Earth Science Unit 2 Ch. 8-9

Which of the following is a characteristic of an S wave? -"shaking" particle motion at right angles to the direction of wave travel -particle motion parallel to wave direction -seismic wave with highest velocity -movement at or near Earth's surface -compression and expansion

"shaking" particle motion at right angles to the direction of wave travel

Which of the following behaviors of seismic waves help scientists determine the location of layers in the Earth? (Choose all that apply) -waves following a curved path -waves reflecting (bouncing) -waves stopping (truncating) -waves refracting (bending)

-waves reflecting (bouncing) -waves stopping (truncating) -waves refracting (bending)

Approximately how fast do S-waves travel through the outer core? -4 km/s -0 km/s—S-waves do not travel through the outer core. -10 km/s -8 km/s

0 km/s—S-waves do not travel through the outer core.

Traditionally, a region is defined as a desert if it receives less than ________ inches of rain per year.

10

When going from a 5 to a 6 on the Richter Scale, what is the increase in amplitude of seismic waves?

10x

What is the minimum number of seismic stations needed to determine the location of the epicenter of an earthquake?

3

The presence of the Green River has a significant impact on the water table in the area around Mammoth Cave National Park in Kentucky. How does the relationship between the Green River and the water table affect cave passage formation? -Water added to the subsurface via infiltration from the Green River will keep the water table at the same elevation for long, giving acidic water more time to carve out cave passages. -As the Green River erodes downward, the water table will raise as more water infiltrates into the subsurface, creating new cave passages. -As the Green River erodes downward, the water table will lower as the groundwater flows toward the stream, carving new cave passages further from the surface. -The Green River's processes are separate from the regional groundwater flow. Caves are carved by acid alone. -The water table adds more water to the Green River, raising the river's elevation and allowing cave passages to be created nearer to the surface.

As the Green River erodes downward, the water table will lower as the groundwater flows toward the stream, carving new cave passages further from the surface.

Which portion of the stream is the most likely to become an oxbow lake in the near future? (see pic)

D

Which of the following is true about sand dunes? -Dunes are stationary features. -Dunes move over time. -Dunes are more affected by water than wind. -Dunes are erosional landforms, not depositional landforms. -Dunes move as a single bodily mass.

Dunes move over time

Karst topography is characterized by dissolution features such as sinkholes, disappearing streams, and cave systems and commonly forms in regions where there is a significant amount of granite. True or False?

FALSE

True/False: Confining pressure produces folded rocks.

False

True/False: Fault zone metamorphism will occur where two fault blocks are grinding against each other near the surface.

False

True/False: Graded bedding will display particles that are fine near the bottom of the layer and get progressively coarser toward the top.

False

True/False: The first life on Earth developed during the Cambrian Period.

False

How was the fossil record of ancient life used to support Wegener's hypothesis about Pangaea? -Fossils are evidence of mass migrations of organisms in search of resources on other continents. -Organisms on multiple continents independently evolved to have the same appearance. -The identical fossils are all marine fossils, indicating that the continents were all once covered by a global sea. -Organisms used a series of islands to "leap frog" to another, stationary continent. -Fossils of identical organisms were found on several continents, indicating the continents were once joined.

Fossils of identical organisms were found on several continents, indicating the continents were once joined.

Which of the following is not part of the Milankovitch Cycle?

Isostasy

Which of the following is a drawback to mining oil shale and oil sands? -Land is not disturbed during surface mining processes. -Both are located in deep ocean settings and are difficult to extract. -It is costly and energy-intensive to extract these resources. -These resources are easy to extract and have already been depleted, leading exploration to more remote areas. -Both contain enormous amounts of untapped oil.

It is costly and energy-intensive to extract these resources.

How might a forest fire influence mass wasting?

Large scale mass wasting events frequently follow forest fires because their were sudden changes made to the vegetative cover. The vegetative cover refers to trees, bunchgrasses and grasslands, legumes, and shrubs with an expected life span of at least 5 years. After the vegetative cover is destroyed by a forest fire, it leaves the hillsides bare which causes normal rainstorms to saturate the ground and cause mudslides that do tremendous damage.

Why is moment magnitude (MW) preferred over Richter magnitude (ML)? -Moment magnitude measurements are quantitative values, while Richter magnitude values are qualitative. -The moment magnitude scale contains more accurate quantitative measurements. -Moment magnitude is calculated by measuring the amplitude of the largest seismic wave and the distance to the earthquake. -Moment magnitude includes a qualitative measurement of intensity, while the Richter scale does not. -Moment magnitude measures the total energy released during an earthquake and can adequately measure the energy of large earthquakes.

Moment magnitude measures the total energy released during an earthquake and can adequately measure the energy of large earthquakes.

________ is split nearly evenly among the industrial, residential and commercial, and electric power sectors. -Renewable energy -Coal -Petroleum -Nuclear electric power -Natural gas

Natural gas

Which of the following describes the general pattern of movement of sand on a shoreline? -Incoming waves push sand at up the shore perpendicular to the shore. -Net sand movement is perpendicular to the shore. -Receding waves pull the sand out at an angle to the shore. -Net sand movement is parallel to the shore. -Net sand movement is at an angle to the shore.

Net sand movement is parallel to the shore.

In the Rocky Mountain region of the United States, north-facing slopes (downhill direction is toward the north) are typically moister and more heavily forested than south-facing slopes. Why?

North-facing slopes receive about the same amount of precipitation as south-facing slopes; less moisture evaporates from north-facing slopes.

From the land surface downward to the unweathered bedrock, which of the following is the correct order of the different soil horizons?

O, A, E, B, C, bedrock

__________ faults combine elements of strike-slip and dip-slip motions. -Reverse -Thrust -Normal -Oblique-slip -Strike-slip

Oblique-slip

the seismic body wave that is the first to arrive

Primary wave (P-wave) >Seismic waves that compress and expand the ground like an accordion. >The crust vibrates forward and back along the path of the wave >Travel through both solids and liquids

Which of the following is required for a monocline to form? -Subsidence produced by large accumulations of sediment -Intrusion of magma (laccoliths) -Reactivation of steeply-dipping faults in basement rocks -Erosion of overlying sedimentary rocks -Ductile deformation of crystalline basement rocks

Reactivation of steeply-dipping faults in basement rocks

A(n) ________ fold has limbs that are tilted beyond the vertical to the point that the axial plane is horizontal.

Recumbent

________ are records of seismic waves.

Seismograms

________ are instruments that sense earthquake waves and transmit them to a recording device.

Seismometers

The force acting on a surface

Stress

Which of the following orogenies helped to create the Appalachian Mountains? -Iapetus -Avalonia -Taconic and Acadian -Taconic, Acadian, and Alleghanian -Alleghanian

Taconic, Acadian, and Alleghanian

Which of the following correctly describes the Atlantic and Pacific continental margins? Hints -Both the Atlantic and Pacific are active margins. -The Atlantic is a passive margin, and the Pacific is an active margin. -The Atlantic is an active margin, and the Pacific is a passive margin. -Subduction zones rim the Atlantic Ocean, while the Pacific plate margins lack tectonic activity. -Both the Atlantic and Pacific are passive margins.

The Atlantic is a passive margin, and the Pacific is an active margin.

A set of waves are moving from east to west. Assuming the boat is in deep water, which of the following would describe the motion of a boat during the passage of these waves? -The boat would move from north to south. -The boat would move from east to west. -The boat would move up and down in the water. -The boat would move west to east.

The boat would move up and down in the water.

Which of the following must be true for hydrocarbons to be collected by a fault trap? -The reservoir must be in contact with poorly cemented, surficial sediments. -There must be folds associated with the fault. -The fault must be sealed. -The cap rock must be permeable. -The fault must be open to allow fluid flow.

The fault must be sealed.

What happens when stress exceeds a plastic rock's yield strength? -The rock will not change. -The rock will experience fracture. -The rock will experience flow. -The rock will experience elastic strain.

The rock will experience flow.

What happens when stress exceeds a brittle rock's yield strength? -The rock will not change. -The rock will experience elastic strain. -The rock will experience flow. -The rock will experience fracture.

The rock will experience fracture

Which of the following must be true for hydrocarbons to be trapped by salt diapirs? -The strata must be bent upward in an anticline for hydrocarbons to be trapped. -No cap rocks are necessary because the salt acts as an impermeable seal. -Fracturing has compromised the reservoir ability to hold hydrocarbons. -Reservoir and cap rock units must naturally occur laterally to one another. -The salt must be impermeable.

The salt must be impermeable.

________ is unsorted, unstratified sediment directly deposited by the glacial ice.

Till

What shape will glacial troughs generally display?

U

What is the best way to describe the shape of a glacial valley? -rectangular -V-shaped -triangular -U-shaped -irregular

U-shaped

What shape is a glacial trough? -C-shaped -U-shaped -V-shaped -S-shaped

U-shaped

Which of the Appalachian Mountain Belt Provinces are visible in the circled area of Figure 1? (see pic) -Valley and Ridge -Coastal Plain -Appalachian Plateau -Blue Ridge -Piedmont

Valley and Ridge

Which tectonic boundary is associated with regional metamorphism? a. Convergent b. Transform c. Divergent d. Dip-Slip

a. Convergent

What does the term aeolian mean? a. wind-borne origin b. ice-borne origin c. water-borne d. gravity-borne origin

a. wind-borne origin

What is permeability?

ability to transmit water

Rounding of angular edges of rock outcropping and formation of insitu, spherical boulders are both indications of ________.

chemical weather and associated spheroidal weathering

What kind of force would create the fault in Figure 1? (see pic) -compression -tension -shear

compression

What is the slowest form of mass wasting?

creep

In structural geology, strain refers to:

deformation resulting from stress

What is the name of the gigantic boulders left behind as the glaciers receded? -kettles -spits -moraines -tills -erratics

erratics

The anticline that makes up Sheep Mountain is rather small and restricted in extent. What other local feature might be present that would constrain this fold to a small geographic area? -faults in the basement rock beneath the anticline. -the presence of a syncline in the Bighorn Basin. -A mountain range was created nearby, preventing the rocks from folding any farther. -The anticline was originally more extensive, but elastic deformation allowed some of the rocks to return to their original shapes. -Rocks at Sheep Mountain were closer to the surface when they were deformed, so rocks were not able to fold as much.

faults in the basement rock beneath the anticline.

