Earth Science Test 1 study questions

b. cycle

A _______ is a sequence of events that continuously re-occurs such that matter is transported from one portion to another then returned. a. oscillation b. cycle c. variance d. change

a. the crust and uppermost mantle

A tectonic plate consists of _______________. a. the crust and uppermost mantle b. the oceanic and continental crust only. c. the crust and the entire mantle d. only the asthenosphere

a. Precambrian

About 88 percent of geologic time is represented by the time span called the _________________. a. Precambrian b. Cambrian c. Mesozoic d. Pennsylvanian

d. all of these are correct

Air becomes less dense and rises when _______________. a. the air warms b. the water vapor content increases c. atmospheric pressure decreases d. all of these are correct

d. all of these answers are true

Airborne particles from dust storms connect ____ with _____ (choose the best answer) a. North Africa with Bermuda b. deserts in China with Hawaii c. viruses, bacteria, fungi and toxic metals with a way to cross long distances eventually infecting humans in some cases. d. all of these answers are true

d. 7

An atom's mass number is 13 and its atomic number is 6. How many neutrons are in its nucleus? a. 13 b. 6 c. 19 d. 7

b. the East African Rift Valley

An example of a divergent plate boundary on continental lithosphere would be ___________. a. the Mid-Atlantic Ridge b. the East African Rift Valley c. the East Pacific Rise. d. the Andes Mountains

(19 g Cl-/35 g NaCl ) x 100 = 54%

Average seawater is primarily a sodium chloride solution. Seawater contains about 35 grams of salt per kilogram of seawater, of which about 19 grams are chloride ion (Cl-). What is the percent by weight of chloride in seawater salt?

a. sustainability

Development to meet the needs of current generations without compromising those of the future is one way to define the term, _____ a. sustainability b. growth c. technosphere d. progress

b. weathering.

Dissolved constituents and solid particles are the two major products of _____________. a. metamorphism b. weathering c. crystallization d. photosynthesis

b. SSTs are higher, the thermocline is deeper and the rainfall is higher

During an El Nino year, how do sea-surface temperatures (SSTs), the depth of the thrmocline and rainfall differ from normal conditions over the eastern Pacific near Peru? a. No change. El Nino has no correlation with SSTs, thermocline depth or rainfall amounts. b. SST's are higher, the thermocline is deeper and the rainfall is higher. c. SSTs are lower, the thermocline is shallower and rainfall is lower. d. SSTs are higher, the thermocline is shallower, and rainfall stops altogether.

c. trade winds are generally stronger than during a normal year.

During an extreme La Nina year, how do the strength of the trade winds change from normal conditions? a. trade winds are weaker than during a normal year. b. trade winds change direction from their normal directions during a La Nino year. c. trade winds are generally stronger than during a normal year. d. trade winds exhibit no discernable differences during a La Nino year as compared with a "normal" year.

a. radiation

Earth receives energy from the sun through what method of heat transfer? a. radiation b. transduction c. photosynthesis d. subduction

d. high pressure; low pressure

Earth's surface winds are caused by air moving from a region of ______ to a region of ________. a. High elevation; low elevation b. low elevation; high elevation c. low pressure; high pressure d. high pressure; low pressure

a. tropical Pacific

El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a phenomena that exhibits variability and effects weather patterns in the ______ _____ far reaching effects. a. tropical Pacific b. North Atlantic c. Indian Ocean d. Sargasso Sea

c. warm tropical water, low

Energy for hurricane formations comes from _____________ in ___ latitudes. Rising air creates centers of low pressure. a. very cold arctic water, high b. very cold arctic water, low c. warm tropical water, low d. warm tropical water, high

d. 2-3%

From your reading of Waggoner and Audubel, 2002, what range of annual progress in consumption and technology over many decades and sectors provides a benchmark a. 20-30% b. 75-80% c. 0.2-0.3% d. 2-3%

a. a renovation of the IPAT function to measure sustainability

From your reading of Waggoner and Audubel, 2002, what was the basis of this research? a. a renovation of the IPAT function to measure sustainability b. a discourse on the impacts of peak oil c. a campaign to save the whales d. a treatise on the ability of technology to solve the world's population problems

electromagnetic radiation.

