Earth Science Final Exam
How old is the Earth?
4.6 billion years old
Compressional stress is associated with which type of plate boundary?
pushing together (Convergent Plate Boundary)
How do we know how old the Earth is?
radiometric dating
Thesis statement
a short, direct sentence that summarizes the main point or claim of an essay or research paper.
Hypothesis
a statement that can be proved or disproved.
Aquitards
impermeable layers that hinder or prevent water movement
What are the 8 planets?
in order from the sun are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune
Gaia Hypothesis
Living organisms interact with their inorganic surroundings on Earth and form a synergistic and self-regulating, complex system that helps to maintain and perpetuate the conditions for life on the planet.
If the rock reaches the rupture point (Brittle) then:
Fault (brittle deformation) Normal Fault (Tensional stress, divergent) Reverse Fault (compresional stress, convergent)
Charge of a proton
positive
Tensional stress is associated with which type of plate boundary?
pulling apart (Divergent plate boundary)
hydrothermal
relating to or denoting the action of heated water in the earth's crust.
what does effusive mean?
slow flow and less violent
sediment
small, solid pieces of material that come from rocks or living things
what type of volcano is most violent and explosive?
stratovocanoes
Solidification
Cooling Lava
stalagmite
A column-like form that grows upward from the floor of a cavern.
mineral
A solid inorganic substance of natural occurrence.
Relative dating
A technique used to determine which of two fossils is older. Method of looking a the make up of a material.
vadose zone
A zone above the water table and below the land surface that is not saturated with water
What lava flow looks spiky?
A'a'
Hot Spot
An area where magma from deep within the mantle melts through the crust above it
Aquifers
An underground water reservoir.
When a rock no longer resist the stress applied the resulting deformation is ____________.
Brittle
What is the name commonly referred to as table salt?
CO3
Crystallization
Cooling of magma
Process in which core-mantle is separated
Core-mantle differentiation
What is shear stress?
Different parts of a mass are moved in opposite directions along a plane (moving past each other)
What is the geocentric model?
Earth is the center of the Universe
When a mineral bubbles when combined with another mineral?
Effervescence
Types of fossil fuels?
Fluid, Solid (coal), Gas (natural gas)
If the rock does not reach the rupture point then:
Fold (ductile) deformation
greenhouse gases
Gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, water vapor, and ozone in the atmosphere which are involved in the greenhouse effect.
The higher the Silica Content, The __________ viscosity is. The lower the Silica Content, The _________ viscosity is.
Higher, low
Seismic waves that move the material side by side like a snake?
L-wave
The galaxy we are located in
Milky Way
Are all deserts hot?
No. But They are all dry.
3 types of plate contacts
Oceanic-Oceanic, Oceanic-Continental, Continental-Continental
What lava flow looks ropy?
Pahoehoe
Different types of lava flow (4)
Pahoehoe A'a' Columnar Pillow Basalt
Different types of volcano eruption types (3)
Rhyolitic eruptions Andesitic eruptions Basaltic eruption
Type of volcanos (3)
Shield Volcano - Captain America Cinder Volcano - Ant Hill Stratovolcanoes - Largest volcano type
What is the heliocentric theory?
Sun is the center of the universe
Course thesis statement
The Earth is a complex, dynamic system that is composed of the interlinked lithosphere, biosphere, atmosphere, pedosphere, and hydrosphere, which are all interwoven and inter-dependent.
Permeability
The ability of a rock or sediment to let fluids pass through its open spaces, or pores.
atomic mass
The average mass of all the isotopes of an element
stellar nucleosynthesis
The production of new elements by nuclear reactions in the core of evolved star
subduction zone
The region where oceanic plates sink down into the asthenosphere.
water table
The upper level of the saturated zone of groundwater
Stalagtites
These are formations that form in caverns and hang down from the ceiling of the cave.
Most volcanos and earthquakes happen at plate boundary?
True
How are sinkholes formed?
Underground caves are carved out of bedrock when gypsum (a mineral in the rock) is dissolved by water. When the roof of an underground cave collapses, a sinkhole is formed.
Igneous rock texture to describe microscopic crystals?
aphanitic texture
What are the different components of the Earth? (5)
atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, biosphere, and lithosphere
What are organic sedimentary rocks?
composed of carbon, and extremely important.
Type of stress ( two arrows pointed up and down)
compressional
What is confining stress?
compressional stress is applied equal on all sides
divergent plate boundary
moving apart
convergent plate boundary
moving together
Charge of an electron
negative charge
charge of a neutron
no charge
what seismic wave is most destructive?
surface wave (L-wave)
Porosity
the volume of open spaces in rock or soil
tranform plate boundary
where two plates slide past each other