Water falling in Illinois would ultimately end up where? -pacific ocean -atlantic ocean -gulf of mexico -lake michigan

gulf of mexico

Groundwater flows from __________. -valleys to drainage divides -low to high pressure areas -discharge to recharge areas -valleys to hills -high to low pressure areas

high to low pressure areas

The graph shows that the use of __________ is stable, while all other types of renewable energy are __________. -geothermal; decreasing -hydroelectric power; increasing -hydropower; decreasing -biomass; increasing -solar; increasing

hydroelectric power; increasing

The name of the site where slippage begins and earthquake waves radiate outward is called the __________. -rupture surface -scarp -hypocenter -epicenter -fault

hypocenter

Which of the following represent the largest volume of freshwater found on Earth? -water vapor in the atmosphere -ice sheets and glaciers -groundwater -rivers -lakes

ice sheets and glaciers

A geologist is looking at deposits along a river below a large volcano. She finds large boulders mixed with sand and mud, and all of the material is comprised of volcanic rocks, particularly the mud which is volcanic ash. She quickly realizes these deposits represent an ancient ________.

lahar

What non-geologic term is commonly used to describe a sudden event in which large volumes of material move down steep slopes?

landslide

Which landscape is most prone to generating landslides? -beach -river valleys -rolling hills -plains -mountains

mountains

Most of the energy used by the industrial and residential/commercial sectors is __________. -natural gas -petroleum -coal -renewables -electric

natural gas

What kind of fold is circled in Figure 1? (see pic) -nonplunging anticline -plunging syncline -nonplunging syncline -plunging anticline -monocline

non plunging syncline

Faults that exhibit both dip-slip and strike slip movement are called ________ faults.

oblique slip faults -are caused by a combination of shearing and tensional or compressional stress

Which of the following might be seen where strike-slip movement has occurred? -the location of an earthquake's hypocenter -mountains from upward motion of the footwall -offset fences -a fault scarp -a large subsiding region from the hanging wall block moving down

offset fences

Desert regions occur __________, and always have a(n) __________ climate zone adjacent to them. -in the rainshadow; equatorial -on every continent; steppe -on every continent; humid -in equatorial regions; steppe -in polar regions; semiarid

on every continent; steppe

Most modern glaciers are __________. -advancing -in equilibrium -retreating

retreating

Where is the majority of liquid freshwater found? -rocks and sediments -sinkholes -glaciers -streams -lakes

rocks and sediments

A trough-like fold with limbs that dip toward the hinge and younger rocks exposed near the hinge:

syncline

Deserts that lie outside of the subtropics and mid-latitude belts are most likely the result of __________. -high water vapor content in the atmosphere -rising, expanding, and cooling air masses -large-scale atmospheric circulation -low pressure -the presence of a rainshadow

the presence of a rainshadow

Mass wasting, a process that often occurs between weathering and erosion, involves ________.

the transport of material due to gravity

Hydropower involves damming water and __________. -using the potential energy to turn turbines -piping it below the crust in order to heat it up -heating it up to produce energy -producing steam, which turns turbines -re-routing it to irrigate crops

using the potential energy to turn turbines

What is porosity?

volume of pore space in a material

The names primary and secondary refer to ___________. -wave speed -wave motion -wave amplitude -direction of travel -particle motion

wave speed

Using the map provided in Figure 1, in which province would the Rocky Mountains of the United States be located? (see pic) -young mountain belts -old mountain belts -shields -stable platforms -All of the above are correct.

young mountain belts

In the __________, groundwater fills the pore space. -capillary fringe -zone of saturation -unsaturated zone -bedrock -water table

zone of saturation

The ________ is the point in the subsurface where 100% of the pore spaces are filled with water.

zone of saturation

A tsunami is caused by __________. -earthquakes only -man-made sea vessels -anything that displaces water -tides -storms

anything that displaces water

A perched aquifer is located directly above a(n) __________. -water table -discharge area -aquitard -recharge area -regional aquifer

aquitard

The hanging wall moves __________ relative to the footwall in a __________ fault. -up; dip slip -down; strike slip -down; normal -along strike; dip slip -up; strike slip

down; normal

________ is a term used to describe how the water table around a well becomes lower as water is taken from the subsurface.

drawdown

What glacial landform is visible in Figure 1? (see pic) -esker -ground moraine -drumlin -terminal moraine -kame

drumlin

The cone of depression __________ near a well. -increases the hydraulic gradient -decreases water velocity -decreases drawdown -decreases the hydraulic gradient -does not affect the hydraulic gradient

increases the hydraulic gradient

Amongst all seismic waves, surface waves __________. -exhibit particle movement parallel to wave direction -cause the least amount of damage -have the lowest amplitude on the seismograph -move by compression and expansion -have the slowest velocity

have the slowest velocity

What glacial feature is circled in Figure 2? (see pic) -cirque -horn -arête -glacial trough -truncated spur

horn

An isolated, heavily eroded hill or mountain that rises abruptly from a plain is a(n) __________. -inselberg -bajada -alluvial fan -fault block -playa

inselberg

Name all of the ocean bottom features shown in the image of the Los Angeles coast produced by the multibeam sonar. -canyons, slope, rise -mountains, shelf, slope -shelf, canyons, slope -shelf, canyons, slope, rise -shelf, slope, rise

shelf, canyons, slope, rise

__________ are defined as a chain of glacial lakes where each lake flows into the next. -Tarns -Cirques -Hanging valleys -Glacial troughs -Pater noster lakes

pater roster lakes

a seismic surface wave with a rolling motion

rayleigh waves >move in a circular pattern with the crest (highest point) moving up and forward and the trough (lowest point) moving down and backwards.

What kind of fault is visible in Figure 1? (see pic) -reverse fault -normal fault -left-lateral strike-slip fault -right-lateral strike-slip fault -thrust fault

reverse fault

Intervals of paleomagnetic ___________ is/are characterized by the alignment of the magnetic south pole and the geographic north pole. -polar wandering -sea floor spreading -reversed polarity -normal polarity

reversed polarity

What is the term for the rolling and bouncing of sand grains during transport? -creep -suspension -saltation -traction -bed load

saltation

Other than the landforms you learned about in the video, what is another landform present in the Basin and Range Province? -sand dunes -perennial streams -vegetated hillslopes -deep lakes -integrated drainage networks

sand dunes

If the sediment that makes up the beaches of Cape Cod were to lithify, what kind of rock would it become? -sandstone -shale -limestone -Rock Gypsum -basalt

sandstone

Which of the following rocks are characteristic of compressional mountain building? -gabbro -basalt -schist -sandstone -limestone

schist

What feature connects the South American Paraná and African Entedeka flood basalts? -seamount chains -linear sea -Atlantic Ocean -Mid-Atlantic Ridge -rift valley

seamount chains

What type of ocean exploration technique is the best for determining potential oil and gas reservoirs? -rope -seismic reflection survey -multibeam sonar -satellite altimeter -sonar

seismic reflection survey

S waves, also known as secondary waves, are ____ that arrive after P waves and have a side-to-side motion.

shear waves

The water table __________. -is only observed where it reaches the surface -always comes into contact with streams -surface is a subdued version of the surface topography -reaches its lowest level beneath hills and ascends toward valleys -represents the lower limit of the zone of saturation

surface is a subdued version of the surface topography

Which landform marks the furthest extent of an advancing glacier? -terminal moraine -drumlin -esker -ground moraine -recessional moraine

terminal moraine

A moraine that marks the maximum extent of a glacier:

terminal moraine/ end moraine

What is name of the near-surface layer that thaws in the summer? -the zone of creep -permafrost -the discontinuous zone -the solifluction zone -the active layer

the active layer

What is strain? -the amount of deformation that results from an applied force -the force exerted to cause deformation -the amount of force that results from an applied deformation -the deformation exerted to cause force

the amount of deformation that results from an applied force

What evidence supports that the glaciers on the southern continents were once part of a single, massive ice sheet? -Glaciers reshaped continental coastlines to match -Striations -Decreasing thickness of glacial deposits from the center outward -Depositional ridges of sediment point out a direction of ice flow away from a central location

Striations

Which of the following geographic provinces is the newest addition to the North American continent? -Piedmont -Valley and Ridge -Appalachian Plateau -Blue Ridge -Coastal Plain

Coastal Plain

divide

a boundary, usually a hill or mountain, where water will flow in opposite directions on either side ex: Appalachian Mountains

Which of the following best describes the cone of depression? -a dimple in the water table surface formed from changes in pressure from a ridge to stream valley -a dimple in the water table surface due to water pumped faster than an aquifer can be replenished -a depression of the water table surface due to a relatively impermeable zone in an aquifer -a bulge formed in the water table due to a stream that is separated from the groundwater system by the unsaturated zone -a bulge in the water table surface due to aquifer replenishment rate exceeding pumping rate

a dimple in the water table surface due to water pumped faster than an aquifer can be replenished

Which of the following accurately describes the Basin and Range region of the western United States? -a region formed by tectonic extension that includes perennial rivers and extensive channel networks -a region with alternating mountains and basins that have been produced by reverse faulting -an area with alternating mountains and basins in a humid climate -a region with alternating mountains and basins that have been produced by normal faulting -a large area characterized by large mountains and rivers that reach the Pacific Coast

a region with alternating mountains and basins that have been produced by normal faulting

Which of the following do all oil traps have in common? -faults -salt columns -anticlines -a reservoir rock with a cap rock above it -structural deformation

a reservoir rock with a cap rock above it

What environmental condition is reduced on a batholith in order to generate weathering via sheeting? a. Pressure b. Moisture c. Mineral content d. Heat

a. Pressure

Which minerals are the main constituents in most sedimentary rocks? a. Quartz and Clay Minerals b. Micas and Feldspars c. Calcite and Silica d. Orthoclase and Plagioclase

a. Quartz and Clay Minerals

A(n) __________ is a cone-shaped deposit of sediment that is deposited when a stream exits the mouth of a canyon. -alluvial fan -inselberg -dune field -playa -bajada

alluvial fan

What is the term for sediment deposited by streams?

alluvium

Energy produced by once-living plants represents approximately __________ of the total amount of renewable energy. -75% -40% -5% -25% -50%

50%

What is the critical latitude for incoming solar radiation, which could affect the formation of ice sheets? -45° S -22.5° N -equator -65° N -65° S

65° N

Renewable energy makes up approximately how much of the total U.S. energy budget? -36.2% -9.2 quadrillion BTU -82.1 quadrillion BTU -97.5 quadrillion BTU -75%

9.2 quadrillion BTU

Reverse faults are examples of _________________ that result from _______________ stresses.

????

Folds are a type of geologic structure associated with ductile deformation due to compressional stress.

?????

a fault with a large component of vertical slip

?????

What is the geologic definition of a stream?

A channelized body of water flowing down gradient

associate the landscape with the correct name of its drainage pattern. -areas of alternating weak and resistant bedrock

trellis pattern

Which geologic features would be present in compressional mountain belts? (Note: There may be more than one answer.) (Choose all that apply) -normal faults -thrust faults -rift valleys -folds -intrusive igneous rocks

-thrust faults -folds -intrusive igneous rocks

An earthquake occurs at the location marked with the X in the figure given below. At which location(s) would you expect to find S-waves? Note that each tick mark represents 10 degrees. (see pic) -D -C -E -B

-E -A

An earthquake occurs at the location marked with the X in the figure given below. At which location(s) would you expect to find P-waves? Note that each tick mark represents 10 degrees. (see pic) -E -D -A -C -B

-E -A -C

Almost _____ of all electric power produced relies on coal as a source of energy. -46% -100% -20% -91% -12%

46%

The first step toward utilizing paleomagnetic data is to infer the direction (polarity) of the magnetic field at the time that rocks of various ages were forming at a particular site. Unfortunately, a limitation exists in that any grain orientation has two equally valid interpretations.

-For example, a grain with its magnetic north pole pointing into the Earth may represent either a northern hemisphere location during a time of normal polarity or a southern hemisphere location during a time of reversed polarity. -However, given that the rate of seafloor spreading is relatively slow, it is sometimes reasonable to assume that a landmass has remained in a given hemisphere when interpreting paleomagetic data from recent history and over relatively short timescales, (e.g., North America has remained firmly in the Northern Hemisphere since the beginning of the Cenozoic, approximately 65 million years ago).