Gamma rays, X-rays, visible light and radio waves are all types of _____________. a. magnetic radiation b. electromagnetic radiation c. light sources d. ways to see things

If 1 = 1 then 400.5 = 400.5

Given that 1 mg L-1 is equal to 1 PPM (parts per million) when measuring the concentrations of something dissolved in seawater, what would be the concentration in PPM of dissolved (K+) in seawater if 400.5 mg of K+ were dissolved in one liter of seawater?

b. false

Growth and development and the same thing and are interchangeable terms. a. true b. false

b. global winds

Heat and moisture are distributed around Earth by _____________. a. The air b. global winds c. rainwater d. all of the above

c. jetstreams

High velocity "rivers" of air are called ____________. a. ramparts b. Ozarks c. jetstreams d. river bends

c. Midocean ridges allow upwelling and intrusion of magma into the oceanic crust caused by convective motions in the mantle.

How does Earth's crust spread? a. Earth's crust spreads by well placed earthquakes and volcanoes. b. Earth's crust spreads only around the Pacific Ring of Fire. c. Midocean ridges allow upwelling and intrusion of magma into the oceanic crust caused by convective motions in the mantle. d. Earth's crust doesn't spread. It would have to be made of butter to do that!

d. through "upwelling".

How does deep water return to the surface? a. It never does b. It is carried by swarms of plankton c. It follows tectonic plate boundaries d. through "upwelling"

b. divergent and counter-clockwise

How does surface air flow in a middle-latitude cyclone in the Northern Hemisphere? a. divergent and clockwise b. divergent and counter-clockwise c. convergent and clockwise d. convergent and counter-clockwise

generally gets older

How would you expect the residence time of the deep water to change from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean? a. Generally gets older b. Generally gets younger. c. Fluctuates between older and younger. d. There is no change.

b. low; tropical

Hurricanes derive their energy from _______ pressure zones in the ______ latitudes. a. high; tropical b. low; tropical c. high; mid d. low; mid

d. landward from the trench.

If a deep ocean trench is located adjacent to a continent, active volcanoes would be located ___________. a. seaward from the trench b. along the axis of the trench c. at the ends of the trench d. landward from the trench.

3 cm/yr

If the reversal in magnetic anomaly patterns of the seafloor has an upper age limit of about 3.3 million years and the basaltic lava representing this time is found 100 km from the present ridge axis, what has been the average spreading rate (in cm/yr) of this portion of the oceanic crust?

b. decreases

In Igneous Rocks, as the rate of cooling increases, the size of the crystals that form _______________. a. increases b. decreases c. stays the same size d. disappears

where an arm of seawater has been isolated from the open ocean and in a climatic region where evaporation exceeds precipitation.

In what kind of environmental setting would you expect to find marine evaporite deposits forming? a. where mountains come together and form a peak. b. In the desert close to a cactus c. where the rainforest is the most moist and wet. d. where an arm of seawater has been isolated from the open ocean and in a climatic region where evaporation exceeds precipitation.

c. provide strong evidence for seafloor spreading

Magnetic reversals ___________. a. cause the movements of tectonic plates b. confirmed the existence of subduction zones c. provide strong evidence for seafloor spreading d. have never occurred during geologic time

b. ocean acidification

Metastable systems may change dramatically after a slight disturbance. Example(s) of these "tipping points" include: a. planetary orbits b. ocean acidification c. sea floor spreading d. none of these answers are correct

d. technosphere and ecosphere

Most spheres of the Earth work together with the exceptions of the ____ and the ____ which are often in conflict with one another. a. hydrosphere and cryosphere b. lithosphere and atmosphere c. hydrosphere and biosphere d. technosphere and ecosphere

c. divergent boundaries

New ocean crust is formed at _____________. a. transform boundaries b. convergent boundaries c. divergent boundaries d. continental volcanic arcs.

a. The energy is reabsorbed, keeping Earth warm

Of the 390 W/m^2 of long-wave radiation emitted by Earth's surface, 324 W/m^2 are absorbed by water vapor, carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and re-radiated back to Earth. What happens to this energy, and what effect does it have on Earth? a. The energy is reabsorbed, keeping Earth warm. b. The energy just floats around until it is spent, it has no effect on Earth. c. The energy is reabsorbed, which keeps the Earth cooler. d. The energy is absorbed by the land masses and causes earthquakes.

d. fossils of the same organism have been found on different continents.

