EARTH SCIENCE CHAPTER 14

what is an example of chemical weathering

karst topography

in reality, a landscape behaves as a (an) ____ system.

open

Why does exfoliation occur?

overlaying rock is removed, thereby allowing the underlying rock mass to expand and fracture.

When rock is broken and disintegrated without dissolving, the process in operation is ____.

physical weathering

Uplift of the landscape creates ____ energy which is converted to ____ energy when materials begin to move downslope.

potential; kinetic

In most areas, the upper surface of bedrock is partially weathered to broken-up rock called ____

regolith

Human-induced mass movements produce a category of processes known as ____

scarification

A slow persistent mass movement of surface soil is called ____

soil creep

Other than the rock itself, the most important chemical substance needed for the majority of weathering processes is ____

water

the steepness of a slope made of loose material is called the ____

angle of repose

All processes that cause reduction and rearrangement of landforms are included in the term of ____.

denudation

A ____ threshold is the point at which there is enough energy to overcome resistance against movements

geomorphic

The science that specifically studies the origin, evolution, form, and spatial distribution of landforms is ____

geomorphology

Chemical weathering is greatest under conditions of

higher mean annual rainfall and temperature

In which climates would rock be weathered to the greatest depth?

hot and wet

Which of the following is true of spheroidal weathering?

it attacks the corners and edges of rocks

when do landslides occur?

-when a threshold is reached -when the internal friction is overcome by the force of gravity -when driving forces exceed resisting forces

After a threshold is crossed, the landscape

adjusts to a new equilibrium condition

The disintegration and dissolving of surface and subsurface rock is called ____

weathering

the form that a landscape exhibits results from a balance between

-forces acting on the landscape -endogenic and exogenic processes -input and outputs of matter and energy

List three forms of physical weathering:

-frost-action -salt-crystal -pressure release

Which of the following is true of joints

-joints enable more water to move through the ground -joints enhance the rate of weathering

Which of the following can lead to hillslope failure?

-making a road cut in the side of a hill -increasing the slope angle -excessively watering a slope

The rate at which rocks weather depends on

-the climate of an area -the type of rock -the amount of vegetation in an area

List two forms of landslides:

-transitional -rotational

T/F Physical weathering dominates in warm and wet climates

FALSE

On which part of a slope would rocks tend to fall at the highest speed?

Free Face

T/F A slope is stable if its strength exceeds the weathering and erosion process.

TRUE

T/F The pressure release jointing is a physical weathering process the does not involve water.

TRUE

T/F The salt crystal growth is primarily found in arid environments.

TRUE

T/F the angle of repose depends on the size and texture of the grains.

TRUE

the dynamic equilibrium model refers to

a balancing act between tectonic uplift and rates of denudation by weathering and erosion in a given landscape

Movement at the geomorphic threshold signals____.

a conversion of potential energy to kinetic energy

How does a landslide differ from a debris avalanche?

a landslide moves more slowly than a debris avalanche