Which of the following statements describes the relationship between the strengths of rocks and how close the temperature is to the melting point of iron? (Choose all that apply) -Rocks that are cold, or further away from the melting point of iron, are strong. -Rocks that are warm, or close to the melting point of iron are strong. -Rocks that are cold, or far away from the melting point of iron, are weak. -Rocks that are warm, or close to the melting point of iron, are weak.

-Rocks that are cold, or further away from the melting point of iron, are strong. -Rocks that are warm, or close to the melting point of iron, are weak.

Which of the following statements describe what happens to sediment when a longshore current meets a jetty? (Choose all that apply.) -Sediment is eroded on the down-current side of the jetty because water is starved of sediment in this location. -Sediment is deposited on the down-current side of the jetty because water moves slower in this location. -Sediment is deposited on the up-current side of the jetty because water moves slower in this location. -Sediment is eroded on the up-current side of the jetty because the water is starved of sediment in this location.

-Sediment is eroded on the down-current side of the jetty because water is starved of sediment in this location. -Sediment is deposited on the up-current side of the jetty because water moves slower in this location.

How do waves refract in rocks? (Choose all that apply) -Waves refract away from the boundary when moving from less dense to more dense material. -Waves refract toward the boundary when moving from less to more dense material. -Waves refract toward the boundary when moving from more to less dense rock. -Waves refract away from the boundary when moving from more to less dense material.

-Waves refract toward the boundary when moving from less to more dense material. -Waves refract away from the boundary when moving from more to less dense material.

What does the iron melting curve tell us about the state of rocks in the Earth? (Choose all that apply) -Rocks are only molten when the geotherm and iron melting curve are overlapping. -When the iron melting curve is to the right of the geotherm, rocks are molten. -When the iron melting curve is to the left of the geotherm, rocks are solid. -When the iron melting curve is to the right of the geotherm, rocks are solid. -When the iron melting curve is to the left of the geotherm, rocks are molten.

-When the iron melting curve is to the right of the geotherm, rocks are solid. -When the iron melting curve is to the left of the geotherm, rocks are molten.

The depth below groundwater is the water table. Also, the structure and arrangement of rocks can affect the way groundwater flows. Which of the following can control groundwater's ability to flow? (Select the two that apply) -change of water table elevation -acidic water -gravel -pores/fractures in the rock -solid bedrock

-change of water table elevation -pores/fractures in the rock

Which of the following layers consist of mostly solid material? (Choose all that apply) -mantle -outer core -lithosphere -inner core -asthenosphere

-mantle -lithosphere -inner core -asthenosphere

If the wavelength of a set of waves is 20 feet long, how deep is the wave base? -10 feet below the surface -40 feet below the surface -30 feet below the surface -20 feet below the surface

10 feet below the surface

Approximately how fast do P-waves travel through the mantle? (see pic) -5 km/s -13 km/s -0 km/s—P-waves do not travel through the mantle. -10 km/s -2 km/s

13 km/s

When was the last glacial maximum in North America?

18,000 years ago

Most dry lands exist between ________ degrees on either side of the Equator.

20-30

How many years does one complete cycle of precession take? -13,000 years -26,000 years -18,000 years -41,000 years -100,000 years

26,000

What is a fault?

A fracture in a rock along which motion has occurred

Choose the correct definition of a monocline: -A convex-up fold with the oldest strata in the center -A circular structure formed by downwarping of the crust -A large steplike fold in otherwise flat-lying sedimentary rocks -A circular structure formed by crustal upwarping -A trough with the youngest strata occupying the center

A large steplike fold in otherwise flat-lying sedimentary rocks

Define earthquake intensity. -A qualitative measure of the amount of ground shaking at a certain location. -A quantitative measure of ground motion. -The quantitative amount of energy released from the earthquake source. -The amount of time between P and S wave arrival. -The measure of the maximum amplitude of a surface wave.

A qualitative measure of the amount of ground shaking at a certain location.

Which of the following distances represents one wavelength of the wave set drawn below? (see pic) -B to C represents a wavelength. -A to C represents a wavelength. -A to B represents a wavelength. -A to D represents a wavelength.

A to C represents a wavelength

In which situation does the cone of depression need to be taken into account? -A well for industrial purposes is located across a drainage divide, in relation to domestic wells. -Two domestic wells are drilled well above the water table. -A well for industrial purposes is drilled proximal to a smaller, domestic well. -A well for industrial purposes is drilled very far away from smaller, domestic wells. -A well drilled into a perched water table was successful.

A well for industrial purposes is drilled proximal to a smaller, domestic well.

Which of the following describes the movement of air in a hurricane in the Northern Hemisphere? -Air moves down to the surface in a counterclockwise direction. -Air moves up from the surface in a clockwise direction. -Air moves down to the surface in a clockwise direction. -Air moves up from the surface in a counterclockwise direction.

Air moves up from the surface in a counterclockwise direction.

Which of the following accurately describes oil shale? -An organic-rich, fine-grained, impermeable sedimentary rock containing kerogen. -An organic-rich sedimentary rock containing abundant bitumen. -An organic-rich, fine-grained sedimentary rock that exhibits high permeability. -A fine-grained sedimentary rock that contains little to no organic material. -Naturally occurring, crystalline molecular substances containing water and gas.

An organic-rich, fine-grained, impermeable sedimentary rock containing kerogen.

Which of the following is a requirement for an artesian system to exist? -Water must be confined in a flat-lying aquifer. -The aquifer must be unconfined for water to flow freely. -An aquitard must be present only above the aquifer. -Aquitards must be present both above and below the aquifer. -An aquitard must be present only below the aquifer.

Aquitards must be present both above and below the aquifer.

If the stress applied to the rock is greater than rock strength, what happens? -The hypocenter and the epicenter become one in the same. -Blocks of rock will slide relative to one another along a fault, causing an earthquake. -Elastic energy is stored for the next earthquake. -The rocks will warp, stretch, and bend, but will not break.

Blocks of rock will slide relative to one another along a fault, causing an earthquake.

Imagine two rocks. Under enough stress, rock A will experience plastic strain, whereas rock B will experience brittle strain. Which of the following statements about rocks A and B is true? -Rock A will experience elastic strain before plastic strain sets in, but rock B will experience only brittle strain. -Both rock A and rock B will experience elastic strain before plastic or brittle strain sets in. -Rock B will experience elastic strain before brittle strain sets in, but Rock A will experience only plastic strain. -The yield strength of rock B is lower than that of rock A. -The yield strength of rock A is lower than that of rock B.

Both rock A and rock B will experience elastic strain before plastic or brittle strain sets in.

Which one of the following statements regarding active and/or passive margins is NOT true? -Cape Cod represents an active margin, as evidenced by its large sand dunes. -There are not many earthquakes or volcanoes along passive margins. -The shorelines of the east and west coasts of the U.S. look very different. -Subduction commonly occurs along active margins, pushing cliffs upward. -Long, beautiful beaches characterize passive margins.

Cape Cod represents an active margin, as evidenced by its large sand dunes.

Which of the following statements best describes Wegener's idea of continental drift? -Ancient organisms had undergone mass migrations to reach the continents where they are found today. -Continents were building up through sedimentation. -Global oceans were draining, which exposed stationary parts of the seafloor we now call continents. -Continents are subsiding into the seas. -Continents were formerly in different positions on the Earth and have shifted to their present locations over time.

Continents were formerly in different positions on the Earth and have shifted to their present locations over time.

When water is pumped from a well, drawdown occurs. Which of the following is a true statement regarding drawdown? -Drawdown increases with increasing distance from the well. -Drawdown is negligible where heavy pumping occurs. -Regardless of pumping, drawdown only occurs during dry periods. -Drawdown decreases with decreasing distance from the well. -Drawdown decreases with increasing distance from the well.

Drawdown decreases with increasing distance from the well.

Which of the following is true regarding groundwater as you move deeper below the surface? -Groundwater moves over smaller distances, but takes longer to travel between locations. -Deep water is commonly lost to water bodies at the surface. -Groundwater moves over larger distances, over longer timescales. -The turnover of water becomes relatively rapid, as it enters through filtration and leaves through water bodies. -Variations in surface topography are much more important to flow patterns than subsurface geology.

Groundwater moves over larger distances, over longer timescales.

In the late twentieth century, Hidden River Cave had suffered from significant pollution and bad odor. Although various chemical pollutants had been dumped or spilled nearby, none had intentionally been disposed of in Hidden River Cave. How did they end up there? -The pollution was carried to the cave by a local river. -Pollutants migrated along manmade pathways (e.g., sewers). -Pollution moved along highly fractured bedrock to get into the cave. -The chemicals were caustic enough to dissolve their own pathways through the carbonate rock. -Hidden River Cave and the dump sites are connected via various sinkholes and subterranean passages.

Hidden River Cave and the dump sites are connected via various sinkholes and subterranean passages.

What is the orientation of a fold's hinge line with respect to the orientation of plunge? -Hinge is perpendicular to the direction of plunge. -Hinge is offset from direction of plunge by forty-five degrees. -Hinge is vertical whereas plunge is horizontal. -Hinge line is in the direction of plunge. -Hinge is offset from the direction of plunge by thirty degrees.

Hinge line is in the direction of plunge.

Where do hurricanes that hit the East Coast of the United States form? In which direction do they travel? -Hurricanes form in the Atlantic Ocean north of the equator and move in a southwest direction. -Hurricanes form in the Atlantic Ocean north of the equator and move in a northwest direction. -Hurricanes form in the Atlantic Ocean at the equator and move in and eastern direction. -Hurricanes form in the Atlantic Ocean south of the equator and move in a northwest direction.

Hurricanes form in the Atlantic Ocean north of the equator and move in a northwest direction.

Which of the following statements about hurricanes is true? -Hurricanes are likely to occur in any month. -Hurricanes spin the same direction all over the Earth. -Hurricanes can hit every coastline on Earth. -Hurricanes lose energy when moving over land. -Every spinning storm in the ocean is a hurricane.

Hurricanes lose energy when moving over land

In the first model, what happens as the layer of coarse material develops at the surface? -The coarse grains are transported downslope by water and deflation wears down the ground surface. -The concentration of large particles decreases through time. -It blocks the fine-grained sediment below from the wind, which prevents the possibility of further deflation. -It is polished and rounded from wind abrasion. -The large clasts trap increasing amounts of fine sediments over time, causing the land surface to rise.

It blocks the fine-grained sediment below from the wind, which prevents the possibility of further deflation.

What is cross bedding? -Planar layers deposited in low energy, interdune areas. -Large mound or ridge-like features dominantly composed of sand grains. -Sand carried as bed load across the windward side and avalanching down the slip face. -Layers deposited on a dune slip face that are inclined in the direction of wind transport. -Layers deposited on the windward side of a dune that are inclined in the direction of wind transport.

Layers deposited on a dune slip face that are inclined in the direction of wind transport.

What is the primary difference between the two desert pavement hypotheses? -Model 1 is based on an increase in sediment volume through time (deposition), while Model 2 is based on a sediment volume decrease through time (erosion). -Model 1 is characterized by building up the land surface, while Model 2 is based on wearing down the surface by wind erosion. -Model 1 includes a layer of gravels exposed at the surface for the same length of time, while Model 2 shows various exposure ages for gravels. -Model 1 is based on a sediment volume decrease through time (erosion), while Model 2 is based on an increase in sediment volume through time (deposition). -Model 1 begins with weathered gravels on bedrock, while Model 2 begins with poorly sorted sediments.