One kind of evidence that supports Wegener's hypothesis is that ________________. a. the same magnetic directions exist on different continents. b. major rivers on different continents match. c. land bridges still exist that connect major continents. d. fossils of the same organism have been found on different continents.

c. cool, moist temperate climates

Podzols are a soil group characterized by bleached out layer, defies cultivation are principally a product of which climate? a. hot and dry climates b. hot and moist climates c. cool and moist temperate climates d. cool and dry climates

d. All of these are true.

Sedimentary Rocks ___________. a. Formed when rock fragments are squeezed together under high pressure. b. Made up of broken pieces of other rocks. c. Made up of organisms deposited in thick layers. d. All of these are true.

b. 1.08 E +12 km3

The Earth has a mass of 5.98 x 1027 g and an average density of 5.53 g/cm3. What is the volume of the Earth in cubic kilometers? Express your answer in scientific notation to two decimal places all run together with your answer unit. It's ok if the superscript function doesn't work. Hint: Start with the equation for Density (D=m/v) and rearrange it to solve for volume. Then plug in the numbers above and solve. a. 3.3 x E +28 km3 b. 1.08 E +12 km3 c. 1.08 E +27 km3 d. 5.98 E +12 km3

a. convergent continental-continental boundary

The Himalayas in South Asia are an example of what type of plate boundary? a. convergent continental-continental boundary b. convergent oceanic-continental boundary c. divergent boundary d. transform fault boundary

c. cryosphere

The ___ is the sphere of Earth which includes the portion of the hydrosphere such as glaciers, ice sheets and snow. a. technospere b. ecosphere c. cryosphere d. atmosphere

b. ecosphere

The ______ is the sphere of Earth, which includes the biosphere and its interactions with the physical systems. a. technospere b. ecosphere c. cryosphere d. atmosphere

3800 m / 4 m yr-1 would take 950 years.

The average depth of the ocean is 3.8 km and the average upwelling rate of deep water into the surface open ocean and into coastal environments is 4 m/year. About how long would it take to upwell the vertical distance to the average ocean depth? (This is an over-simplified problem, just to get students to think about the scale of the ocean in terms of time.)

c. eon, era, period, epoch

The correct order of the divisions of the geological time scale from largest to shortest is _____________. a. eon, era, epoch, period b. era, period, eon, epoch c. eon, era, period, epoch d. eon, era, epoch, period

ozone

The form of oxygen that combines three oxygen atoms into each molecule is called ____. a. water b. air c. breath d. ozone

c. tropics

The greatest number of thunderstorms occur in the __________. a. desert b. rainforest c. tropics d. plains

b. Intertropical Convergence Zone. "ITCZ"

The low pressure area near the equator is known as the _________________. a. westerlies b. Intertropical Convergence Zone. "ITCZ" c. Polar Ice Caps d. Middle Zone

b. lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesosphere

The names of the zones of the dynamic subdivisions of the Earth's interior from the outside inward are _______________. a. core, mantle, crust b. lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesosphere c. mantle, mesosphere, crust d. mesosphere, inner core, inner core

a. Time Scale

The period of time that it takes for a process to occur is referred to as a _________ _________ a. Time Scale b..Technosphere c. Ecosphere d. Space Scale

b. formation of soils and sedimentary rocks

The processes of weathering and erosion most directly affect ___________________. a. metamorphism of igneous rocks b. formation of soils and sedimentary rocks c. mid-ocean spreading centers d. viscosity of magma in volcanic zones.

c. hydrosphere

The sphere of Earth which includes all of the water on the planet is called the _________ a, ecosphere b. atmosphere c. hydrosphere d. lithosphere

d. technosphere

The sphere of Earth which includes human activities such as agriculture, manufacturing and industrial sectors is know as the _______________ a. ecosphere b. cryosphere c. lithosphere d. technosphere

d. scientific method

The steps of the holistic approach used to evaluate our Earth's systems (Observation, Hypothesis, Experimentation, Analysis of Results) is part of the __________ a. holistic approach b. theorizing c. scientific skepticism d. scientific method

a. core, mantle, crust

The subdivision of the Earth's interior based on chemical composition include the following zones, starting with the innermost outward. a. core, mantle, crust b. crust, mantle, outer core, inner core c. lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesosphere d. core, mesosphere, asthenosphere, crust

c. variability

The term, _____________ , implies shifts about some mean point. a. ENSO b. change c. variability d. feedbacks

b. an unequal distribution of heat.

