EAPP Lesson 4 Part 2: Citing Sources

BIBLIOGRAPHY

- A bibliography provides works for background or further reading and may include descriptive notes (e.g., an annotated bibliography).

REFERENCE LIST

-A reference list contains works that specifically support the ideas, claims, and concepts in a paper

FORMAT OF THE DATE

-Enclose the date of publication in parentheses, followed by a period. (2020). -For works from a reference category that includes the month, day, and/or season along with the year, put the year first, followed by a comma, and then the month and date or season (2020, August 26). (2018, July). (2019, Winter). -For unpublished, informally published, or in-progress works, provide the year the work was produced. Do not use "in progress" or "submitted for publication" in the date element of a reference -If a work has been accepted for publication but is not yet published, use the term "in press" instead of a year. (in press). -If a work is an advance online publication, use the year of the advance online publication in the reference. -When the date of original publication is approximate, use the abbreviation "ca. " (which stands for "circa") (ca. 1999). -If a date of last update is available (such as for a webpage), use it in the reference. Do not include a date of last review in a reference because content that has been reviewed has not necessarily been changed -Include a retrieval date only if the work is unarchived and designed to change over time. Most references do not include retrieval dates. When a retrieval date is needed, use the following format for it. Retrieved September 30, 2020, from https://xxxxx

FORMAT OF THE TITLE

-Examples of works that include bracketed descriptions are some audiobooks, gray literature (e.g., press releases), audiovisual works (e.g., films, YouTube videos, photographs), software and mobile apps, data sets, manuscripts in preparation, and dissertations and theses. Bracketed descriptions are also used in social media references to indicate attached links or images.

FORMAT OF THE TITLE

-For works that are part of a greater whole (e.g., journal articles, edited book chapters), capitalize the title using sentence case. Do not italicize the title or use quotation marks around it. Happy fish in little ponds: Testing a reference group model of achievement and emotion. -For works that stand alone (e.g., books, reports, webpages), italicize the title, and capitalize it using sentence case. Becoming brilliant: What science tells us about raising successful children. -For book and report references, enclose edition information, report numbers, and volume numbers in parentheses after the title. Do not add a period between the title and the parenthetical information. Do not italicize the parenthetical information. If both edition and volume information are included, separate these elements with a comma, placing the edition numberfirst. The psychology of music (3rd ed.). Nursing: A concept-based approach to learning (2nd ed., Vol. 1). If a numbered volume has its own title, the volume number and title are included as part of the main title,ratherthan in parentheses. APA handbook of industrial and organizational psychology: Vol. 1. Building and developing the organization -Finish the title element with a period. However, if the title ends with a question mark or exclamation point,that punctuation mark replaces the period Late-onset unexplained epilepsy: What are we missing? -To help identify works outside the peer-reviewed academic literature (i.e., works other than articles, books, reports, etc.), provide a description of the work in square brackets after the title and before the period. Capitalize the first letter of the description, but do not italicize the description. Comprehensive meta-analysis (Version 3.3.070) [Computer Software].

WHEN TO INCLUDE DOIS AND URLS

-Include a DOI for all works that have a DOI, regardless of whether you used the online version or the print version -If a print work does not have a DOI, do not include any DOI or URL in the reference. -If an online work has both a DOI and a URL, include only the DOI. -If an online work has a URL but no DOI, include the URL in the reference. -Other alphanumeric identifiers such as the International Standard Book Number (ISBN) and the International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) are not included in APA Style references.

GUIDELINES IN REFERENCE CITATIONS

-Place the reference list on a new page separate from the content of your text; label this page "References" and align it at the center at the top of the page. Do not use boldface, underline, or quotation marks forthe title. -Apply hanging indention. This simply means the lines following the firstline in an entry should be indented from the left margin. -All text should be double-spaced just like the rest of the paper. -Arrange the references in alphabetical order based on the last names ofthe authors.

