EAB 4764-MIDTERM

Not wanting to fire waitresses unfairly, Mr. Gordon Blue sets out to evaluate their behavior, taking the following variables into consideration -ie., are waitresses serving coffee refills, waiting on a banquet or on a couple, working in the smoking vs. non-smoking areas, breakfast or a four course dinner, waiting on talkative customers, vs. reserved ones. This illustrates which of the following methods?

Ecobehavioral assessment

Which of the following activities is or are important to establishing a supportive environment for program development and selection?

Establish a support base (e.g., a team or involve others). Assure contextual fit. Select and request the program implementer apply the intervention that research showsis the most effective for the client. All the above. Both a and b.

What is the best recording method for discrete behaviors, such as kicking a sibling?

Event or frequency

Which of the following does NOT form a basis for ABA?

Existentialism

During training of program implementers, which is most important to sustaining program implementation:

Follow-up support and feedback from significant others.

Stating that "Johnny Popup" is out of his seat 15 times a day is an example of:

Frequency

A major goal of applied behavior analysis is to:

Help individuals function more independently without outside interference

If asked, "How variable are your data?" you are being asked:

How evenly or irregularly is the change taking place?

A negative reinforcer______behavior by_____ an aversive stimulus.

Increases - removing

A three term contingency refers to a(n):

Interdependencies or relationships of contingencies with

Reactivity:

Is atypical behavior in response to being observed or due to some other change in the environment Is controlled for through a sufficient adaptation period is part of the baseline data Both a and b All the above

ABA has shown that human behavior:

Is lawful and subject to scientific investigation

The vertical axis on a graph:

Is the ordinate

ABA is a scientific approach in that:

It experimentally investigates variables that influence behavior

Which of the following is the best example of an operational definition of a behavioral problem?

Joe looks out the window for 50% of this reading time

Which of the following activities is NOT helpful in minimizing goal conflicts and promoting contextual fit?

Just accept the goals set by the client or guardian

The field of applied behavior analysis (ABA) began applications to human behavior during the:

Late 1950's to early 1960's

Which of the following situations would be considered positively reinforcing for Mike's behavior?

Mike's mother is teaching him to walk in the house instead of running. To accomplish this she spanks him every time she observes him running. After 30 days of this intervention Mike's running increased above previous levels.

A student, Michele, was causing a disruption. The teacher yelled at her to be quiet. She stopped her disruption. Yelling at Michele's disruptive behavior, which resulted in Michele's disruption stopping, involved____________________to be teacher's yelling.

Negative reinforcement

Joe Honeygrain scratches a mosquito bite and the itching is relieved. Subsequently, he scratches mosquito bites whenever he gets one. Scratching has been increased by which consequential procedure?

Negative reinforcement

John Teethgruncher dawdles at his homework. His mother nags him to complete his homework. When Joe turns in his work and appears to Derform the task, his mother stops nagging. The procedure used on Joe's procrastination is called?

Negative reinforcement

Sue is sitting in front of the TV. Her brother can't see his program. He hits her and she leaves crying. The term one would use to describe the function of hitting on watching TV (Sue's behavior) in the above example is?

Negative reinforcement

Sue is sitting in front of the TV. Her brother can't see his program. He hits her and she leaves crying. The term we would use to describe the function, or purpose, of the brother's hitting, is?

Negative reinforcement

An SA (delta) is an antecedent stimulus in which:

Non-reinforcement occurred as a result of the response

By carefully designating the response properties that constitute the target behavior, we maximize:

Objectivity

At the school level, who or what is responsible for primary prevention?

PBST

Which of the following is most likely a cusp or pivotal behavior?

Paying attention

Which of the following people could take the role of a behavior technician?

Peers Senior citizens Parents All the above

ABA procedures are relevant to:

People who have psychotic diagnoses as well as business managers

A parent is teaching her child to play in the backyard by slapping the child every time he steps in the front yard. Over a week's period of time the child is stepping into the front yard more than previously. What procedure did the parent use?

Positive reinforcement

A student, Michele, was causing a disruption. The teacher yelled at her to be quiet. She stopped her disruption. Over time, it is discovered that Michele's disruptions are increasing even through the teacher keeps yelling at her when she is disruptive. It appears that the teacher's yelling is ______________Michele's disruptions.

Positive reinforcing

Mark, an eighth-grader, loves to watch television. His parents have decided that Mark will be allowed to watch television from 8 to 10 P.M. only if he completes two hours of homework before 8 P.M. Which of the following describes the above situation?