The thermal convection that drives plate motion is cause by _______. a. seafloor spreading b. an unequal distribution of heat c. gravity d. subduction

d. I=PAT

The total impact on the environment of humans as a geologic force can be expressed as a functional equation. Which of the following expresses that equation? a. f=ma b. e=mc^2 c. p^2=a^2 d. I=PAT

d. meteorology, geology and astronomy

The traditional (old) way to study Earth Science separated the subject into discrete disciplines such as _______. a. meteorology b. geology c. astronomy d. meteorology, geology and astronomy

0.026 years

Total precipitation over Earth's surface is 496,000 km3/yr. The amount of water vapor in the atmosphere is 13,000 km3. If there were no replenishment of water vapor in the atmosphere, how long would it take to remove all the water from the atmosphere? (Leave your answer in years for the unit)

Four half lives would equal 6.25% of the original isotope or 0.0625 as a numerical fraction.

Uranium-235 has a half-life of 0.705 billion years. What is the fraction of U-235 remaining after four half-lives? (Hint: percentage divided by 100 gives the numerical "fraction". Regardless of the particular isotope's half-life time, the percentages break down as 50% per half life. ) a. 0.0625 b. 0.50 c. 0.25 d. 0.125

c. carbon dioxide

Use of fossil fuels and deforestation both lead to a buildup of _______ in the atmosphere. a. chlorofluorocarbons b.nitrogen c. carbon dioxide d. water vapor

b. 2,000,000

Using Darcy's Law (the algebraic expression describing the movement of groundwater using important variables such as the Discharge (Q), Hydraulic conductivity (K), Hydraulic gradient (h1-h2/1) and Area (A) of the aquifer) Q=(K)(h1-h2/1)(A) What is the rate of Discharge (Q) through an aquifer in cubic feet per day if the hydraulic conductivity (K) of the aquifer is 10 ft/day, the hydraulic gradient is 0.2 and the cross-sectional area (A) of the aquifer is 200ft x 5,000 ft? a. 200 b. 2,000,000 c. 2,000 d. 2

a. Polymorphs are minerals with the same chemical composition but different crystalline structures.

What are polymorphs? a. Polymorphs are minerals with the same chemical composition but different crystalline structures. b. Polymorphs are minerals with the same chemical composition and crystalline structures. c. Polymorphs are elements with the same chemical composition but different crystalline structures. d. Polymorphs are organisms found in oceans that feed off of the plants.

c. O2, CO2, AR, N2

What are the four major gases in the atmosphere? a. O2, CO2, H, N2 b. O2, CO2, AR, H c. O2, CO2, AR, N2 d. O2, CO2, Z, AR

a. Cl-, Na+, SO42- and Mg2+

What are the four most abundant ions in seawater? a. Cl-, Na+, SO42- and Mg2+ b. Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, and K+ c. HCO3-, CO3^2-, CO2 and H2CO3 d. Cl-, Mg2+, Mn^3+, and K+

d. igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic

What are the major classes of rocks? a. flint, chalk, and cement b. flint, sediment, igneous c. metamorphic, sediment, igneous d. igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic

b. Earth's interior, the sun

What are the two sources of energy for the Earth system? a. Earth's surface, the sun b. Earth's interior, the sun c. the sun, Electricity d. oil, the sun

a. The formation of ice sheets least to the enrichment of 18O in surface ocean water and a higher δ18O of seawater.

What effect does the formation of great continental ice sheets at high latitude have on the δ18O of surface ocean water? a. The formation of ice sheets least to the enrichment of 18O in surface ocean water and a higher δ18O of seawater. b. Ice sheets don't form in higher latitudes. c. The formation of ice sheets least to the depletion of 18O in surface ocean water and a lower δ18O of seawater. d. Formation of ice sheets has no relationship to δ18O of seawater.

b. oxygen

What element is the most abundant in the Earth's crust by weight? a. carbon dioxide b. oxygen c. silicon d. gold

d. law of superposition

What fundamental concept states that in a horizontal sequence of conformable sedimentary strata, each higher bed is younger than the bed below it? a. theory of correlative deposition b. principle of inclusion c. law of cross cutting relationships d. law of superposition

d. two of these are correct

What is chapter 1 of our textbook about? (choose the best answer) a. natural global environmental change b. human-induced global environmental change c. none of these are correct d. two of these are correct

d. 4.5 billion years

What is the age of the Earth accepted by most scientists today? a. 2,000 years b. 6.8 trillion years c. 5 million years d. 4.5 billion years

b. S waves do not pass through the core.

