EARTH SCIENCE CHAPTER 14
what is an example of chemical weathering
karst topography
in reality, a landscape behaves as a (an) ____ system.
open
Why does exfoliation occur?
overlaying rock is removed, thereby allowing the underlying rock mass to expand and fracture.
When rock is broken and disintegrated without dissolving, the process in operation is ____.
physical weathering
Uplift of the landscape creates ____ energy which is converted to ____ energy when materials begin to move downslope.
potential; kinetic
In most areas, the upper surface of bedrock is partially weathered to broken-up rock called ____
regolith
Human-induced mass movements produce a category of processes known as ____
scarification
A slow persistent mass movement of surface soil is called ____
soil creep
Other than the rock itself, the most important chemical substance needed for the majority of weathering processes is ____
water
the steepness of a slope made of loose material is called the ____
angle of repose
All processes that cause reduction and rearrangement of landforms are included in the term of ____.
denudation
A ____ threshold is the point at which there is enough energy to overcome resistance against movements
geomorphic
The science that specifically studies the origin, evolution, form, and spatial distribution of landforms is ____
geomorphology
Chemical weathering is greatest under conditions of
higher mean annual rainfall and temperature
In which climates would rock be weathered to the greatest depth?
hot and wet
Which of the following is true of spheroidal weathering?
it attacks the corners and edges of rocks
when do landslides occur?
-when a threshold is reached -when the internal friction is overcome by the force of gravity -when driving forces exceed resisting forces
After a threshold is crossed, the landscape
adjusts to a new equilibrium condition
The disintegration and dissolving of surface and subsurface rock is called ____
weathering
the form that a landscape exhibits results from a balance between
-forces acting on the landscape -endogenic and exogenic processes -input and outputs of matter and energy
List three forms of physical weathering:
-frost-action -salt-crystal -pressure release
Which of the following is true of joints
-joints enable more water to move through the ground -joints enhance the rate of weathering
Which of the following can lead to hillslope failure?
-making a road cut in the side of a hill -increasing the slope angle -excessively watering a slope
The rate at which rocks weather depends on
-the climate of an area -the type of rock -the amount of vegetation in an area
List two forms of landslides:
-transitional -rotational
T/F Physical weathering dominates in warm and wet climates
FALSE
On which part of a slope would rocks tend to fall at the highest speed?
Free Face
T/F A slope is stable if its strength exceeds the weathering and erosion process.
TRUE
T/F The pressure release jointing is a physical weathering process the does not involve water.
TRUE
T/F The salt crystal growth is primarily found in arid environments.
TRUE
T/F the angle of repose depends on the size and texture of the grains.
TRUE
the dynamic equilibrium model refers to
a balancing act between tectonic uplift and rates of denudation by weathering and erosion in a given landscape
Movement at the geomorphic threshold signals____.
a conversion of potential energy to kinetic energy
How does a landslide differ from a debris avalanche?
a landslide moves more slowly than a debris avalanche