Premack principle Response deprivation hypothesis Motivational operation All of the above

The cessation of hunger pangs is an example of a:

Primary aversive stimulus or negative reinforcer

Which of the following is NOT a constructive guideline for preventing the misuse of ABA procedures?

Primary caretakers should be trained to keep clients with mental disorders or retardation from becoming familiar with behavioral procedures

A positive behavior support team is necessary because it:

Promotes staff support and sustainability of schoolwide discipline or behavior management programs.

Positive punishment involves:

Providing or adding a consequence that decreases the occurrence of the behavior

Positive reinforcement involves:

Providing or adding a consequence that increases or maintains the behavior

The following critical features - a stimulus, added as a consequence, consequence, that decreases the behavior - identifies which procedures?

Punishment

An SDp is an antecedent stimulus in which:

Punishment occurred as a result of the response

Which of the following is the least valid method of behavioral assessment?

Recall

In making a baseline assessment of behavior, you should:

Record the behavior for several days until a stable behavior pattern occurs before attempting to change it

There are a number of different types of discriminative stimuli due to what the individual's experience has been with the response-consequence pairings in the presence of specific antecedents. An SDr is an antecedent stimulus in which:

Reinforcement occurred as a result of the response

Which is the most valid method for determining reinforcer effectiveness for an individual?

Reinforcer preference assessment

Which of the following is NOT a factor related to treatment integrity?

Reinforcer satiation.

Baseline includes:

Repeated measures of the behavior as it typically occurs taken prior to intervention

Which of the following is an example of an overt behavior?

Reporting a dream

Which type of graph or chart shows the proportional or relative changes in behavior?

Standard celebration chart

An adaptation period should be used prior to collecting baseline data because:

Subjects often do not demonstrate typical behavior when changes occur in the environment

When changing unwanted behavior, the behavior analyst:

Teaches alternative replacement behaviors

The arrangement whereby a low probability behavior is increased by making a high probability behavior contingent upon completing the low probability behavior is technically termed:

The Premack principle

Which of the following is NOT likely to serve as a motivational operation for a reinforcer?

The Premack principle

A major difference between the PBST and the SST is:

The SST conducts regular screening while the PBST determines the areas of need within the school

Which of the following is an example of a tangible reinforcer?

The care keys

Informed consent is likely NOT to involve which of the following?

The client's emotional state

Environment is:

The context in which the behavior occurs

It is important to get significant others in the environment to reinforce the consultee's behavior change so that:

The natural environment will prompt the behavior to continue occurring in your absence. Long-term maintenance will be promoted Fading will be promoted. Both A & B

One of the most practical aspects of applying the Premack principle is:

The reinforcer is already present in the environment

Stimulus generalization is said to occur when:

The response occurs in the presence of a variety of stimuli that share certain characteristics

A teacher asked Maria, "What is 3x3?" Maria responds, "6." The teacher then asks Tyrone, "What is 3x3?" He responds, "9." The teacher then says, "Yes, that's correct Tyrone. Maria, what is 3X3"? Maria responds, "9," and receives praise. In this example,

The teacher is attempting to develop 3x3 into an SDr for Maria to say 9 and an SA for saying 6.

Reinforcers that are natural to an individual are a better choice than artificial reinforcers. From the following, choose the answer that clearly supports this statement

They provide an already present or natural form of unobtrusive reinforcement in that situation

Indices of interobserver agreement must be assessed:

To check for observer drift

A dependent variable:

Varies as another variable is changed systematically

Whose name is associated with methodological behaviorism?

Watson

When should extrinsic reinforcers be used?

When intrinsic motivation has been demonstrated not to be sufficient

ABA is applied to individuals' behaviors:

With autism With developmental disabilities Who are normal All the above

Extinctioninvolves:

Withholding all reinforcement from the behavior's occurrence

Teacher reinforcement is being measured by partial interval time : sampling. During 80 ten-second observations, observer one records its occurrence four times, observer two, two times. They agreed in 78 of the observational cells, and disagreed on two of them. Calculate the agreement coefficient.

0.50

In doing an observation of out-of-seat behavior, two observers agreed that the student was out of his seat 24 out of 30 times. (They agreed 24 times, disagreed 6 times.) Calculate the inter-observer agreement coefficient

0.80

If motivational operations (MOs) are considered in addition to the A-B-C contingency:

A four-term-contingencyis considered The contingency manager can become more aware of why the individual responds differently from time to time under the same discriminative stimuli and reinforcers Punishment is threatened Both a and b

A stimulus class is:

A group of stimuli that have a common effect on behavior

Negative punishment involves:

A loss of reinforcement occurs contingently following the behavior that reduces the behavior

An aversive stimulus that strengthens the behavior by being removed the situation as a consequence is called:

A negative reinforcer

A reward is:

A specific contingent consequence that was selected on the assumption that it will increase or maintain the behavior

A main difference between positive and negative reinforcement is that positive reinforcement involves the __________ of a stimulus and negative reinforcement involves the ________ of a stimulus contingent upon the behavior it follows.

