Drugs and Behavior Exam 3

Research suggests that daily coffee or caffeine use may provide a protective effect against: Huntington's disease. type 1 diabetes. bipolar disorder. Parkinson's disease.

Parkinson's disease

Nicotine is an acetylcholine _____ by acting on acetylcholine _____. agonist; neurotransmitter antagonist; neurotransmitter agonist; receptors antagonist; receptors

agonist; receptors

Coffee consumption may help prevent ________ Parkinson's disease liver disease type 2 diabetesmellitus all of the above

all of the above

What is a physiological effect of cocaine? All of these are correct. pupil dilation increase in heart rate increase in blood pressure

all of these are correct

Which of the following are side effects of methamphetamine abuse? deterioration of the teeth reduction in dopamine activity All of these are correct. depression

all of these are correct

One difference between cocaine and the amphetamines is that ________ amphetamine is synthetic, whereas cocaine is derived from a plant tolerance develops to cocaine cocaine is addictive, whereas amphetamine is not cocaine is a stimulant, whereas amphetamine is not

amphetamine is synthetic, whereas cocaine is derived from a plant

The subjective effects of cocaine are nearly indistinguishable from those of: sedatives. hallucinogens. anxiolytics. amphetamines.

amphetamines

Smoking crack produces ________ None of these are correct. vivid auditory hallucinations severe slowing of the heart rate an intensely pleasurable experience: "the rush"

an intensely pleasurable experience: "the rush"

Caffeine is an _____ to adenosinergic pathways by _____ action. agonist; enhancing neurotransmitter antagonist; blocking receptor agonist; enhancing receptor antagonist; blocking neurotransmitter

antagonist; blocking receptor

Which is an example of a street drug that belongs to the cathinone family of drugs? kiddie coke crack bath salts crystal meth

bath salts

Many behavioral therapy approaches address the ____ that trigger a craving to smoke. behavioral and environmental cues psychological traumas biological cues subconscious forces

behavioral and environmental cues

Caffeine is naturally found in all of the following EXCEPT: birch trees. cocoa beans. kola nuts. tea leaves.

birch trees

The mechanism of action of caffeine appears to be _____ receptors. stimulation of GABAA blockade of adenosine stimulation of adenosine blockade of GABAA

blockade of adenosine

Nicotine has been shown to have _______ effects. both calming and stimulating None of these are correct. stimulating calming

both calming and stimulating

Which of the following is a mechanism by which cocaine can cause death? both convulsions and heart failure convulsions liver damage heart failure

both convulsions and heart failure

Which of the following contains the highest concentration of caffeine? Coca-Cola brewed tea brewed coffee chocolate

brewed coffee

What source of caffeine did 16th century European explorers discover in Mexico? tea cacao kola coffee

cacao

Which of the following is used most frequently in medications? all are used equally parabromine theobromine caffeine

caffeine

__________ is the most widely used psychoactive drug. Alcohol Cocaine Nicotine Caffeine

caffeine

Agitation, anxiousness, and insomnia caused by high doses of caffeine is called: somnolence. caffeine syndrome. caffeinism. synesthesia.

caffeinism

Green, black, and oolong tea are all prepared from leaves of: different herbs. Coffea robusta. Camellia sinensis. Xanthus theo.

camellia sinensis

_______ facilitates many disease processes associated with smoking because of its advantage over oxygen in binding to hemoglobin. Nicotine Tar Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide

carbon monoxide

Other than the brain, research suggests that caffeine consumption may be beneficial for the: urinary tract. immune system. digestive tract. cardiovascular system.

cardiovascular system

The active ingredient in khat is ________ amphetamine cathinone cocaine caffeine

cathinone

The earliest use of cocaine was ________ chewing the coca leaf by the Inca snorting cocaine in the fifth century smoking crack by the Aztecs drinking Coca-Cola in 19th century United States

chewing the coca leaf by the Inca

Which of the following tobacco products is associated with the highest rates of oral cancer? snuff chewing tobacco cigarettes cigars

chewing tobacco

Dr. Andrews studies the effects of nicotine on the brain by characterizing the role of nicotine as a ____ nicotinic receptor agonist. serotonergic cholinergic dopaminergic glutamatergic