FORMAT OF DOIs AND URLs

-Present both DOIs and URLs as hyperlinks (i.e., beginning with "http:" or "https:"). -Because a hyperlink leads readers directly to the content, it is not necessary to include the words "Retrieved from" or "Accessed from" before a DOI or URL. -It is acceptable to use either the default display settings for hyperlinks in your word processing program or plain text that is not underlined -Leave links live if the work is to be published or read online. -The string "https://doi.org/" is a way of presenting a DOI as a link, and "xxxxx" refers to the DOI number -The preferred format of the DOI has changed over time. Although older works use previous formats (e.g., "http:/dx.doi.org/" or "doi:" or "DOI:" before the DOI number), in your reference list, standardize DOIs into the current preferred format for all entries. For example, use https://doi.org/10.1037/a0040251 in your reference even though that article, published in 2016, presented the number in an older format. -Copy and paste the DOI or URL from your web browser directly into your reference list to avoid transcription errors. Do not change the capitalization or punctuation of the DOI or URL. Do not add line breaks manually to the hyperlink; it is acceptable if your word-processing program automatically adds a break or moves the hyperlink to its own line. -Do not add a period after the DOI or URL because this may interfere with link functionality.

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF REFERENCE LIST

1. AUTHOR: Who is responsible for this work? 2. DATE: When was this work published? 3. TITLE: What is this work called? 4. SOURCE: Where can I retrieve this work?

EDITED BOOK CHAPTER

COMPONENTS OF THE SOURCE -Editor Name -Book Title -Edition and/or Volume Number -Page Range -Publisher Name -DOI or URL EXAMPLE OF SOURCE ELEMENT In G. R. Samanez-Larkin (Ed.), The aging brain: Functional adaptation across adulthood (pp. 9-43). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000143-002

JOURNAL ARTICLE WITH ARTICLE NUMBER JOURNAL ARTICLE WITH ARTICLE NUMBER

COMPONENTS OF THE SOURCE -Periodical Title -Volume -Issue -Article Number -DOI or URL EXAMPLE OF SOURCE ELEMENT PLoS ONE, 14(9), Article e0222224. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0222224

JOURNAL ARTICLE

COMPONENTS OF THE SOURCE -Periodical Title -Volume -Issue -Page Range -DOI or URL EXAMPLE OF SOURCE ELEMENT Couple and Family Psychology: Research and Practice, 8(3), 137-151. https://doi.org/10.1037/cfp0000121

AUTHORED BOOK OR WHOLE EDITED BOOK

COMPONENTS OF THE SOURCE -Publisher Name -DOI or URL EXAMPLE OF SOURCE ELEMENT Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25513-8

WEBPAGE ON A WEBSITE (WHEN AUTHORS ARE THE SAME AS THE SITE NAME)

COMPONENTS OF THE SOURCE -URL EXAMPLE OF SOURCE ELEMEN https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/kinds.htm

WEBPAGE ON A WEBSITE (WHEN AUTHORS ARE DIFFERENT FROM THE SITE NAME)

COMPONENTS OF THE SOURCE -Website Name -URL EXAMPLE OF SOURCE ELEMENT Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugssupplements-acidophilus/art-20361967

DOIs

DIGITAL OBJECT IDENTIFIER (DOI) -A DOI is a unique alphanumeric string that identifies content and provides a persistent link to its location on the internet. DOIs can be found in database records and the reference lists of published works.

PUNCTUATION IN REFERENCE LIST ENTRIES

Ensure that a period appears after each reference element—that is, after the author, date, title, and source. However, do not put a period after a DOI or URL because it may interfere with link functionality, and if a title ends with a question mark, the question mark replaces the period. Use punctuation marks (usually commas or parentheses) between parts of the same reference element. Do not use a comma between the journal volume and issue numbers. Place the issue number in parentheses directly after the volume number instead Italicize punctuation marks that appear within an italic reference element. Do not italicize punctuation between reference elements