What is the main evidence for the conclusion that part of Earth's core is molten? a. P waves won't pass through liquids. b. S waves do not pass through the core. c. Direct sampling of molten core material. d. Indirect evidence based on the movie Journey to the Center of the Earth.

c. nitrogen

What is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere? a. oxygen b. carbon dioxide c. nitrogen d. hydrogen

d. Conveyor Belt Circulation Pattern

What is the name of the pattern described below? Cold, dense waters sink in the North Atlantic east of Greenland in the Norwegian Sea. These waters flow south at depth in the ocean and on reaching the southern ocean flow east between South Africa and antarctica. They enter the Indian Ocean and continue east into the Pacific Basin. They flow north in the Pacific and rise toward the surface in the northeast Pacific Ocean. After rising, they begin their return trip as near-surface currents flowing south in the Pacific through the Indonesian Archipelago into the Indian Ocean, and back into the Atlantic. In the North Atlantic, the waters transport heat to high latitudes and then descend, starting their journey over again a. Southern Ocean Flow Pattern b. Pacific Basin Flow Pattern c. North Atlantic Flow Pattern d. Conveyor Belt Circulation Pattern

b. As wavelengths decrease the energy levels increase.

What is the relationship between the wavelengths and energy level in the electromagnetic spectrum? a. There is no relationship between the two. b. As wavelengths decrease the energy levels increase. c. As wavelengths decrease the energy levels also decrease d. As wavelengths increase the energy levels also increase.

d. All of the choices are possible responses.

What might be an ecological response involving the biota to an El Nino event in the eastern Pacific near Peru? a. Changes in the phytoplankton community. b. Reduction in the bird population. c. Anchovies die off d. All of the choices are possible responses.

d. diamond

What mineral is known as the hardest substance in nature? a. muscovite b. talc c. silicates d. diamond

c. 10%

What percentage of land area is covered by glacial ice today? a. 50% b. 90% c. 10% d. 28.5%

d. The Antarctic Ocean and the North Atlantic are both correct.

What places in the world do most icebergs form? a. Antarctic Ocean b. North Atlantic c. South Pacific d. The Antarctic Ocean and the North Atlantic are both correct.

b. They move faster

When energy is transferred to air, what happens to the particles of air? a. they move slower b. they move faster c. there is no change d. none of these are correct

d. All of these answers describe possible origins of carbon dioxide used in chemical weathering.

Where does the carbon dioxide come from to chemically weather CaCO3? a. Photosynthesis b. Respiration c. Weathering d. All of these answers describe possible origins of carbon dioxide used in chemical weathering.

c. lithosphere

Where would one locate the following geologic processes: weathering, erosion, transportation, deposition, burial, uplift, metamorphism, orogenesis (mountain building), volcanism, and seafloor spreading? a. outer core b. mesosphere c. lithosphere d. inner core

d. Nitrogen

Which of the following is NOT a temperature control? a. differential heating of land and water b. ocean currents c. altitude and geographic position d. Nitrogen

a. They are produced solely by human activities.

Which of the following is NOT true of greenhouse gases? a. They are produced solely by human activities. b. Ultraviolet and visible radiation are converted to infrared radiation at the surface of Earth c. approximately one-third of the radiation of the sun does not enter the atmosphere of Earth. d. Infrared radiation is absorbed by greenhouse gasses.

a. All of these provide evidence for an Earth core of metallic iron.