cholinergic

_____ are the most toxic way to smoke tobacco. Cigarettes Cigars Hookahs Pipes

cigarettes

The physiological and behavioral effects of amphetamine are most similar to those of: the phenothiazines alcohol MAO inhibitors cocaine

cocaine

What drug is contained in crack? amphetamine MDA morphine cocaine

cocaine

Which is an example of a psychostimulant drug? cocaine Psilocybin mushrooms alcohol LSD

cocaine

A toxic compound called cocaethylene forms when a person takes which of the following in combination? cocaine and norepinephrine meth and cocaine cocaine and alcohol bath salts and ephedra

cocaine and alcohol

Deandra researches the effects of nicotine on the body for a term paper. She is surprised to find out that nicotine has some beneficial effects, including improving ____ functioning. cognitive lymphatic cardiovascular endocrine

cognitive

The antimigraine effect of caffeine appears to be due to: dilatation of cerebral arteries. increased cardiac output. increased cardiac contractility. constriction of cerebral arteries.

constriction of cerebral arteries.

Juan suffers from headaches. He takes over-the-counter medications for pain relief but also drinks a can of Monster®. The effects of the caffeine in the energy drink cause _____ of the cerebral blood vessels and _____ blood flow to the brain. dilation; increased dilation; decreased constriction; decreased constriction; increased

constriction; decreased

After oral ingestion of caffeine, significant blood levels of the drug are reached in as soon as_____ minutes. 15 60 30 45

15

The Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act, which required warning labels to be placed on cigarette packages, originally took effect in 1966 1952 1925 1973

1966

How many of the 60 species of the genus Nicotiana are used for human consumption? 7 15 28 2

2

Cocaine is detectible in urine for about ________ after administration. 2 weeks 3 hours 1 month 2-3 days

2-3 days

Today, an important producer of cocoa is _ Africa the United States Switzerland China

Africa

Nicotine-induced release of acetylcholine may: enhance sensory perception. improve cognitive performance and arousal. cause adult ADHD. stimulate depression.

improve cognitive performance and arousal.

What is the classical function of the activation of nicotinic receptors in the peripheral nervous system? Decreases heart rate Dilates blood vessels Increases peristalsis Contracts muscles

contracts muscles

Ice is to methamphetamine as: ice is to crack. cocaine is to amphetamine. cocaine is to crack. crack is to cocaine.

crack is to cocaine

The most frequently reported nicotine "withdrawal" symptom is _______ irritability anxiety insomnia craving

craving

Which of the following is not a form of cocaine? crystal freebase crack coca paste

crystal

The acute effects of cocaine include all of the following, EXCEPT: increased blood pressure decreased activity euphoria appetite suppression

decreased activity

Research has shown that caffeine _____ the risk of cardiovascular disease and _____ the risk of diabetes. increases; increases decreases; increases decreases; decreases increases; decreases

decreases; decreases

Adenosine is a _____ the discharge rate of many central neurons. depressant that increases depressant that decreases stimulant that decreases stimulant that increases

depressant that decreases

Xanthines are known for all of the following EXCEPT: depressing the central nervous system. producing diuresis. relaxing smooth muscle. stimulating cardiac muscle.

depressing the central nervous system

Sigmund Freud advocated the use of cocaine for ________ depression and drug addiction drug addiction schizophrenia depression

depression and drug addiction

After entry of caffeine into the intestines, caffeine has: high absorption. poor absorption. no absorption. moderate absorption.

high absorption

In regard to caffeine use, it is recommended that pregnant women: may ingest about 200 milligrams per day. should limit their daily intake to about 1 gram per day. may ingest amounts of decaffeinated beverages. should avoid caffeine for the duration of their pregnancy.

may ingest about 200 milligrams a day

Caffeine is primarily excreted from the body as ________ amino acids electrolytes metabolites caffeine

metabolites

In 2006, U.S. pharmacies placed restrictions on the sale of cold remedies because many contain the chemicals ephedrine and pseudoephedrine; chemicals used for the production of ____. pyrovalerone cocaine methamphetamine methylphenidate

methamphetamine

How do most smokers quit? using group therapy on their own with the aid of their doctor using self-help groups

on their own

Cocaine alters the levels of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin by ____. blocking metabolism preventing reuptake reversing transporters increasing precursor levels

preventing reuptake

Taking an antidepressant drug that is catabolized by the same CYP enzyme for caffeine would: prolong the effects of caffeine. shorten the elimination rate for caffeine. diminish the pharmacological effects of caffeine. reduce absorption of caffeine.