ANONYMOUS AUTHORS

For a missing author, do not use "Anonymous" as the author unless the work is actually signed "Anonymous. " If the work is signed "Anonymous, " use "Anonymous" in the reference and in-text citation. Anonymous. (2017). Stories from my time as a spy. Bond Publishers. -Narrative Citation: Anonymous (2017) -Parenthetical Citation: (Anonymous, 2017) If the work is not actually signed "Anonymous, " the title moves to the beginning of the reference and is used in place of the author name, as shown in the table

FORMAT OF GROUP AUTHOR NAMES

Group authors are often government agencies, nonprofit organizations, and task forces. Follow these guidelines to format the names of group authors in the reference list. -Look at the title page or cover of the work to determine whether it has a group author or individual authors. -If the names of individuals are presented on the title page or cover, treat the work as having individual authors -If only the name of the group is presented on the title page or cover, treat the work as having a group author, even if individuals are credited elsewhere in the work.

FORMAT OF INDIVIDUAL AUTHOR NAMES

Invert all individual authors' names, providing the surname first, followed by a comma and the author's initials. -Author, A. A. Use a comma to separate an author's initials from additional author names, even when there are only two authors. Use an ampersand (&) before the final author's name. -Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. Provide surnames and initials for up to and including 20 authors. When there are two to 20 authors, use an ampersand before the final author's name. -Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. When there are 21 or more authors, include the first 19 authors' names, insert an ellipsis (but no ampersand), and then add the final author's name. -Author, A. A., Author, B. B., Author, C. C., Author, D. D., Author, E. E., Author, F. F., Author, G. G., Author, H. H., Author, I. I., Author, J. J., Author, K. K., Author, L. L., Author, M. M., Author, N. N., Author, O. O., Author, P. P., Author, Q. Q., Author, R. R., Author, S. S., ... Author, Z. Z. Use one space between initials. -Author, A. A. Write the author's name exactly as it appears on the published work, including hyphenated surnames and two-part surnames. -Santos-García, S., & Velasco Rodríguez, M. L. Retain the author's preferred capitalization. -hooks, b. -van der Waal, P. N.

REFERENCES

References provide the information necessary for readers to identify and retrieve each work cited in the text. Check each reference carefully against the original publication to ensure the information is accurate and complete. Accurately prepared references help establish your credibility as a careful researcher and writer.

MISSING ELEMENT: SOURCE

SOLUTION -Cite as a personal communication or find another work to cite. REFERENCE CITATION -No reference list entry IN-TEXT CITATION -Narrative Citation: C. C. Communicator (personal communication, month day, year) -Parenthetical Citation: (C. C. Communicator, personal communication, month day, year)

MISSING ELEMENT: AUTHOR AND TITLE

SOLUTION -Describe the work in square brackets, and then provide the date and source. REFERENCE CITATION -[Description of work]. (Date). Source. IN-TEXT CITATION -Narrative Citation: [Description of Work] (Year) -Parenthetical Citation: ([Description of Work], Year)

MISSING ELEMENT: AUTHOR, DATE, AND TITLE

SOLUTION -Describe the work in square brackets, write "n.d." for "no date, " and then provide the source. REFERENCE CITATION -[Description of work]. (n.d.). Source. IN-TEXT CITATION -Narrative Citation: [Description of Work] (n.d.) -Parenthetical Citation: ([Description of Work], n.d.)

MISSING ELEMENT: TITLE

SOLUTION -Provide the author and date, describe the work in square brackets, and then provide the source. REFERENCE CITATION -Author. (Date). [Description of work]. Source. IN-TEXT CITATION -Narrative Citation: Author (Year) -Parenthetical Citation: (Author, Year)

MISSING ELEMENT: NOTHING

SOLUTION -Provide the author, date, title, and source of the work. -REFERENCE CITATION -Author. (Date). Title. Source. IN-TEXT CITATION -Narrative Citation: Author (Year) -Parenthetical Citation: (Author, Year)

MISSING ELEMENT: DATE

SOLUTION -Provide the author, write "n.d." for "no date, " and then provide the title and source. REFERENCE CITATION -Author. (n.d.). Title. Source. IN-TEXT CITATION -Narrative Citation: Author (n.d.) -Parenthetical Citation: (Author, n.d.)