Which of the following provides evidence for an Earth core of metallic iron? a. All of these provide evidence for an Earth core of metallic iron. b. The average density of the planet is 5.52 g/cm3 and that of the crust is only 2.7 g/cm3, thus the interior of Earth must contain denser materials. c. Iron meteorites provide evidence that parts of solar system bodies other than Earth were composed of metallic iron and therefore it is reasonable to speculate that Earth's interior is also in part made up of iron. d. Experimental studies at the pressure and temperature conditions approximating those of the center of Earth lend support to the conclusion that the core is predominantly iron.

b. correlation

Which of the following refers to the investigative process by which geologists identify and match sedimentary strata and other rocks of the same ages in different areas? a. sedimentary classification b. correlation c. stratify d. classification

c. ocean

Which reservoir stores the largest amount of CO2? a. atmosphere b. terrestrial biosphere c. ocean d. carbon dioxide is stored equally in these three reservoirs

a. There is a greater percentage of water surface in the Southern Hemisphere.

Why are annual temperature ranges in the Southern Hemisphere generally smaller than those in the Northern Hemisphere? a. There is a greater percentage of water surface in the Southern Hemisphere. b. There is a greater percentage of land mass in the Southern Hemisphere. c. Annual temperature ranges are not generally smaller than the Northern Hemisphere d. There is a greater percentage of volcanoes in the Southern Hemisphere.

c. Warm air rises near the equator creating a constant area of low pressure there, while cold air decends and accumulates at the polar regions

Why are there high-pressure caps at each pole and a low-pressure belt in the equatorial region? a. Fewer air molecules can stand the cold at the poles and more molecules prefer the tropical regions. b. Tropical regions near the equator attract more air molecules than the polar regions. c. Warm air rises near the equator creating a constant area of low pressure there, while cold air descends and accumulates at the polar regions. d. No one really knows. It's a mystery.

b. The Earth is already rotating at it's fastest rate and therefore Coriolis Effect is not present at the equator.

Why are there no hurricanes at the equator? a. The equator is too cold to have hurricanes. b. The Earth is already rotating at it's fastest rate and therefore Coriolis Effect is not present at the equator. c. The sea surface temperatures are too low at the equator to spawn hurricanes. d. The equator is experiencing winter during the hurricane season.

a. The upward increase of temperatures in the stratosphere is mainly due to the absorption of solar energy by ozone and the release of heat in the photochemical reaction (O3 --> O2 + heat).

Why do temperatures in the stratosphere increase upward? a. The upward increase of temperatures in the stratosphere is mainly due to the absorption of solar energy by ozone and the release of heat in the photochemical reaction (O3 --> O2 + heat) b. The do not increase, they decrease. c. They do not increase, they stay the same. d. The increase of temperatures in the stratosphere is due to the absorption of water in the atmosphere causing the heat to increase.

c. density of oceanic crust is greater than continental crust

Why do the continents "float high" relative to the ocean basins? a. density of oceanic crust is less than continental crust b. density of oceanic crust is about the same as continental crust. c. density of oceanic crust is greater than continental crust. d. none of these answers are correct.

a. The relatively low density and thickness of continental crust prevents it from being subducted.

Why is it difficult to subduct the continental crust of Earth? a. The relatively low density and thickness of continental crust prevents it from being subducted. b. Oceanic crust is much more difficult to subduct because of the ferromagnesian mineral conent is high. c. Continental crust has lower viscosity when melted than other types of crust. d. None of these answers explains why it is difficult to subduct continental crust.

c. The troposphere is heated from the ground surface where solar radiation that was absorbed re-radiates UV (heat) and hot air rises which is "unstable" meteorologically speaking.

Why is it said that the troposphere is unstable? a. The troposphere is heated from the air and hot air rises making it unstable. b. The troposphere is not unstable. c. The troposphere is heated from the ground surface where solar radiation that was absorbed re-radiates UV (heat) and hot air rises which is unstable meteorologically speaking. d. none of these are correct.

d. If there were no region of destruction of lithospheric plates, Earth would expand. There is no firm evidence for an expanding Earth.

Why must plates be destroyed at subduction zones? a. Destroying lithospheric plates at subduction zones maintains the balance of Argon in the atmosphere. b. Radioactive decay of isotopes in the mantle would have nothing to burn if lithospheric plates were not destroyed. c. Without the destruction of lithospheric plates, Earth would contract in on itself and disappear. d. If there were no region of destruction of lithospheric plates, Earth would expand. There is no firm evidence for an expanding Earth.

c. Foliation

___________ is a strong, parallel alignment of different mineral bands in a metamorphic rock. a. cleavage b. luster c. foliation d. hardness

physical characteristics, chemical composition

the Dynamic subdivisions are based on ________________ , rather than __________ .