Model 1 is based on a sediment volume decrease through time (erosion), while Model 2 is based on an increase in sediment volume through time (deposition).

Which of the following describes the relationship between the geotherm and the iron melting curve? -Most rocks are warmer than the melting temperature of iron. -All rocks are cooler than the melting temperature of iron. -Most rocks are cooler than the melting temperature of iron. -All rocks are warmer than the melting temperature of iron.

Most rocks are cooler than the melting temperature of iron.

Rank the events from oldest to youngest: -The sediments are buried and lithified into sedimentary rock. -Compressional forces cause the sedimentary rocks to bend into an anticline. -Sediments are deposited in a horizontal orientation. -Processes of weathering and erosion expose the interior of the anticline.

OLDEST -Sediments are deposited in a horizontal orientation. -The sediments are buried and lithified into sedimentary rock. -Compressional forces cause the sedimentary rocks to bend into an anticline. -Processes of weathering and erosion expose the interior of the anticline. YOUNGEST

How is ocean depth calculated by sonar? -Ocean depth is calculated by seismic waves that record detailed seafloor profiles. -Ocean depth is calculated by the time it takes sound waves to travel from the ship to the seafloor and back to the ship again. -Ocean depth is calculated by the time it takes seismic waves to make a round-trip from the ship to the seafloor. -Ocean depth is calculated by sound waves sent from a satellite that record variations in the ocean surface. -Explosions created by ships create sonar waves, which then map the sea floor.

Ocean depth is calculated by the time it takes sound waves to travel from the ship to the seafloor and back to the ship again.

Why must oil shale be heated to extract hydrocarbons? -Oil shale has low permeability. -Oil shale has high porosity. -Oil shale has high permeability. -The oil becomes more viscous and easy to extract. -Oil shale has low porosity.

Oil shale has low permeability.

Which of the following best describes the age relationship of the layers in an anticline?

Oldest on the inside of the fold, youngest on the outside

Deforestation of rain forests exposes tropical soils that are famous for their low fertility, despite the fact that they had previously hosted a lush tropical forest. Which soil type would describe these soils?

Oxisols—Soils that occur on old land surfaces unless parent materials were strongly weathered before they were deposited. Rich in iron and aluminum oxides, Oxisols are heavily leached, hence are poor soils for agricultural activity

Why does a shadow zone occur for P-waves? -P-waves do not travel through the outer core. -P-waves reflect off of the inner core. -P-waves refract as they go through the outer core. -P-waves follow a curved path through the mantle.

P-waves refract as they go through the outer core.

The Mammoth Plateau near Mammoth Cave National Park is higher in elevation than the surrounding landscape and separates the Sinkhole Plain from the Green River. As the Mammoth Plateau is a major topographical barrier, how does precipitation that falls on the Sinkhole Plain make it into the Green River Valley? -Precipitation flows in surface streams that cut through the Mammoth Plateau and empty into the Green River. -Precipitation seeps into fractures in the bedrock, freezing and expanding them, to make a larger passage to flow through. -Precipitation infiltrates via fractures in the bedrock, moving slowly through the subsurface to eventually discharge into the Green River. -The Mammoth Plateau is composed of unconsolidated sediments. Precipitation seeps through pore spaces to eventually discharge into the Green River. -Precipitation infiltrates into the subsurface via sinkholes and flows through subterranean passages to the Green River Valley.

Precipitation infiltrates into the subsurface via sinkholes and flows through subterranean passages to the Green River Valley.

Which of the following examples best illustrates the effects of ductile deformation? -Rocks along a convergent plate boundary are subjected to gentle compressive force for millions of years, but once the compression ends, the rock returns to its original shape. -Divergent boundaries will bend rocks through tension, but once the tension is over, the rock will return to its original shape. Rocks are subjected to great pressure and fragment as a result. -Rocks along a convergent plate boundary are subjected to compressive force for millions of years and are permanently folded. -Divergent boundaries will bend rocks through tension, leaving a permanent fold.

Rocks along a convergent plate boundary are subjected to compressive force for millions of years and are permanently folded.

Richter magnitude (ML) is derived from measuring __________ and __________, and then plotting them on a Richter diagram. -distance away from earthquake; minimum S wave height -S minus P wave time; maximum P wave height -S minus P wave time; distance -maximum S wave height; moment magnitude -S minus P wave time; maximum S wave height

S minus P wave time; maximum S wave height

Which of the following statements accurately describes P- and S-waves? -P-waves do not travel through the outer core. -Both P- and S-wave speeds increase with depth. -S-waves travel faster than P-waves. -S-waves do not travel through the outer core whereas P-waves do.

S-waves do not travel through the outer core whereas P-waves do.

A thin peninsula called a spit extends beyond the bluffs of the outer beach on Cape Cod. What has caused this spit to form? -Barrier islands that migrate are known as spits. -Sand from the bluffs is carried and deposited by longshore currents. -As sea level drops during the winter, shoals are exposed. These are known as spits. -When beach dunes become separated from the mainland by an intervening stream, a spit forms. -Nor'easter storms cause larger landmasses to erode into long, thin ridges known as spits.

Sand from the bluffs is carried and deposited by longshore currents.

the seismic body wave that is the second to arrive

Secondary waves (S-waves) >Seismic waves that vibrate from side to side as well as up and down. >Shake the ground back and forth. When these waves reach the surface, they shake structures violently. >Cannot move through liquids

Which of the following is true regarding shallow subduction angles? -Sediment and seamounts are scraped from the downgoing plate to produce an accretionary wedge. -Shallow subduction only occurs between the convergence of oceanic and continental crust. -Shallow subduction results in a deep trench. -Subduction erosion is a common phenomenon in shallow angle subduction. -The Mariana trench shows a shallow angle of subduction.

Sediment and seamounts are scraped from the downgoing plate to produce an accretionary wedge.

Which of the following describes a seismic reflection survey? -Seismic signals produced from an explosion travel to the ocean floor, penetrate some layers, and reflect back to a receiver. -Radar from a satellite is used to detect slight variations in the sea surface, which correspond to topography at the sea floor. -A ship emits sound waves that bounce off of the ocean floor and back to the ship. The wave travel time is used to calculate ocean depth. -A bathymetric survey conducted by a ship lowering a weighted rope at certain locations to ascertain ocean depth. -A ship uses multibeam sonar to produce robust, shaded relief bathymetry maps of continental shelves.

Seismic signals produced from an explosion travel to the ocean floor, penetrate some layers, and reflect back to a receiver.

During which month are hurricanes most likely to occur on the east coast of the United States? -September -November -March -July

September

Which of the following best describes the trend in the speed of seismic waves as they travel toward the center of the earth? -Speeds decrease at a steady rate as a seismic wave moves toward the center of the Earth. -Speeds both increase and decrease as a seismic wave moves toward the center of the Earth. -Speeds increase at a steady rate as a seismic wave moves toward the center of the Earth. -Speeds stay the same as a seismic wave moves toward the center of the Earth. -Speeds increase as a seismic wave moves toward the center of the Earth, but at different rates.

Speeds both increase and decrease as a seismic wave moves toward the center of the Earth.

_____ (yellow concentric lines) travel slower than body waves and along the surface of the Earth generating two types of waves: Love waves and Rayleigh waves.

Surface waves >Surface waves attenuate where they are strongest near the epicenter and dissipate as you move farther away.

Which of the following correctly compares the seismograph readings from Station 1 to Station 2, as shown in the video? -The waves arrive earlier at Station 2. -Surface waves show smaller amplitude at Station 2. -The time between wave arrivals is longer at Station 1. -Surface waves show larger amplitude at Station 2. -S waves arrive first at Station 1.

Surface waves show smaller amplitude at Station 2.

Which of the following describes the trend of the Earth's temperature (based on the geotherm) moving toward the center of the Earth? -Temperature increases at a constant rate with increasing depth. -Temperature decreases with increasing depth but at different rates. -Temperature increases with increasing depth but at different rates. -Temperature decreases at a constant rate with increasing depth. -Temperature remains constant with increasing depth.

Temperature increases with increasing depth but at different rates.

When viewed from the air, the Bighorn River cuts across the Sheep Mountain anticline. As Sheep Mountain is a topographic high and barrier to streamflow, how was the river able to establish itself and eventually erode through the anticline? -The Ancestral Bighorn River established a course over the landscape while the anticline was still buried at depth. -Rifting of the landscape created fractures for groundwater to follow, which eventually coalesced to create a river. -A normal fault bisects Sheep Mountain, which created a path for water to flow. -Uplift of mountains nearby diverted the river, which eventually wore a path through the anticline. -Melting glaciers at the peak of Sheep Mountain created meltwater streams that eventually carved through the mountain.

The Ancestral Bighorn River established a course over the landscape while the anticline was still buried at depth.

Which event marked the creation of the supercontinent Pangaea? -The Appalachian Mountains ceased uplifting and erosion began. -The Iapetus Ocean closed during the Alleghanian Orogeny. -Avalonia accreted onto North American during the Acadian Orogeny. -Africa pulled away from North America, creating the Atlantic Ocean. -The Taconic volcanic island arc accreted onto North American during the Taconic Orogeny.

The Iapetus Ocean closed during the Alleghanian Orogeny.

The Red Sea presents a simple geometry of an elongate oceanic basin. Volcanic rocks along both shores of the Red Sea display similar ages of ~20 million years. Examine the shape of the shoreline of Red Sea. What type of tectonic environment is present at the Red Sea? -The Red Sea is a divergent plate boundary, where it is making new rocks in the Arabian peninsula. -The Red Sea is a divergent plate boundary, where new rocks are being created at the center of the Red Sea as the Arabian peninsula and Africa are pulling apart. -The Red Sea is a transform plate boundary, where large faults are creating new volcanoes to make the Middle East slide past Africa. -The Red Sea is a convergent plate boundary, where the Arabian peninsula is being recycled into the earth at a subduction zone under Africa.

The Red Sea is a divergent plate boundary, where new rocks are being created at the center of the Red Sea as the Arabian peninsula and Africa are pulling apart.

When matching up once-joined continents such as South America and Africa, the coastlines do not fit together as nicely as the continental shelves. Why might this be the case? -Separation of the continents resulted in deformation of the coastlines. -The continental shelves are the edges of the continent. The shoreline simply shows where the sea level is in relation to topography. -The coastlines have been altered by vast deposits of lava. -Large volumes of sediment eroded from the continent fills in the gaps between the shelves.

The continental shelves are the edges of the continent. The shoreline simply shows where the sea level is in relation to topography.

You are watching TV with a friend when there is a special bulletin about a city in California being devastated by an earthquake. The news anchor reports that the epicenter of the earthquake is 45 miles east of Los Angeles. How would you explain the definition of the epicenter to your geologically impaired friend?

The location on the Earth's surface directly above the point of slippage.

Choose the true statement regarding the continental shelf. -The shelf is always tectonically active. -The continental shelf neighbors the continental rise. -The shelf is the region located between deep sea fans and the abyssal plain. -The shelf represents the flooded portions of continents. -The shelf lies beneath the deepest part of the ocean.

The shelf represents the flooded portions of continents.

What is the angle of repose?

