugs like tobacco, alcohol, or caffeine to achieve a certain mental state