Earth Science Final Exam

How old is the Earth?

4.6 billion years old

Compressional stress is associated with which type of plate boundary?

pushing together (Convergent Plate Boundary)

How do we know how old the Earth is?

radiometric dating

Thesis statement

a short, direct sentence that summarizes the main point or claim of an essay or research paper.

Hypothesis

a statement that can be proved or disproved.

Aquitards

impermeable layers that hinder or prevent water movement

What are the 8 planets?

in order from the sun are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune

Gaia Hypothesis

Living organisms interact with their inorganic surroundings on Earth and form a synergistic and self-regulating, complex system that helps to maintain and perpetuate the conditions for life on the planet.

If the rock reaches the rupture point (Brittle) then:

Fault (brittle deformation) Normal Fault (Tensional stress, divergent) Reverse Fault (compresional stress, convergent)

Charge of a proton

positive

Tensional stress is associated with which type of plate boundary?

pulling apart (Divergent plate boundary)

hydrothermal

relating to or denoting the action of heated water in the earth's crust.

what does effusive mean?

slow flow and less violent

sediment

small, solid pieces of material that come from rocks or living things

what type of volcano is most violent and explosive?

stratovocanoes

Solidification

Cooling Lava

stalagmite

A column-like form that grows upward from the floor of a cavern.

mineral

A solid inorganic substance of natural occurrence.

Relative dating

A technique used to determine which of two fossils is older. Method of looking a the make up of a material.

vadose zone

A zone above the water table and below the land surface that is not saturated with water

What lava flow looks spiky?

A'a'

Hot Spot

An area where magma from deep within the mantle melts through the crust above it

Aquifers

An underground water reservoir.

When a rock no longer resist the stress applied the resulting deformation is ____________.

Brittle

What is the name commonly referred to as table salt?

CO3

Crystallization

Cooling of magma

Process in which core-mantle is separated

Core-mantle differentiation

What is shear stress?

Different parts of a mass are moved in opposite directions along a plane (moving past each other)

What is the geocentric model?

Earth is the center of the Universe

When a mineral bubbles when combined with another mineral?

Effervescence

Types of fossil fuels?

Fluid, Solid (coal), Gas (natural gas)

If the rock does not reach the rupture point then:

Fold (ductile) deformation

greenhouse gases

Gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, water vapor, and ozone in the atmosphere which are involved in the greenhouse effect.

The higher the Silica Content, The __________ viscosity is. The lower the Silica Content, The _________ viscosity is.

Higher, low

Seismic waves that move the material side by side like a snake?

L-wave

The galaxy we are located in

Milky Way

Are all deserts hot?

No. But They are all dry.

3 types of plate contacts

Oceanic-Oceanic, Oceanic-Continental, Continental-Continental

What lava flow looks ropy?

Pahoehoe

Different types of lava flow (4)

Pahoehoe A'a' Columnar Pillow Basalt

Different types of volcano eruption types (3)

Rhyolitic eruptions Andesitic eruptions Basaltic eruption

Type of volcanos (3)

Shield Volcano - Captain America Cinder Volcano - Ant Hill Stratovolcanoes - Largest volcano type

What is the heliocentric theory?

Sun is the center of the universe

Course thesis statement

The Earth is a complex, dynamic system that is composed of the interlinked lithosphere, biosphere, atmosphere, pedosphere, and hydrosphere, which are all interwoven and inter-dependent.

Permeability

The ability of a rock or sediment to let fluids pass through its open spaces, or pores.

atomic mass

The average mass of all the isotopes of an element

stellar nucleosynthesis

The production of new elements by nuclear reactions in the core of evolved star

subduction zone

The region where oceanic plates sink down into the asthenosphere.

water table

The upper level of the saturated zone of groundwater

Stalagtites

These are formations that form in caverns and hang down from the ceiling of the cave.

Most volcanos and earthquakes happen at plate boundary?

True

How are sinkholes formed?

Underground caves are carved out of bedrock when gypsum (a mineral in the rock) is dissolved by water. When the roof of an underground cave collapses, a sinkhole is formed.

Igneous rock texture to describe microscopic crystals?

aphanitic texture

What are the different components of the Earth? (5)

atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, biosphere, and lithosphere

What are organic sedimentary rocks?

composed of carbon, and extremely important.

Type of stress ( two arrows pointed up and down)

compressional

What is confining stress?

compressional stress is applied equal on all sides

divergent plate boundary

moving apart

convergent plate boundary

moving together

Charge of an electron

negative charge

charge of a neutron

no charge

what seismic wave is most destructive?

surface wave (L-wave)

Porosity

the volume of open spaces in rock or soil

tranform plate boundary

where two plates slide past each other