The steepest angle at which a material remains at rest

Imagine two rocks. Rock A is weaker than rock B. Which of the following statements about rocks A and B is true? -Rock A experiences brittle strain, whereas rock B experiences plastic strain. -Rock A experiences plastic strain, whereas rock B experiences brittle strain. -The yield strength of rock B is lower than that of rock A. -The yield strength of rock A is lower than that of rock B.

The yield strength of rock A is lower than that of rock B.

How will the orientation of a plunging anticline's limbs change in the direction the fold is plunging? -The limbs of the fold will become horizontal. -The limbs will open up as they move in the direction that the fold is plunging. -They will close to a point. -The limbs will make a circle. -The limbs will make parallel stripes.

They will close to a point.

True/False: Detrital sedimentary rocks are classified according to class size whereas chemical sedimentary rocks are classified based on their dominant minerals.

True

True/False: Volcanic activity in the early history of the Earth is believed to be responsible for much of the CO2 found in the atmosphere.

True

Strike refers to the compass direction or azimuth of a horizontal line within a plane.

True????

What happens to tsunami waves as they move closer to shore? -Velocity increases and height decreases. -Both velocity and height increase. -Velocity decreases and height increases. -Both velocity and height decrease. -The waves maintain a constant speed and height.

Velocity decreases and height increases.

How will channel velocity change along the longitudinal profile of a stream?

Velocity will start low and gradually increase toward the mouth due to increasing discharge downstream

Late Paleozoic sedimentary rocks often contain extensive coal seams that were used to support the existence of Pangaea. What would the climate have been at that time and at the location where the coal deposits were formed, and what would it indicate about the continent's past latitude? -Warm, humid climate near the Equator -Polar tundra climate -Arid climate near the Equator -Temperate climate in the mid-latitudes -Cold climate near the South Pole

Warm, humid climate near the Equator

Which of the following is a true statement about groundwater? -The groundwater table does not mimic surface topography. -Groundwater makes up the largest total volume of freshwater on Earth today. -Water in a groundwater system moves in underground rivers and caverns. -Water in a groundwater system is stored in subsurface pore spaces and fractures. -Groundwater makes up only about 6% of all liquid (unfrozen) fresh water.

Water in a groundwater system is stored in subsurface pore spaces and fractures.

Which of the following describes the curved path of seismic waves through the mantle? -Waves are concave down because rock density decreases with depth. -Waves are concave up because rock density decreases with depth. -Waves are concave up because rock density increases with depth. -Waves are concave down because rock density increases with depth.

Waves are concave up because rock density increases with depth.

How shallow must the ocean floor be for waves to start to "feel bottom" for a wave set with a wavelength of 20 feet? -Waves will "feel bottom" when the ocean floor is 20 feet below the surface. -Waves will "feel bottom" when the ocean floor is 10 feet below the surface. -Waves will "feel bottom" when the ocean floor is 30 feet below the surface. -Waves will "feel bottom" when the ocean floor is 40 feet below the surface.

Waves will "feel bottom" when the ocean floor is 10 feet below the surface.

In your own words, describe the difference between weathering, erosion, and mass wasting.

Weathering generally restricted to material breakdown in place. The physical and chemical changes that occur in rocks happens at the interface of the Earth's hydrosphere and atmosphere. Mass Wasting is when material falls under influence of gravity with little or no transporting agent. And erosion refers to processes that move material to another site under the influence of transporting agents such as water, ice, and/or wind.

Which of the following is required for oil shales to form? -a depositional environment lacking organic activity -well-connected pore spaces -a sandstone reservoir -a cap rock -a sedimentary basin

a sedimentary basin

__ is a seismic zone that has not produced a large earthquake for a considerable length of time. -A subduction zone -A seismic gap -A convergent plate boundary -The Circum-Pacific Belt -An earthquake belt

a seismic gap

Soil develops in response to interactions between which Earth spheres? a. Biosphere, Atmosphere, Geosphere, Hydrosphere b. Geosphere, Atmosphere, Biosphere c. Geosphere, Hydrosphere, Atmosphere d. Hydrosphere, Atmosphere

a. Biosphere, Atmosphere, Geosphere, and Hydrosphere

A map view of a region shows a circular rock pattern with the oldest rocks in the center off the pattern. What structure would create such a pattern on the surface? a. Dome b. Anticline c. Monocline d. Basin e. Syncline

a. Dome

Which of the following best describes interbedded gypsum and halite? a. Evaporite sedimentary rocks b. Biochemical sedimentary rocks c. Dolomite and limestone d. Detrital sedimentary rocks

a. Evaporite sedimentary rocks

Which soil horizon will contain the greatest amount of organic material? a. O horizon b. B horizon c. A horizon d. E horizon e. C horizon

a. O horizon

Where are most sediments and sedimentary rocks found? CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. a. On the surface of continents b. At mid-ocean ridges c. On the ocean floor d. At the base of Earth's crust e. In the mantle

a. On the surface of continents c. On the ocean floor

Which of the following textures is NOT the result of differential stress? a. Porphyroblastic texture b. Schistosity c. Rock cleavage d. Slaty cleavage e. Gneissic texture

a. Porphyroblastic texture

____ is a term used to define 88% of Earth's history prior to the start of the Paleozoic Era. a. Precambrian b. Quaternary c. Paleogene d. Jurassic

a. Precambrian

Which of the following would contribute to ductile deformation in a rock? CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. a. Slowly increasing confining temperature b. Increasing the temperature of a rock c. Changing a crystalline igneous rock into a metamorphic rock d. Quickly increasing differential stress e. Decreasing the temperature of the rock

a. Slowly increasing confining pressure b. Increasing the temperature of a rock c. Changing a crystalline igneous rock into a metamorphic rock

____ describes the range in particle sizes in a detrital sedimentary rock. a. Sorting b. Cementation c. Size d. Shape

a. Sorting

____ and ____ are chemical weathering products created in many metallic and coal mining regions and pose serious environmental hazards. a. Sulfuric acid; iron oxide b. Nitric acid; coal dust c. Hydrochloric acid; bicarbonate d. Carbonic acid; slag

a. Sulfuric acid; iron oxide

What is the most important agent of chemical weathering? a. Water b. Wind c. Salt d. Heat

a. Water

Which of the following methods of transportation will result in the best degree of sorting? a. Wind b. Waves on a beach c. Glaciers d. Streams

a. Wind

What kind of metamorphic texture results in the segregation of light and dark minerals? a. gneissic texture b. slaty texture c. fine texture d. foliated texture e. schistose texture

a. gneissic texture

A conglomerate is poorly sorted with well-rounded grains. This rock was likely formed in what depositional environment? a. mountain stream b. ocean c. delta d. lake e. beach

a. mountain stream

How will foliation in continental metamorphic rocks formed during subduction be oriented? a. perpendicular to the direction of plate movement b. oblique to the direction of plate movement c. parallel to the direction of plate movement

a. perpendicular to the direction of plate movement

In the United States, the most common type of coal is ____ and the largest producing state is ____. a. sub-bituminous; Wyoming b. anthracite; Pennsylvania c. sub-bituminous; Montana d. bituminous; Kentucky e. bituminous; West Virginia

a. sub-bituminous; Wyoming

As shown by the South Dakota example, artesian systems __________. -are not dependent on confining layers -are able to transmit water great distances from recharge to discharge areas -do not require inclined aquifers to receive water in the recharge area -are artificial in origin -only occur in near-surface areas across short distances

are able to transmit water great distances from recharge to discharge areas

How does deforestation by fire or human activity contribute to mass wasting? a) It allows excess rainfall runoff to erode the landscape, triggering mass wasting. b) It kills tree roots that help hold the slopes in place, allowing mass movement. c) It allows the wind to blow across the slopes, imparting a stress that triggers landslides. d) It allows farming activity that exposes soil to erosion and mass wasting.

b) It kills tree roots that help hold the slopes in place, allowing mass movement.

Which of the following is most resistant to both chemical and physical weathering? a) clay minerals b) quartz c) a granite d) a limestone

b) quartz

The word topsoil is commonly used, but not always correctly. The proper definition is ________. a) the A, E and B horizons b) the dark, organic rich layers of O and A c) the entire soil down to the base of the C horizon d) only the O horizon

b) the dark, organic rich layers of O and A

In which geologic setting is the most widespread occurrence of hydrothermal metamorphism? a. Where mantle plumes burn through the bottom of continental plates b. Along the axis of a mid-ocean ridge system c. Subduction zones between oceanic and continental plates d. Along transform plate boundaries

b. Along the axis of a mid-ocean ridge system

What is a metamorphic facies? a. Zones of contact metamorphism along an intrusive igneous rock b. An assemblage of minerals that form in very similar metamorphic environments c. A mineral that forms at specific metamorphic conditions and can be used to determine the metamorphic grade d. Textural transitions based on the direction and amount of pressure

b. An assemblage of minerals that form in very similar metamorphic environments

Which of the following is a process that forms a large basin? a. Pulling apart of the crust between two anticlines b. Buildup of a large amount of sediment c. Emptying of a magma chamber d. Erosion of a plunging anticline e. Development of a trough

b. Buildup of a large amount of sediment

____ metamorphism tends to occur in regions where massive amounts of sedimentary or volcanic materials accumulate in a submitting basin. a. Contact b. Burial c. Hydrothermal d. Regional

b. Burial

Rainwater will combine with which atmospheric gas in order to create carbonic acid? a. Carbon Monoxide b. Carbon Dioxide c. Methane d. Oxygen

b. Carbon Dioxide

Which type of sedimentary structure is a characteristic of sand dunes? a. Graded beds b. Cross-bedding c. Mud racks d. Ripple marks e. Bedding plane

b. Cross-bedding

Which rock is best suited for radiometric dating? a. Shale b. Granite c. Limestone d. Chert e. Sandstone

b. Granite

____ are materials that are good indicators of the metamorphic environment in which they formed and can be used to distinguish between various zones of metamorphism. a. Index fossils b. Index minerals c. Blueschists d. Aureoles

b. Index minerals

____ processes such as evaporation and chemical activity can precipitate chemical sediments. a. Biological b. Inorganic c. Cementation d. Detrital

b. Inorganic

Which of the following is true of lunar soil, when compared with terrestrial soil? a. It does not contain mineral matter b. It does not contain air c. It cannot support life d. It does not contain organic matter

b. It does not contain air c. It cannot support life d. It does not contain organic matter

____ is the process where sediments are converted into a sedimentary rock. a. Cementation b. Lithification c. Imbrication d. Diagenesis

b. Lithification

If clay minerals were buried at a depth where subsurface temperatures exceeded 200 degrees Celsius, which mineral are they likely to become? a. Quartz b. Muscovite c. Plagioclase d. Amphibole

b. Muscovite

Which horizons make up the solum? a. E, B, and C Horizons b. O, A, E, and B Horizons c. O and A Horizons d. C Horizon

b. O, A, E, and B Horizons

____ are tiny "seed" particles created when small sediments or shell fragments are rolled by waves in water supersaturated with calcium carbonate. a. Nodules b. Ooids c. Cave pearls d. Bryozoans

b. Ooids

Metamorphic rocks can sometimes contain unusually large grains surrounded by a fine-grained matrix of other minerals. These large crystals are called ____. a. Phenocrysts b. Porphyroblasts c. Vesicles d. Inclusions

b. Porphyroblasts

What environment produces the blue schist facies? a. Hot spot b. Subduction zone c. Basin d. Mid-ocean ridge e. Mountain range

b. Subduction zone

Which two features are typically found associated with each other? a. Monoclines and basins b. Synclines and anticlines c. Anticlines and normal faults d. Synclines and domes e. Domes and reverse faults

b. Synclines and anticlines

Which of the following is an example of a numerical date? CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. a. The ash layer is younger than the shale. b. The limestone formed at the end of the Ordovician. c. The caldera formed before the Holocene. d. The pumice is 43 million years old. e. The sandstone is older than the Mesozoic basalt.

b. The limestone formed at the end of the Ordovician. d. The pumice is 43 million years old.