prolong the effects of caffeine

Moderate consumption of caffeine can: substantially increase the risk of coronary heart disease. increase the risk of stroke. increase inflammation. protect against heart failure.

protect against heart failure

Evidence suggests that nicotine may produce a _____ effect for patients with ______ disease and a _____ effect for patients with _____ disease protective; Alzheimer's; toxic; Parkinson's toxic; Alzheimer's; protective; Parkinson's protective; Parkinson's; protective; Alzheimer's toxic; Parkinson's; toxic; Alzheimer's

protective; Parkinson's; protective; Alzheimer's

Drugs that increase psychomotor and sympathetic nervous system activity are referred to as ____. cannabinoids psychostimulants opioids psychedelics

psychostimulants

Jackie, a chemist who specializes in drugs of abuse, is giving a seminar to drug enforcement officials. She explains why "crystal labs" routinely convert cocaine from coca paste to a salt form. She makes the point, "The salt form of cocaine produces a ____." purer cocaine product and allows users to snort or inject the drug greater volume of cocaine and allows users to smoke or ingest greater volume of cocaine and allows users to snort or inject the drug purer cocaine product and allows users to smoke or ingest

purer cocaine product and allows users to snort or inject the drug

Most of the cancer-causing substances in smoke are in _ nicotine carbon dioxide carbon monoxide tar

tar

The release and inhalation of which product from smoked tobacco provides direct contact of carcinogens with tissue in the mouth, throat, esophagus, and lungs? cadmium lead tar formaldehyde

tar

Cancers associated with tobacco use are primarily due to: nicotine. the delivery device. poor filters. tars in the tobacco.

tars in the tobacco

What is "paradoxical" about the effectiveness of the treatment of ADHD with drugs such as methylphenidate or amphetamine? that these drugs act as a placebo that children nearly always become dependent on the drug that stimulant drugs seem to calm the ADHD child that drugs can treat a psychological problem

that stimulant drugs seem to calm the ADHD child

Amphetamines have been put to many medical uses. Which of the following is not one of them? treatment of depression treatment of anxiety treatment of ADHD treatment of nose bleed

treatment of anxiety

The lethal dose of caffeine is equivalent to approximately: 10 to 20 cups. 30 to 50 cups. 100 cups. There is no lethal dose.

100 cups

The half-life of caffeine in the blood ranges from ________ 12 to 24 hours 3 to 10 hours 15 to 30 minutes 1 to 2 hours

3 to 10 hours

The half-life of caffeine is: 24 to 48 hours. greater than two days. 3 to 10 hours. less than 30 minutes.

3 to 10 hours

What is the minimum nicotine dosage considered to be fatal in human beings? 60 milligrams 4 grams 1 gram 25 milligrams

60 milligrams

Graduate student Pasquel studies the effects of nicotine on nicotinic receptors by performing electrophysiology experiments. After applying nicotine to the bathing media of cells expressing nicotine receptors, what is he likely to find? Nicotinic receptors remain open as long as nicotine remains bound. Nicotinic receptors remain open until nicotine binds, causing the receptor to close. Nicotinic receptors remain open for a prolonged period, even if nicotine dissociates from the receptor. After a short period of time, nicotinic receptors stop responding even if nicotine remains bound.

After a short period of time, nicotinic receptors stop responding even if nicotine remains bound.

Why is it problematic that cocaine remains classified as a narcotic by the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration? Cocaine leads mainly to psychological, not physical, dependence. Cocaine is in fact not a narcotic substance. Cocaine is not as highly addictive as once thought. Deaths associated with cocaine administration are very rare.

Cocaine is in fact not a narcotic substance

__________ is the primary effect of carbon monoxide on the heart. Decreased blood pressure Decreased atherosclerosis Decreased clotting Decreased oxygen supply to the heart

Decreased oxygen supply to the heart

What were Freud's views on cocaine use? He was first very skeptical of its value, but later realized its benefits. He strongly encouraged its use throughout his career. He was first very enthusiastic about its benefits, but later realized its deleterious effects. He was greatly opposed to its usage throughout his career.