MISSING ELEMENT: DATE AND TITLE

SOLUTION -Provide the author, write "n.d." for "no date, " describe the work in square brackets, and then provide the source. REFERENCE CITATION -Author. (n.d.). [Description of work]. Source. IN-TEXT CITATION -Narrative Citation: Author (n.d.) -Parenthetical Citation: (Author, n.d.)

MISSING ELEMENT: AUTHOR

SOLUTION -Provide the title, date, and source. REFERENCE CITATION -Title. (Date). Source. IN-TEXT CITATION -Narrative Citation: Title (Year) -Parenthetical Citation: (Title, Year)

MISSING ELEMENT: AUTHOR AND DATE

SOLUTION -Provide the title, write "n.d." for "no date, " and then provide the source. REFERENCE CITATION -Title. (n.d.). Source. IN-TEXT CITATION -Narrative Citation: Title (n.d.) -Parenthetical Citation: (Title, n.d.)

FORMAT OF GROUP AUTHOR NAMES

Spell out the full name of a group author in the reference list entry, followed by a period. -National Institute of Mental Health. On a page from an organizational or government agency website, the organization or government agency itself is considered the author, unless otherwise specified. The author of a webpage or website may also be located on an "about us" or acknowledgments page. An abbreviation for the group author can be used in the text; however, do not include an abbreviation for a group author in a reference list entry. -Correct: National Institute of Mental Health. -Incorrect: National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). When numerous layers of government agencies are listed as the author of a work, use the most specific agency as the author in the reference (e.g., use "National Institute of Nursing Research" rather than "U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Nursing Research"). The names of parent agencies do not present in the group author name appear in the source element as the publisher.

AUTHOR

The author refers broadly to the person(s) or group(s) responsible for a work. An author may be 1. an individual, 2. multiple people, 3. a group (institution, government agency, organization, etc.), or, 4. a combination of people and groups.

Date

The date refers to the date of publication of the work. The date will take one of the following forms: -year only; -year, month, and day (i.e., an exact date); -year and month; -year and season; or -range of dates (e.g.,range of years,range of exact dates). When you cannot determine the date of publication, treat the work as having no date.

SOURCE

The source indicates where readers can retrieve the cited work. As with titles, sources fall into two broad categories: works that are part of a greater whole and works that stand alone. -The source for a work that is part of a greater whole (e.g., journal article, edited book chapter) is that greater whole (i.e.,the journal or edited book), plus any applicable DOI or URL -The source for a work that stands alone (e.g., whole book,report, dissertation,thesis, film, TV series, podcast, data set, informally published work, social media, webpage) is the publisher ofthe work, database or archive, social media site, or website, plus any applicable DOI or URL. -A location is not required in the source element for most works (e.g., do not include the publisher location for book references). -Works associated with a specific location (e.g., artwork in a museum, conference presentations) include location information in the source and, depending on the work, may also include a DOI or URL. If a work is not recoverable,treat it as having no source.

TITLE

The title refers to the title of the work being cited. Titles fall into two broad categories: -works that stand alone (e.g., whole books,reports, gray literature, dissertations and theses, informally published works, data sets, videos, films, TV series, albums, podcasts, social media, and works on websites); and -works that are part of a greater whole (e.g., periodical articles, edited book chapters, TV and podcast episodes, and songs). When a work stands alone (e.g., a report), the title of that work appears in the title element of the reference. When a work is part of a greater whole (e.g., a journal article or edited book chapter),the title of the article or chapter appears in the title element of the reference and the title of the greater whole (the journal or edited book) appears in the source element. When the title of the work cannot be determined,treat the work as having no title.

URLs

UNIFORM RESOURCE LOCATOR (URL) -A URL specifies the location of digital information on the internet and can be found in the address bar of your internet browser. URLs in references should link directly to the cited work when possible.