SOC Chapter 9
The World BAnks puts the official global poverty line (extreme poverty) at an income of under _____ per person per day, ____ yearly, and ______ for a family of four.
$1.25, $456, $1,825
40% of the world's population lives on less than __ per day
$2
Five Poorest Countries According to the HPI
1. Afghanistan 2. Niger 3. Mali 4. Chad 5. Burkina Faso -More than half the population in these countries is classified as poor.
Countries With The Greatest Rate of Underweight Children
1. Bangladesh 2. India 3. Pakistan
Development Typologies
1. Developed 2. Developing 3. Undeveloped
Five Poorest Nations According to the MPI
1. Niger 2. Ethiopia 3. Mali 4. Burkina Faso 5. Burundi -In these nations, at least 85% of the population is poor.
Five Highest GEM Rankings in 2009
1. Sweden 2. Norway 3. Finland 4. Denmark 5. the Netherlands -the US ranked 18th
Five Lowest GEM Rankings in 2009
1. Yemen 2. Bangladesh 3. Egypt 4. Saudi Arabia (only fairly wealthy nation) 5. Algeria
1.4 billion people, making up more than ___ of the world's population and more than ___ of the population of developing (poor and middle income nations), are poor.
1/5, 1/4
Using the Decile Dispersion Ratio, a ratio of 12 means that the average income/expenditure of the richest 10% of a nation's population is __ _____ ______ than the average income/expenditure of the poorest 10%.
12 times greater
Children in poor nations are about __ times more likely to die before age 5 than children in wealthy nations.
19
Life expectancy is highest in North America, Western Europe, etc. and lowest in Africa and South Asia, where in many nations it is __ _____ shorter than in other regions.
30 years
Adequate sanitation is available to only ___ of people in poor nations.
38%
Women in poor nations are __ times more likely to die from complications during pregnancy or childbirth than those in wealthy nations.
79
Dowry Death
A custom in India and Pakistan where new wife is murdered by her husband and/or his relatives if she does not pay the groom money or goods.
Malnutrition
A health indicator caused by a lack of good food combined with infections and diseases such as diarrhea that sap the body of essential nutrients.
Human Development Index (HDI)
A measure of a nation's income, health, and education, using GDP per capita, life expectancy at birth, and higher education.
Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)
A measure of global poverty that incorporates deprivation measures applied to a nation's household. 1. Health -child mortality: any child in the household has died -nutrition: anyone in the family is malnourished 2. Education -schooling: no household member has completed 5 years of schooling -enrollment: any child in the family is not in school before grade 9 3. Standard of living -electricity: no electricity at home -drinking water: house does not have access to clean drinking water -sanitation: inadequate disposal of human waste -flooring: made out of dirt, and, or manure -cooking fuel: with charcoal, manure, or wood -assets: the household doesn't own more than one bicycle, motorbike, radio, phone, or TV
Human Poverty Index
A measurement of global poverty. 1. The probability of not surviving to age 40. 2. The percentage of adults who are illiterate. 3. The percentage of people without access to clean water. 4. The percentage of underweight children.
Definition of Poverty With MPI
A person is considered poor if they experience deprivation from any of the 3 combinations of indicators: 1. any two health and/or education indicators or 2. all six standard of living indicators or 3. one health/education indicator plus three standard of living indicators
World War Typologies
A political classification of nations after the WWI. 1. First World: the Western capitalist democracies of North America, Europe, Australia, New Zealand, and Japan. 2. Second World: the communist nations of the Soviet Union. 3. Third World: all the remaining nations, mostly from Central and South America, Africa, and Asia.
World Development Report
A popular measure of Global Poverty used by the World Bank, that provides statistics and other information on the economic and social well being of the world's almost 200 nations.
Decile Dispersion Ratio
A popular measure of economic inequality where the average income/expenditure of people in the richest 10% of a nation is divided by the average income/expenditure of people in the poorest 10% of a nation. -The higher the ratio, the greater the income inequality. -Overall inequality is lower for wealthy nations than for less wealthy nations.
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
A program that uses typologies based on a broader range of measures than GDP per capita, using the Human Development Index (HDI).
Today's Typologies
A ranking of nations based on GDP per capita. 1. Wealthy or high income nations 2. Middle income nations -upper-middle -lower-middle 3. poor or low income nations Limitations: nations can be similar in GDP but differ greatly in other respects. -infant mortality, life expectancy, sanitation, etc.
Agricultural Societies and Economic Inequality
A small elite usually owns most of the land and is very wealthy, and the masses of people either work for the elite or on their own small, poor farms. -Very high level of economic inequality
Dependency Theory
A structural explanation for global stratification stating that the poverty of poor nations stems from their colonization by European nations, which exploited the poor nations' resources and either enslaved their populations or used them as cheap labor. The colonized nations were thus unable to develop a professional and business class that would have enabled them to enter the industrial age and to otherwise develop their economies.
_____ ________ is only about 69% in poor nations.
Adult literacy
Poor Nations
Africa and part of Asia 1. The least industrialized and most agricultural. 2. Half the world's population. 3. Nations rely heavily on one or two crops, so environmental and economic changes can make them even poorer/hungrier. 4. Live a desperate life with the most miserable conditions. -suffer from AIDS and other diseases, live in starvation, lack indoor plumbing, electricity, etc.
Modernization Theory
An individual explanation stating that wealthy nations became wealthy because early on they were able to develop the necessary beliefs, values, and practices for trade, industrialization, and rapid economic growth to occur. Poor nations remained poor because they failed to develop these beliefs, values, and practices; instead, they continued to follow traditional beliefs and practices that stymied industrial development and modernization. -willingness to work hard, abandon tradition in favor of new ways of thinking and doing things, and to adopt a future orientation rather than maintaining present conditions.