He was first very enthusiastic about its benefits, but later realized its deleterious effects.

Most of the cocaine that enters the United States comes from ________ Iran Afghanistan Latin America Somalia

Latin America

Which of the following statement is TRUE? Nicotine accounts for the acute pharmacological effects of smoking. Nicotine is only one of 2000 substances in tobacco. Nicotine makes cigarettes burn slower. Nicotine is a secondary active ingredient in tobacco.

Nicotine accounts for the acute pharmacological effects of smoking.

"Crack" is an injectable form of ________ None of these are correct. amphetamine heroin cocaine

None of these are correct

Many states now control cold medicine that contains pseudoephedrine. What is the reason for this? Pseudoephedrine is a highly addictive drug. Pseudoephedrine is highly flammable and may explode. Pseudoephedrine is likely to produce an overdose. Pseudoephedrine is an ingredient used to make meth.

Pseudoephedrine is an ingredient used to make meth.

In what ways does smoking cocaine differ from taking it orally or intranasally (snorting)? Smoking is less likely to result in overdose. Smoking produces more intense effects. Smoking produces more rapid and more intense effects. Smoking produces more rapid effects.

Smoking produces more rapid and more intense effects.

Nicotiana tabacum is indigenous to _ Spain South America Africa the United States

South America

The coca tree is native to ________ India Southeast Asia South America the United States

South America

__________ is the direct mechanism of action of nicotine on bit increasing and decreasing arousal levels Blockade of dopamine receptors Stimulation of dopamine receptors Stimulation of acetylcholine receptors Blockade of acetylcholine receptors

Stimulation of acetylcholine receptors

The early history of coffee included a 1674 pamphlet from England titled: Bad Berries. The Women's Petition Against Coffee. Nectar of the Heavens. Roasted in Hell.

The Women's Petition Against Coffee

Sandro uses both alcohol and cocaine. What effect is this likely to have? Cocaine metabolites will greatly reduce the effects of alcohol. The drugs will interact to produce a metabolite that interferes with the effects of both alcohol and cocaine. Alcohol metabolites will greatly reduce the effects of cocaine. The drugs will interact to produce a metabolite that acts as a psychostimulant enhancing the pleasurable effects of both drugs.

The drugs will interact to produce a metabolite that acts as a psychostimulant enhancing the pleasurable effects of both drugs.

Which of the following is true regarding the relationship between stimulant drugs and performance? They generally enhance complex intellectual performance. They cause blackouts. None of these are correct. They increase resistance to fatigue and boredom.

They increase resistance to fatigue and boredom

Caffeinism is: the study of caffeine. the study of people hypersensitive to caffeine. a syndrome produced by the overdose or overuse of caffeine. the description of the effects of moderate doses of caffeine.

a syndrome produced by the overdose or overuse of caffeine

Cocaine acts through all of the following neurotransmitters, EXCEPT: serotonin. acetylcholine. dopamine. norepinephrine.

acetylcholine

Nicotine has _______ -like effects. serotonin dopamine norepinephrine acetylcholine

acetylcholine

Caffeine is an antagonist for ______________ receptors. adenosine. acetylcholine. dopamine. histamine.

adenosine

The effects of caffeine are caused by its blockage of receptors for which neurotransmitter? adenosine serotonin dopamine acetylcholine

adenosine

The explanation for caffeine's acute effects that is most accepted now is the hypothesis. adenosine aminophylline phosphodiesterase glucose

adenosine

The net effect of amphetamine is most likely the result of action on the neurotransmitter: norepinephrine. dopamine. acetylcholine. serotonin.

dopamine

The depression that follows heavy use of cocaine is thought to be related to ________ dopamine depletion liver damage permanent brain damage GABA depletion

dopamine depletion

Which of the following would a person not be likely to feel after drinking a couple cups of coffee? creative drowsy efficient confident

drowsy

When was the relationship between tobacco and cancer first established? early-21st century early 20th century mid-20th century late-20th century

early 20th century

Freebase cocaine can be made by mixing street cocaine with ________ marijuana heroin methamphetamine ether

ether

If a caffeine dependent individual had her last caffeinated drink during the early afternoon, then the next morning she is likely: still alert from the previous caffeine use. no longer going to experience caffeine withdrawal symptoms. experiencing caffeine withdrawal symptoms. able to wait several more hours before consuming more caffeine.

experiencing caffeine withdrawal symptoms.