Which conditions favor fossil preservation? a. The organism is a juvenile when it dies. b. The organism is buried quickly. c. The organism is made of only soft parts. d. The organism died during the Paleozoic. e. The organism is very small.

b. The organism is buried quickly.

Chemical sedimentary rocks form from ____. a. Compacted ash from volcanoes b. The precipitation of ions in solution c. Compacted pieces of decaying plant material d. The compaction of sediments e. The carbon-rich remains of planktonic algae

b. The precipitation of ions in solution

What coal is soft, black in color, and produces soot upon handling? a. anthracite b. bituminous c. low-grade d. lignite e. peat

b. bituminous

Following the deposition of a sequence of sedimentary rocks, which event is the first to occur to produce an angular unconformity? a. weathering b. deformation c. deposition d. intrusion e. erosion

b. deformation

Shale subjected to high-grade metamorphism will change into ____. a. marble b. gneiss c. quartzite d. basalt e. slate

b. gneiss

Which of the following correlate to transport distance? a. current strength b. grain size and rounding c. deposition d. grain sphericity e. sorting

b. grain size and rounding

How is anthracite coal produced from bituminous coal? a. the presence of water b. metamorphism c. energy from sunlight d. increased plant material e. high biologic activity

b. metamorphism

Which tectonic stress will result in a lengthening of the crust? a. shear b. tension c. compression

b. tension

At what latitudes do the large-scale, convection cells bring dry air downward toward the Earth's surface? -at the equatorial low -between 20-30° north and south -between 60-70° north and south -0° -at the poles

between 20-30° north and south

Choose the answer that contains renewable energy types only. -solar, wind, natural gas, hydropower -hydrothermal, biofuels, solar, coal -wood, petroleum, geothermal, hydropower -solar, biomass, hydropower, oil shale -biomass, hydropower, wind, geothermal

biomass, hydropower, wind, geothermal

Which of the following statements concerning mudflows is NOT true? a) Mudflows may be caused by heavy rains or melting snow. b) In hilly areas, mudflows move down the canyons and stream valleys. c) Mudflows deposit talus slopes. d) Mudflows can move and carry very large boulders and other coarse debris.

c) Mudflows deposit talus slopes.

Which one of the following statements best describes erosion? a) disintegration and decomposition of rocks and minerals at the surface b) movement of weathered rock and regolith toward the base of a slope c) the process by which weathered rock and mineral particles are removed from one area and transported elsewhere d) the combined processes of leaching, eluviation, and mass wasting

c) the process by which weathered rock and mineral particles are removed from one area and transported elsewhere

A ____ marks the end of the one episode of sedimentation and the beginning of another. a. Ripplemark b. Graded beds c. Bedding plane d. Cross-bedding

c. Bedding plane

____ weathering occurs when differences in resistance or environmental factors produce uneven surfaces on rocks. a. Chemical b. Mechanical c. Differential d. Spheroidal

c. Differential

Which of the following methods of transportation will result in the coarsest sorting (poorest sorting)? a. Streams b. Waves on a beach c. Glaciers d. Wind

c. Glaciers

Which type of rock is most likely to form a ridge due to differential weathering? a. Basalt b. Gabbro c. Granite d. Peridotite e. Marble

c. Granite

Which chemical weathering process is the primary method of weathering for feldspars? a. Oxidation b. Frost Wedging c. Hydrolysis d. Dissolution

c. Hydrolysis

What are the characteristics of an index fossil? a. Preserved as a mold b. Found only in shale c. Limited to a short span of geologic time, but widely distributed d. Large enough to see without a hand lens e. Geographically limited

c. Limited to a short span of geologic time, but widely distributed

Which non foliated metamorphic rock is relatively soft and easy to cut? a. Gneiss b. Slate c. Marble d. Schist e. Quartzite

c. Marble

The primary basis for classifying detrital rocks is ____ whereas the primary basis for classifying chemical rocks is ____. a. Particle shape; trace elements b. Sorting; density c. Particle size; mineral composition d. Crystalline structure; Sorting

c. Particle size; mineral composition

Why do rainforest soils lack nutrients? a. Rainforest soils are the result of extreme mechanical weathering. b. Rainforest soils lack iron-oxide. c. Rainforest soils are heavily leached. d. Rainforest soils have high concentrations of calcium carbonate. e. Rainforest soils lack bacterial activity.

c. Rainforest soils are heavily leached.

____ rock units are most useful when mapping structures like anticline and synclines. a. Metamorphic b. Igneous c. Sedimentary d. Ductile e. Brittle

c. Sedimentary

Compaction will be the most significant lithification process for which of the following rocks? a. Conglomerate b. Arkose c. Shale d. Sandstone

c. Shale

Which of the following lists of metamorphic rocks places the rocks in order from lowest metamorphic grade to highest? a. Ironstone, Sandstone, Slate, Gneiss b. Anthracite, Hornfels, Quartzite, Marble c. Slate, Phyllite, Schist, Gneiss d. Gneiss, Slate, Phyllite, Schist

c. Slate, Phyllite, Schist, Gneiss

What is an everyday example of mechanical weathering? CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. a. A car rusting b. A log burning c. Tree roots cracking a sidewalk d. Paint colors fading e. Potholes forming in the street

c. Tree roots cracking a sidewalk e. Potholes forming in the street

Which of the following is an example of chemical weathering? a. a bottle of water freezing, breaking the bottle b. a nail scratching into glass c. a car fender getting rusty d. tree roots forcing a rock apart e. a ceramic plate shattering

c. a car fender getting rusty

The limbs of an anticline will have dip angles pointing ____. a. in the same direction b. towards the center of the structure c. away from each other d. towards the top of the structure e. towards each other

c. away from each other

Other than sand dunes in a desert environment, where else would you expect to find well-rounded and sorted sand deposits? a. reef b. lake c. beach d. glacier e. delta

c. beach

Abundant plant material accumulating in a swampy environment with ____ is required for peat to form. a. metamorphism b. high oxygen levels c. low oxygen levels d. organisms e. sand deposition

c. low oxygen levels

Which fault will see the hanging wall move down relative to the footwall? a. left-lateral strike-slip fault b. right-lateral strike-slip fault c. normal fault d. thrust fault e. reverse fault

c. normal fault

Which of the following metamorphic rocks would form as a result of shale undergoing low-grade regional metamorphism? a. hornfels b. gneiss c. slate d. schist

c. slate

A smooth grain shaped like a cigar is ____ and shows ____. a. well-sorted; low sphericity b. well-rounded; angularity c. well-rounded; low sphericity d. poorly sorted; low sphericity e. angular; high sphericity

c. well-rounded, low sphericity

Metamorphic index minerals are used by geologists to distinguish among different ____. a. zones of contact metamorphism b. zones of subduction metamorphism c. zones of regional metamorphism d. zones of hydrothermal metamorphism e. zones of burial metamorphism

c. zones of regional metamorphism

What can first motion studies of seismic waves tell us about an earthquake?

can determine movement direction if fault orientation is known

Turbidity currents travel from the shelf through __________, creating deep sea fans. -the accretionary wedge -the abyssal plain -a shallow trench -canyons -subduction zones

canyons

Deflation leads to the formation of desert pavement by __________. -moving clay to gravel-size material along the surface until the gravel accumulates and armors the surface -carrying fine sediments away and leaving a layer of larger particles at the surface -depositing fine sediments between larger grains, which then sink and build up the land surface up through time -moving suspended load and bedload, both of which are deposited at a great distance -sand-blasting the gravels on the surface layer, leaving them polished and pitted

carrying fine sediments away and leaving a layer of larger particles at the surface

A smaller earthquake in Virginia was felt over a larger distance, as compared to a larger earthquake in California. What is a reason this occurred? -less rigid bedrock -warmer crust -colder crust -location of epicenter -higher population density

colder crust

What best describes the movement of P waves? -extremely slow velocity -shearing motion -high amplitude -along the surface -compression and expansion

compression and expansion

P waves, also called primary waves, are _____ that arrive at distant locations first and have a push-pull type motion.

compressional waves

Which tectonic boundary is responsible for the most powerful and destructive earthquakes recorded?

convergent

A ________ is a shoreline stabilization feature that protects shorelines from the pounding of waves by creating an area of quiet water behind it.

correct breakwater

Name the correct order of rifting events. -crustal upwarp, rift valley, linear sea -crustal upwarp, rift valley, linear sea, ocean -ocean, linear sea, rift valley, crustal upwarp -rift valley, linear sea, crustal upwarp, ocean -ocean, linear sea, mountain chain

crustal upwarp, rift valley, linear sea, ocean

All of the following are factors that affect rates of weathering except for ________. a) rock characteristics b) surface area c) climate d) geologic age of earth materials

d) geologic age of earth materials

Which one of the following statements concerning mechanical weathering is NOT true? a) reduces grain sizes of rock particles b) allows for faster rates of chemical weathering c) is important in the formation of talus slopes d) involves a major change in the mineral composition of the weathered material

d) involves a major change in the mineral composition of the weathered material

Which one of the following statements concerning mechanical weathering is not true? a) reduces grain sizes of rock particles b) allows for faster rates of chemical weathering c) is important in the formation of talus slopes d) involves a major change in the mineral composition of the weathered material

d) involves a major change in the mineral composition of the weathered material

What two factors speed up rates of chemical reaction and weathering in rocks and soils? a) low temperatures; very dry b) low temperatures; very moist c) high temperatures; very dry d) warm temperatures; very moist

d) warm temperatures; very moist

Which of the following releases CO2 into the atmosphere? a. Formation of sandstone b. Formation of limestone c. Hydrolysis of granite d. Dissolution of limestone e. Formation of coal

d. Dissolution of limestone

Which of the following represents the shortest interval of time? a. Phanerozoic b. Cretaceous c. Paleozoic d. Holocene e. Archean

d. Holocene

During the process that forms sedimentary rocks, how does compaction affect sediment? a. It decreases the ion concentration in groundwater. b. It decreases the amount of calcite in the sediment. c. It changes the shape of sand grains. d. It decreases the volume of pore spaces. e. It decreases the size of interlocking crystals.

d. It decreases the volume of pore spaces.