Addition-removal

ABA primarily attempts to:

Alter an individual's behavior

Tony-The-Tough used to do well in shop, but he doesn't any longer. Each time the teacher sees Tony working, the teacher calls, "at a boy Tony!" Tony hardly works in shop any more. To Tony, teacher praise is :

An aversive stimulus

Before the process of negative reinforcement can take place:

An aversive stimulus must be present

The definition of stimulus is:

An object or event that may influence behavior

To familiarize yourself with the client's setting, it is helpful to:

Analyze and possibly adjust current operating systems. Involve key people Determine available resources. Analyze function of current contingencies. All the above.

Stimulus control in operant learning refers to:

Antecedent stimuli gaining control of the occurrence of a behavior (i.e., they evoke or abate it)

Which of the following is NOT an element of ABA?

Applied Behavioral Conceptual a and b only a, b, and c

Video or audio recordings:

Are useful when it is neither practical nor convenient to have an observer present to record the data Can be very time consuming Can be treated as permanent product data Both a and c All the above

Being correct in itself fails to reinforce a client's performance. Which of the following would be LEAST helpful to you in attempting to identify an alternative reinforcer confidently?

Ask him to state his preference for a set of potential reinficers

Unobservable thoughts and feelings are:

Assumed to be governed by the laws of behavior These covert acts are analyzed scientifically Operationalized into measurable words or actions All of the above

Which of the following situations would be considered positively reinforcing for Mike's behavior? A- Mike's mother is teaching him to walk in the house instead of running. To accomplish this she spanks him every time she observes him running. After 30 days of this intervention Mike's running increased above previous levels. B- Mike enjoys riding his bike to school everyday. His mother wants to continue this behavior, so she says "good boy" and gives him a cookie when he engages in this behavior. Since she began this practice Mike has been riding the bus to school more frequently. C- Sam, Mike's best friend, loves to play football, but Mike prefers basketball. When Mike refuses to play football with Sam. Sam becomes overly upset and yells at Mike. Mike has been playing more football recently when Sam asks him to. D- None of the above Which of the following from the above question illustrates punishment?

B

If teachers are to implement a program that they have been trained to implement during a workshop, the training must :

Be followed-up with on-the-job support and feedback for program implementation

Junior is the new behavior analyst on the board. Being ambitious, he constructs a behavioral assessment inventory which permits the scoring of 10 different behaviors in 15 second intervals. Which of the following weaknesses is most likely to interfere with the validity of this instrument?

Behavioral complexity and frequency

What is the most important similarity between positive and negative reinforcement?

Both result in an increase in or maintenance of the behavior

The Constructional approach:

Builds behavior or teaches what to do

Which of the following situations would be considered positively reinforcing for Mike's behavior? A- Mike's mother is teaching him to walk in the house instead of running. To accomplish this she spanks him every time she observes him running. After 30 days of this intervention Mike's running increased above previous levels. B- Mike enjoys riding his bike to school everyday. His mother wants to continue this behavior, so she says "good boy" and gives him a cookie when he engages in this behavior. Since she began this practice Mike has been riding the bus to school more frequently. C- Sam, Mike's best friend, loves to play football, but Mike prefers basketball. When Mike refuses to play football with Sam. Sam becomes overly upset and yells at Mike. Mike has been playing more football recently when Sam asks him to. D- None of the above Which of the following from the above question illustrates negative reinforcement?

C

Which of the following is NOT a distinguishing feature of ABA?

Concerned with inner processes

What aspect of a behavioral objective addresses stimulus generalization and discrimination?

Context

The person who typically systematically applies behavioral procedures, or is primarily responsible for doing so, is called a (an):

Contingency Manager

In the practice of staff development, all the following techniques are helpful except:

Continuously increasing the amount of reinforcement given to staff.

When selecting behavioral goals, it is best if they can:

Contribute to the organization's mission Be realistic as to what they target as behavior problems Address behavioral cusps or pivotal behavior Garner public and supervisory support All the above

ABA focuses on objective and observable behavior because:

Covert behavior is difficult to study scientifically

The term contingency refers

Dependencies or relationships between behavior and its antecedents and consequences

The term reinforcement is used to:

Describe both a process and procedure

An applied behavior analysis program tends to incorporate all but which of the following

Diagnostic categories