Theobroma, the genus name for the cacao tree, is Latin for: calm river. bitter root. wake-up tree. food of the gods.

food of the gods

As opposed to powder cocaine, crack cocaine: acts on different receptors in the brain. has a more rapid speed of onset. has a lower ceiling effect. acts at different sites in the brain.

has a more rapid speed of onset

The most common symptom of caffeine withdrawal is: irritibility. depressed mood. anxious mood. headache.

headache

The presence the compounds 5-hydroxytryptophan and yohimbine in energy drinks may: prolong the effects of antidepressant drugs. counteract the therapeutic effects of antidepressant drugs. increase the likelihood of adverse effects from antidepressant drugs. place someone at risk of depression.

increase the likelihood of adverse effects from antidepressant drugs.

At low doses, the major mechanism of action of amphetamine is: direct receptor stimulation. increased release of dopamine. receptor blockade. enhanced reuptake.

increased release of dopamine

Hookah smoke is absorbed by: sublingual administration. injection. transdermal patch. inhalation.

inhalation

What is the most common administration route for nicotine? inhalation injection ingestion insufflation

inhalation

The stimulants known as "bath salts" are synthetic analogues of a compound found in the ________ plant. marijuana coca khat coffee

khat

The e-cigarette is loaded with _____. dry tobacco wet tobacco powdered nicotine liquid nicotine

liquid nicotine

The ________ does most of the metabolizing of caffeine. kidneys pancreas liver colon

liver

The major organ(s) responsible for metabolizing nicotine is (are) the _______ kidneys pancreas lung liver

liver

The majority of metabolism of caffeine occurs in the: kidney. liver. bladder. plasma.

liver

The majority of nicotine is metabolized in the: plasma. liver. kidneys. blood.

liver

The major current medical use for cocaine is as a(n) ________ antianxiety drug local anesthetic antidepressant general anesthetic

local anesthetic

Smoking during pregnancy has been shown to produce small but consistent: low birth weights. neurological deficits. attentional issues as children age. frontal lobe deficits.

low birth weights

Compared to e-cigarettes, the use of vape-pens typically results in _____ on a puff per puff basis. increased exposure to carcinogens increased exposure to toxicants lower nicotine blood levels higher nicotine blood levels

lower nicotine blood levels

Compared to e-cigarettes, the use of vape-pens typically results in _____ nicotine blood levels and _____ carcinogens on a puff for puff basis. lower; decreased exposure to higher; increased exposure to higher; decreased exposure to lower; increased exposure to

lower; decreased exposure to

Nicotine is most readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract skin lung; nasal mucosa

lung

The carcinogens in cigarettes are the primary cause of ______ cancer. bladder brain pancreatic lung

lung

Children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are often treated with what drug? methaqualone (Quaalude) methylphenidate (Ritalin) buspirone (BuSpar) chlorpromazine (Thorazine)

methylphenidate (Ritalin)

Caffeine is one of three naturally occurring compounds known as the ________ tricyclics theobromines endorphins methylxanthines

methylxanthines

The long-term effects of stimulant use involve depletion of ________ monoamines GABA endorphins acetylcholine

monoamines

Drinking 5 or more cups of coffee per day: actually reduces the rate of heart attacks. more than doubles the risk of cardiovascular disease. slightly increases the risk of a heart attack. increases heart attack risk only in smokers.

more than doubles the risk of cardiovascular disease

Nicotine is thought to be beneficial to all of the following EXCEPT: Alzheimer's disease. motor skills. Parkinson's disease. cognitive performance.

motor skills

When first people start smoking, nicotine induces: feelings of pleasure. a decrease in blood pressure. nausea. altered heart rate.

nausea

Which biological effect is most likely to occur in a nonsmoker following their first cigarette? increased alertness blood vessel constriction nausea racing heart

nausea

All of the following are pharmacological effects of normal caffeine doses except: increased heart rate. negative mood. reduced appetite. blood vessel constriction.