The same type of stress that creates anticlines and syncline in some rocks will create ____ faults in rocks exhibiting brittle deformation. a. Transform b. Normal c. Strike-slip d. Reverse and thrust e. Joint

d. Reverse and thrust

Which of the following does not describe the texture of nonelastic chemical sedimentary rocks? a. Crystalline b. Amorphous c. Microcrystalline d. Sandy

d. Sandy

____ are fragments of pre-existing materials that have been broken down through the processes of weathering. a. Fibers b. Sedimentary Rocks c. Crystals d. Sediments

d. Sediments

Name the progression of coal types with increased heat and pressure form burial. a. lignite, peat, bituminous, anthracite b. peat, lignite, anthracite, bituminous c. peat, bituminous, sub-bituminous, anthracite d. peat, lignite, bituminous, anthracite e. lignite, sub-bituminous, anthracite, bituminous

d. peat, lignite, bituminous, anthracite

Describe the distribution of sedimentary deposits you would expect to find on a delta. a. mud in channels, sand on floodplain b. large quantities of well-sorted sand c. widespread, poorly sorted gravel d. sand in channels, mud on floodplain e. very poorly sorted, angular grains

d. sand in channels, mud on floodplain

If all the particles in a detrital sedimentary rock are nearly the same size, it is ____. a. well-rounded b. poorly sorted c. sandstone d. very well-sorted e. a conglomerate

d. very well-sorted

Wind-blown sand deposits would most likely be ____ and ____. a. spherical; angular b. poorly sorted; well-rounded c. feldspar; poorly sorted d. very well-sorted; well-rounded e. very well-sorted; angular

d. very well-sorted; well-rounded

The sedimentary layers above an erosive surface are ____ relative to all rocks present below the surface. a. older b. the same sage c. dipping d. younger e. eroded

d. younger

Wind erosion can cause __________, which can create shallow depressions called __________. -abrasion; desert pavement -chemical weathering; blowouts -abrasion; ventifacts -deflation; desert pavement -deflation; blowouts

deflation; blowouts

In the second model, wind energy diminishes between large grains of the surficial layer, leading to what? -an increase of gravel abundance and packing -reduced abrasion on gravels of the surficial layer -wearing down of the ground surface through time -fine-grained material carried away from large grains by deflation -deposition of fine-grained sediments between large grains

deposition of fine-grained sediments between large grains

What term describes the bending of waves?

diffraction

________ is the angle of inclination of the surface of a rock unit measured from a horizontal plane.

dip

Where does the clay that accumulates in the B horizon come from? a. A horizon b. C horizon c. O and E horizons d. bedrock e. A and E horizons

e. A and E horizons

Archeologists typically use ____ to date artifacts by means of radiometric dating. a. Potassium-40 b. Uranium-235 c. Rubidium-87 d. Uranium-238 e. Carbon-14

e. Carbon-14

In which depositional environment would breccia form? a. Alluvial fan b. Playa lakes c. Sand dunes d. Deep marine e. Glacial deposits

e. Glacial deposits

What is an example of a foliated texture resulting from high-grade metamorphism? a. Porphyroblastic texture b. Schistosity c. Aphanitic texture d. Slaty cleavage e. Gneissic texture

e. Gneissic texture

____ faults combine elements of strike-slip and dip-slip motions. a. Thrust b. Reverse c. Strike-slip d. Normal e. Oblique-slip

e. Oblique-slip

Petrified wood is an example of what type of fossil preservation? a. Cast b. Burrow c. Mold d. Impression e. Permineralization

e. Permineralization

Which of the following is an example of strain produced by compressional stress? a. Two parts of the crust slide horizontally past each other. b. Granite bedrock is pulled apart, and joints develop. c. A trilobite fossil is stretched in two different directions. d. The crust is stretched and thinned. e. The crust is shortened and thickened.

e. The crust is shortened and thickened.

Which of the following soil components make up a healthy soil? a. water and air b. mineral matter c. organic matter d. mineral matter and organic matter e. all of these choices are needed

e. all of these choices are needed

A(n) ____ exhibits sedimentary layers that are parallel to each other above and below an erosive surface. a. conformable succession b. nonconformity c. angular unconformity d. intrusive contact e. disconformity

e. disconformity

Which of the following is a common feature that all unconformities exhibit? a. dipping rocks b. igneous rocks c. folded rocks d. intrusions e. erosive surface

e. erosive surface

A monocline is a type of a(n) ____. a. intrusion b. anticline c. fault d. joint e. fold

e. fold

What would you call a granite that has undergone metamorphism and now exhibits foliation? a. basalt b. lava c. limestone d. granite e. gneiss

e. gneiss

Two isotopes of uranium, U-238 and U-235, have the same number of ____, but different numbers of ____. a. neutrons; electrons b. electrons; protons c. protons; electrons d. neutrons; protons e. protons; neutrons

e. protons; neutrons

Do metamorphic rocks look like the preexisting rock from which they form? a. often b. rarely c. almost always d. never e. sometimes, but not always

e. sometimes, but not always

Tensional stress is the dominant force at ____. a. The San Andreas fault b. the Mariana trench c. the Cascade Range d. the Himalayas e. the basin and Range Province

e. the basin and Range Province

Which orbital effect describes how the shape of Earth's orbit around the Sun will change over time? -precession -wobbling -eccentricity -seasonality -obliquity

eccentricity

Which of the following scenarios will have the greatest chance of triggering an ice age? -eccentricity, obliquity, and precession overlapping to provide the greatest amount of solar radiation -obliquity and precession tipping the Earth closer to the Sun to increase incoming solar radiation -eccentricity carrying the Earth farther from the Sun -obliquity tipping the Earth farther away from the Sun to shield to polar regions from the Sun -eccentricity, obliquity, and precession overlapping to provide the least amount of solar radiation

eccentricity, obliquity, and precession overlapping to provide the least amount of solar radiation

Nuclear energy is used in what energy sector(s)? -transportation -residential and commercial -industrial and transportation -electric power -electric power and industrial

electric power

About half of renewable energy is used in __________. -electric power generation -generating petroleum -the transportation sector -the industry sector -powering homes and businesses

electric power generation

The _____ is the surface location directly above the focus.

epicenter

What type of rocks would you expect to find in a playa lake depositional environment? -evaporites and claystone -fossiliferous limestone -poorly sorted conglomerates -cross bedded sandstone -interbedded sandstones and conglomerates

evaporites and claystone

When a fault is expressed at the surface, it is called a __________. -rupture surface -epicenter -fault scarp -focus -hypocenter

fault scarp

Satellites record slight variations on the sea surface using radar. What do these slight variations represent? -gravitational forces of tides -the featureless, flat surface of the ocean bottom -features on the seafloor -sonar signals set off by vessels -movement of waves

features on the seafloor

The timing of __________ and continental breakup strongly correlate. -crustal upwarp -clastic sediment deposition -mantle upwelling -mid-ocean ridge formation -flood basalt formation

flood basalt formation

________ are flat areas along streams that are created by the deposition of alluvium and is subject to periodic inundation.

floodplains

If a well is drilled into an aquifer where the pressure surface is both above the aquifer and the ground, a __________ is formed. -flowing artesian well -nonflowing artesian well -confined aquifer -perched aquifer -recharge area

flowing artesian well

A monocline is a type of a(n) ____ -joint -anticline -fold -fault -intrusion

fold

List the fluids commonly found in traps, from the least to most dense. -water, oil, gas -oil, water, gas -gas, water, oil -gas, oil, water -oil, gas, water

gas, oil, water

The __________ of a dune is characterized by a decrease in energy and sand avalanches, which occur due to oversteepening. -gently sloping side -windward side -ripple marks -avalanche -leeward side

leeward side

Limestone and marble weather faster than granite because ________.

limestone and marble can be dissolved by weak acids in rain

What is the hinge line of a fold? -the compass orientation of the fold -line of maximum inflection that layers wrap around -a U-shaped pattern of rocks at the surface -a symbol showing the direction and angle of dip -rock layers that make the sides of a fold

line of maximum inflection that layers wrap around

The Gulf of Aden represents which part of the rifting sequence? -East African Rift -ocean basin -Lake-filled rift valley -mid-ocean ridge -linear sea

linear sea

What is base level?

local or regional "low spot" to which surface streams flow sea level=ultimate base level

________ form when waves that approach the beach at an angle and produce a net current direction that is parallel to the shore, resulting in beach drift.

longshore currents

A __________ is separated from the groundwater system by the unsaturated zone. -lake -capillary fringe -losing stream (connected) -gaining stream -losing stream (disconnected)

losing stream (disconnected)

Climate change and human activity like overgrazing of grasslands is leading to large areas subject to "desertification" where native grass cover dies out during drought periods, exposing soil to erosion. What is potentially the greatest initial soil erosion potential during this type of an event?

loss of topsoil by wind erosion on a large scale

a seismic surface wave with a side-to-side motion

love waves >move side-to-side at right angles to the propagation direction

Methane clathrates are stable in __________ conditions. -low temperature, high pressure -high temperature, low pressure -low pressure -high temperature -surficial

low temperature, high pressure

________ is the downslope movement of rock, regolith, or soil under the direct influence of gravity.

mass wasting

One important relationship between chemical and mechanical weathering is ________.

mechanical weathering can produce smaller pieces of rock that have more surface area for chemical weathering to work on.

A __________ is located at a plate boundary between a subducting slab of oceanic crust and an overlying plate. -normal fault -megathrust fault -divergent setting -strike-slip fault

megathrust fault

A __________ is located where the pressure surface is above the aquifer, but below the ground. -nonflowing artesian well -cone of depression -perched aquifer -flowing artesian well -confined aquifer

nonflowing artesian well

Which fault will see the hanging wall move down relative to the footwall? -right-lateral strike-slip fault -normal fault -reverse fault -thrust fault -left-lateral strike-slip fault

normal fault

A series of synclines and anticlines is oriented with the hinge lines of the folds trending east-west. From which directions did the force come to create these folds? -northeast-southwest -above-below -north-south -northwest-southeast -east-west

north-south

Which of the following layers contains mostly molten or liquid rock? -asthenosphere -lithosphere -mantle -inner core -outer core

outer core

To ensure a continuous supply of water, a well must do what? -be drilled into a perched aquifer -penetrate well below the regional water table surface -pierce the water table surface -be drilled through an aquitard -be drilled into the unsaturated zone

penetrate well below the regional water table surface

When air __________, it is compressed and warmed. -reaches the equatorial low -rises -increases in water vapor -decreases pressure -sinks

sinks

Cross-bedded sandstone shows inclined beds in a downward direction. What part of the ancient dune do these features represent? -angle of repose -crest -slip face -windward side -the whole dune

slip face

A fingerlike ridge of sediment that extends out into open water and is produced by longshore drift:

split

A(n) __________ is not associated with structural deformation. -stratigraphic (pinchout) trap -fold -anticline -salt dome -fault trap

stratigraphic (pinchout) trap

a fault with mostly horizontal slip

strike-slip fault >slip is in the direction of strike (faults are near vertical); slip is mostly horizontal >These faults happen when dominant displacement is horizontal and parallel to the strike

If the subduction angle is steep, the overriding plate may undergo __________. -passive margin formation -subduction erosion -uplift -rapid building of the accretionary wedge -volcanism

subduction erosion

Which of the following processes resulted in the deformation of sedimentary units in the American West during the Jurassic Period? -rifting of the North American plate -glacial ice sheets pressing down on the North American plate, deforming it -upwelling of mantle plume beneath the North American plate -subduction of the Farallon plate beneath the North American plate -extensive volcanic eruptions resulted from normal faulting of the North American plate

subduction of the Farallon plate beneath the North American plate

From the difference in arrival time between P and S waves, one can calculate:

the distance between the earthquake source and the recording instrument (seismograph). -how an earthquake is located