According to the MPI, half of the poor people on the planet live in South ____, and 1/4 live in ______.
Asia, Africa
Middle-Income Nations
Central and South America, Eastern Europe, and parts of Africa and Asia. 1. 1/3 of world's population 2. Abundant natural resources 3. High levels of poverty because political and economic leaders sell natural resources to wealthy nations and keep much of the income from it for themselves. -political corruption 4. Large variation in income and wealth even within the same continent. -In South America Chile's national income is $13,270, compared to $4,140 in Bolivia 5. upper-middle-income nations and lower-middle-income nations -Bolivia: 30% of the population lives on less than $2 per day (lower-upper) compared to 5% in Chile (upper-middle)
________ and ______ are the poorest nations in terms of human development.
Ethiopia, Rwanda
Wealthy Nations
North America, Western Europe, Australia, Japan, New Zealand, Japan, and Singapore 1. Most industrialized -due to colonial powers and wealth from resources of their colonized lands and early industrialization 2. 1/6 of world's population 3. 4/5 of the world's wealth 4. Healthier and more educated, and live longer lives 5. Use more than their fair share of the world's natural resources, causing a far greater degree of pollution and climate change
Microfinancing
Providing cash payments or small loans directly to poor people in poor nations.
Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM)
The UNDP's measure to determine the status of women compared to men in about half the nations worldwide. -percentage of national legislative seats and professional and technical jobs held by women and the ratio of female-to-male earned income.
Life Expectancy
The average number of years that a nation's citizens can be expected to live.
Entrepreneurialism
The development and practice of a business.
Gini Coefficient
The most popular measure of global economic inequality used by the World Bank. -It ranges from 0 to 1, where 0 means that income is the same for everyone and there is no economic inequality at all, and 1 means that one person has all the income or perfect inequality.
Child Mortality
The number of children who die before age 5 per 1,000 children.
Maternal Mortality
The number of women who die during childbirth for every 100,000 live births. It results from: 1. inadequate prenatal nutrition 2. disease and illness 3. inferior obstetrical care
Adult Literacy
The percentage of people 15 and older who can read and write a simple sentence.
Vulnerability to Poverty
The significant probability that people who are not officially poor will become poor within the next year. -In developing nations, about 1/4 of the population is always poor, while 1/3 is sometimes poor or vulnerable to poverty.
Global Stratification
The unequal distribution of wealth, power, prestige, resources, and influence among the world's nations. -There is an extreme difference between the richest and poorest nations.
Scarcity Fallacy
The untrue popular belief that hunger exists because there is too little food to feed too many people in poor nations in Africa, Asia, etc. -Stephen Scanlan and Craig Jenkins
Global Inequality
There are two dimensions: 1. The extremely large economic gap between the wealthy and poor nations. The income gap ratio of the richest fifth of nations is 50 times greater than the income of the poorest fifth of nations. 2. Comparisons of the degree of economic inequality found within each nation. -Nation A and Nation B may have similar levels of poverty. In Nation A, however, poverty is evenly distributed throughout the population, and almost everyone is poor. In Nation B, a small segment of the population is very rich, while a much larger segment is very poor. Nation B would thus have more economic inequality than Nation A.
Typologies
Various classification systems.
_____ make up about 70% of the world's poor.
Women
Economic inequality is generally higher in ____________ nations and lower in __________ nations.
agricultural, industrial
Almost 9 million children die ________.
annually
Because farmers in poorer nations often ______ their crops for economic reasons, it is difficult for these nations to sustain a stable agricultural industry.
change
The _____ _________ rate in poor nations is 135 per 1,000 children. The wealthy nations' rate is only 7 per 1,000.
child mortality
Malnutrition is responsible for more than 5 million deaths of ________ annually.
children
Dependency Theory is a ________ perspective on global stratification.
conflict
According to the International Labor Organization, at any one time there are 12.3 million people engaged in ______ labor of all kinds, include sexual servitude.
forced
The Modernization Theory is a _____________ explanation of stratification.
functionalist
The nearer the Gini coefficient is to 1 the ______ the degree of a nation's economic inequality.
higher
World hunger stems not from a shortage of food but from the _________ to deliver and distribute what is actually a sufficient amount of food to the world's poor.
inability
Industrial societies have lower inequality because they have higher ________ rates and more political rights, and generally provide more opportunity for people to move up the socioeconomic ladder.
literacy
Life expectancy in poor nations is 20 and 24 years _____, for men and women.
lower
About 1/5 of the population of poor nations, or 800 million individuals, are ____________.
malnourished
The world's ______ income is $1,700. The richest fifth of the world's population would have ___ of its entire income, while the poorest fifth would have only ____, and the poorest two-fifths would have only ___.
median, 75%, 1.5%, 5%
Women are ____ likely than men to suffer from hunger, and hunger is ____ common in nations with greater rates of gender inequality.
more, more
Children who are malnourished are at much greater ____ for fat and muscle loss, brain damage, blindness, and death.
risk
About 2.4 billion people do not have adequate __________, and more than 2 million (mostly children) die from diarrhea a year.
sanitation
Births in poor nations are less than half as likely as those in wealthy nations to be attended by _______ _______ ______.
skilled medical staff
About one _____ of women worldwide have been raped or beaten.
third
Measurements of global poverty are ______________.
underestimates
Children are considered the _______ members of any society.
weakest
Men in _______ nations can expect to live to 76 on average, compared to only 56 in poor nations; women in _______ nations can expect to live 82 years, compared to only 58 in poor nations.
wealthy, wealthy