negative mood

Resembling a normal cigarette, electronic cigarettes use a battery-powered device to deliver a smokeless and odorless dose of ________________. caffeine adrenalin glutamate nicotine

nicotine

The main reason humans appear to consume tobacco is for its _____ content. nicotine caffeine carbon monoxide tar

nicotine

Which is the most likely central psychoactive ingredient in tobacco? acetylcholine nicotine propylene glycol ammonia

nicotine

Nicotine-replacement therapy is a therapy that minimizes or prevents withdrawal symptoms by using products that contain ____. inactive nicotine derivatives tobacco but not nicotine active nicotine metabolites nicotine but not tobacco

nicotine but not tobacco

The pharmacological effects of tobacco are due to ______ and the disease states are due to _______. nicotine; tar nicotine; nicotine carbon monoxide; tar tar; nicotine

nicotine; tar

Which is an example of a carcinogen found in tobacco? cotinine nornicotine myosmine nitrosamines

nitrosamines

Ritalin is a: nonamphetamine stimulant. form of cocaine that is a nonamphetamine stimulant. form of amphetamine. form of cocaine.

nonamphetamine stimulant

Modafinil (Provigil) is a ________ stimulant used to promote ________. nonamphetamine; eating nonamphetamine; wakefulness amphetamine; alertness amphetamine; sleep

nonamphetamine; wakefulness

Cocaine's major mechanism of action is: enzyme inhibition. receptor blockade. receptor stimulation. reuptake blockade.

reuptake blockage

Evidence suggests that e-cigarettes may be _____ than regular cigarettes and could reduce _____. safer; quitting behavior more addictive; quitting behavior more addictive; craving safer; craving

safer; craving

After consumption, because of its solubility in both fat and water, the concentration of caffeine is similar throughout the body highest in the kidneys highest in the brain highest in the liver

similar throughout the body

Caffeine's most widely known adverse effect is on: cardiovascular function. memory. digestion. sleep.

sleep

Caffeine's primary pharmacodynamic action is _ contraction of the heart stimulation of CNS activity elevation of basal metabolism a stimulating effect on respiration

stimulation of CNS activity

Following chronic cocaine use, Jasmine ends up in the hospital. From the list below, which is a deleterious effect of cocaine that she likely experienced? stroke pneumonia attempted suicide liver toxicity

stroke

Psychostimulants are also called sympathomimetics, since they cause activation of the: central nervous system. skeletal nervous system. parasympathetic nervous system. sympathetic nervous system.

sympathetic nervous system

Psychostimulants are also referred to as ____. automimetics parasympathomimetics neuromimetics sympathomimetics

sympathomimetics

Europeans first began using caffeine in ________ the late 15th and early 16th centuries the Stone Age 200 B.C. the 19th century

the late 15th and early 16th centuries

In 1909, the FDA seized some Coca-Cola syrup and filed charges against the company partly because: the syrup contained cocaine. the syrup formula was secret. of the toxins in kola nuts. the syrup contained caffeine.

the syrup contained caffeine

Of the major caffeine metabolites, __________ does not act in a similar way to caffeine. paraxanthine parabromine theobromine theophylline

theobromine

Which of the following xanthines has almost no stimulant effect on the central nervous system and the skeletal muscles? Caffeine Paraxanthine Theobromine Theophylline

theobromine

Tea contains _________as well as caffeine. theophylline nicotine theobromine

theophylline

Research has shown that caffeine reduces the risk of all of the following EXCEPT: urinary tract infection. multiple sclerosis. cancer. cardiovascular disease.

urinary tract infection

Nicotine is eliminated from the body primarily in _______ urine sweat exhaled smoke feces

urine

Which of the following is the most efficient and safe way to get a dose of nicotine? cigarette smoking vaping using snuff intranasally using chewing tobacco

vaping

The effect of nicotine on the cardiovascular system and hypothalamus are, respectively: vasoconstriction and antidiuretic hormone release. vasodilation and antidiuretic hormone release. vasoconstriction and diuretic hormone release. vasodilation and diuretic hormone release.

vasoconstriction and antidiuretic hormone release.

Many of the severely adverse effects associated with nicotine are the result of its ____. freebase properties vehicle of administration: tobacco effects on nicotinic receptors glutathione conjugation

vehicle of administration: tobacco

The salt form of psychostimulants is necessary for the insufflation (snorting) route because drugs must be ____ for proper absorption through membranes of the nose, throat, and lungs. sufficiently buffered highly purified lipid soluble water soluble

water soluble