Which of the following is necessary to calculate hydraulic gradient? -the thickness of impermeable units -the distance between two wells that penetrate the zone of saturation -the slope of the water table between two wells -the depth at which one well penetrates the zone of saturation -velocity

the distance between two wells that penetrate the zone of saturation

What is stress? -the amount of deformation that results from an applied force -the amount of force that results from an applied deformation -the deformation exerted to cause force -the force exerted to cause deformation

the force exerted to cause deformation

Which of the following scenarios could result in the development of a compressional mountain belt? -two landmasses slide past each other -uplift and erosion of rocks around a sill -volcanic eruptions produce basalt flows -two landmasses collide -two landmasses split apart

two landmasses collide

An artesian system is present when groundwater __________. -flows toward a pressure surface below the aquifer -flows easily through an aquifer -under pressure rises above the aquifer level -is pumped from an aquifer -under pressure is below the level of the aquifer

under pressure rises above the aquifer level

What sequence of rocks would you expect rift valley evolution to produce, from oldest to youngest? -volcanic rocks, deep sea sedimentary rocks, flood basalts -volcanic rocks, clastic sedimentary rocks, deep sea sedimentary rocks -deep sea sediments, clastic sedimentary rocks, volcanic rocks -clastic sedimentary rocks, deep sea sediments -deep sea sedimentary rocks, volcanic rocks, clastic sedimentary rocks

volcanic rocks, clastic sedimentary rocks, deep sea sedimentary rocks

What effect will an increased angle of tilt have on the Earth's climate? -warmer summers and colder winters -The climate will not be affected. -overall cooling planet-wide regardless of season -overall warming planet-wide regardless of season -cooler summers and warmer winters

warmer summers and colder winters

Which of the following locations on the Circum-Pacific Belt are likely to generate a tsunami? -Hawaii -southern west coast of California -east coast of South America -east coast of India -west coast of South America

west coast of South America

Earthquakes are usually caused by:

when rock underground suddenly breaks along a fault. This sudden release of energy causes the seismic waves that make the ground shake. When two blocks of rock or two plates are rubbing against each other, they stick a little.

Precipitation occurs on the __________ of the mountain range, while the __________ is dry. -west flank; east flank -leeward side; prevailing wind side -leeward side; windward side -windward side; leeward side -interior basin; coastal region

windward side; leeward side

Which of the following statements about drainage basins is FALSE? -Water falling on opposite sides of a divide will flow in different directions. -Drainage basins only contain one river. -All water leaves a drainage basin through one river. -A trunk stream for one drainage basin can be a tributary for a larger drainage basin.

Drainage basins only contain one river.

Describe how a soil particle moves downhill during the freeze-thaw process. -Freezing leads to expansion by the formation of ice, which creates cracks in rocks. As thawing takes place, the crack is filled with water and soil. -During the freeze, a soil particle moves at a right angle away from the surface, and thawing causes the particle to fall back to a slightly lower level. -Freezing leads to the contraction of soil particles, and thawing leads to particle expansion. -Freezing causes soil to become hard and compact, while thawing allows the particles to move downhill. -Freezing causes the particle to move directly upward, while thawing causes the soil particle to drop down to the original location.

During the freeze, a soil particle moves at a right angle away from the surface, and thawing causes the particle to fall back to a slightly lower level.

If permafrost is melted, which of the following is a consequence? -Solifluction caused the material in the active layer to move downslope. -The ground subsides because the volume of water is less than that of ice. -The soil will be stabilized due to the loss of water. -The ground uplifts because the volume of ice is less than that of water. -If permafrost is melted, trees will die.

The ground subsides because the volume of water is less than that of ice.

Which of the following is likely to occur to an incised meander after it reaches equilibrium with its new base level? -The incised meander will erode the canyon walls to form a flat plane at the new base level. -The incised meander will cause only minor erosion of the canyon walls. -The incised meander will continue to downcut. =The incised meander will fill its canyon with sediment.

The incised meander will cause only minor erosion of the canyon walls.

What glacial feature is circled in Figure 1? (see pic) -hanging valley -horn -cirque -arête -tarn

arête

Which type of glacial movement is circled in figure 1? (see pic) -internal flow -fracture zone -basal sliding -ice flow -crevasse

basal sliding

A __________ is a common result of creep. -broken retaining wall -scarp -slump -large accumulation of rock fragments -soupy mixture of debris

broken retaining wall

A __________ acted as a sliding surface across which material moved downhill during the Gros Ventre Slide. -river -clay layer -valley floor -slide scar -sandstone layer

clay layer

Water erodes the outside of a river bend to form a __________. -drainage basin -cut bank -point bar -meander -oxbow lake

cut bank

associate the landscape with the correct name of its drainage pattern. -uniform bedrock

dendritic pattern

Which of the following triggers generated the 1958 landslide and tsunami at Lituya Bay, Alaska? -lahar -jointed bedrock -meltwater from snowpack -earthquake -too much precipitation

earthquake

What is the name for an isolated boulder of unexpected rock type that has been transported by a glacier and stranded after the ice melts? -terminus -erratic -till -end moraine -tidewater glacier

erratic

During a glacial retreat, a glacier will flow _____ while the terminus moves _____. -forward; backward -uphill; downhill -backward; backward -forward; forward -backward; forward

forward; backward

Which of the following is the major contributing factor in all landslides? -sedimentary layers oriented parallel to the slope -gravity -stream erosion -precipitation -earthquakes

gravity

associate the landscape with the correct name of its drainage pattern. -alternating weak and resistant bedrock, isolated peaks

indistinct or multiple drainage patterns

Which type of glacial movement will be responsible for the greatest amount of glacial flow? -ice flow -fracture zone -internal flow -crevasse -basal sliding

internal flow

What is discharge a measurement of? -the speed of a river -the turbulence of a river -the steepness of a river -the amount of water flowing in a river -the ability of a river to erode

the amount of water flowing in a river

trunk stream

the primary river flowing out of a drainage basin ex: Mississippi River

What causes meandering streams to downcut and become incised meanders? (Which of these represents a change in base level? Will downcutting occur if base level decreases or increases?) -uplift of the land the stream is flowing on -stream velocity increases -the stream flows over soft sediment -sea level rise

uplift of the land the stream is flowing on

When the local gradient of a stream changes as it goes from a mountainous area to a large flat-lying area, which of the following features could form? A. An alluvial fan B. A delta C. A floodplain D. A point bar E. A meander scar

A. An alluvial fan

How can pieces of rock in contact with a stream bed move? A. Rolling, sliding, bouncing B. Rolling, sliding, dissolution C. Rolling, sliding, suspension D. Bouncing, suspension, twisting E. Bouncing, sliding, dissolution

A. Rolling, sliding, bouncing

Which of the following are part of the bed load? A. Sand B. Clay C. Ions D. Gravel

A. Sand D. Gravel

Which processes result in the widening of the floodplain of a meandering stream? A. Undercutting and lateral erosion B. Lateral erosion and oxbow lake formation C. Downcutting and lateral erosion D. Undercutting and downcutting E. Oxbow lake formation and undercutting

A. Undercutting and lateral erosion

Which two regions currently contain the world's last remaining ice sheets? -Antarctica and Siberia -North America and Siberia -North America and Northern Europe -Northern Europe and Siberia -Antarctica and Greenland

Antarctica and Greenland

How did the Mississippi River delta form? -As the Mississippi River enters the Gulf of Mexico, its velocity decreases and it begins to drop its sediment load. -As sea level has risen since the end of the last Ice Age, wave action along the Gulf Coast has eroded the mainland, leaving behind a lobe-shaped landmass. -When the Mississippi River floods its banks, sand grains settle out just beyond the river's normal banks to form a natural ridge. -After Pangea broke apart, the North American plate has continued on a northward course, leaving debris on the trailing edge. -Dams and locks trap sediment. To keep the Mississippi River clear for navigation, sediment is dredged and dumped along the shoreline and forms a delta.

As the Mississippi River enters the Gulf of Mexico, its velocity decreases and it begins to drop its sediment load.

At which of the following locations is deposition occurring? https://www.easynotecards.com/uploads/396/6/_6bdcb617_15405b7ae87__8000_00003570.png

B D

What is a natural levee? A. A ridge of flood deposits far from a river channel B. A ridge of flood deposits next to a river channel C. A ridge of flood deposits at the mouth of a river channel D. A plain of flood deposits next to a river channel

B. A ridge of flood deposits next to a river channel

Where do deposition and erosion of material occur along a meander? A. Erosion occurs on the inside of the meander, whereas deposition occurs on the outside. B. Deposition occurs on the inside of the meander, whereas erosion occurs on the outside. C. Deposition occurs on the inside of the meander, whereas erosion occurs in the middle. D. Erosion occurs in the middle of the meander, whereas deposition occurs on the outside.

B. Deposition occurs on the inside of the meander, whereas erosion occurs on the outside.

What is the dominant fluvial process in a clear, sediment-poor stream moving down a steep slope? A. Downslope flow B. Downcutting C. Oxbow lake formation D. Channel migration

B. Downcutting

Stream terraces form as teh result of which of the following processes? A. Extreme meandering as the land subsides leads to the development of stream terraces. B. Downcutting following the rise of the landscape produces stream terraces. C. Downcutting associated with a rise in sea level produces stream terraces. D. Extremely rapid downcutting associated with a drop in sea level produces stream terraces. E. The formation of meander scars leads to the development of stream terraces.

B. Downcutting following the rise of the landscape produces stream terraces.

Which of the following statements about drainage basins is FALSE? A. A trunk stream for one drainage basin can be a tributary for a larger drainage basin. B. Drainage basins only contain one river. C. Water falling on opposite sides of a divide will flow in different directions. D. All water leaves a drainage basin through one river.

B. Drainage basins only contain one river.

Which of the following is a reason the Gros Ventre rockslide took place? -A sandstone bed acted as a layer of slip, upon which all of the overlying sediments moved downslope. -The sedimentary strata were dipping at a very high angle. -A large earthquake triggered this event. -Much of the tree cover from the mountain flank was removed, thereby decreasing slope strength. -Because the river eroded material at the valley base, there was no support of the material upslope.

Because the river eroded material at the valley base, there was no support of the material upslope.

At which of the following locations is erosion occurring? https://www.easynotecards.com/uploads/396/6/_6bdcb617_15405b7ae87__8000_00003570.png

C A E

Which of the following features would you expect to find on the outside bank of a stream meander loop? A. An oxbow lake B. A very gentle slope C. A cut bank D. A point bar E. A yazoo tributary

C. A cut bank

What is an oxbow lake? A. A lake formed after flooding caused a meander to break away from an original stream channel B. A lake formed after flooding caused water to overflow an original stream channel C. A meander that has been cut off from the original stream channel D. A meander that is being reintegrated into the original stream channel

C. A meander that has been cut off from the original stream channel

What type of stream is associated with the formation of an oxbow lake? A. Curvy stream B. Straight stream C. Meandering stream D. Braided stream

C. Meandering stream

Complete this analogy: Sliding is to gravel as dissolution is to ___. A. Clay B. Gravel C. Sand D. Ions

D. Ions

Which of the following statements about deposition and erosion around meander loops is true? (Choose all that apply) -Erosion occurs where water is moving the fastest along the outside of the loop. -Deposition occurs where water is moving the slowest along the inside of the loop. -Deposition occurs where water is moving the fastest along the inside of the loop. -Erosion occurs where water is moving the slowest along the outside of the loop.

-Erosion occurs where water is moving the fastest along the outside of the loop. -Deposition occurs where water is moving the slowest along the inside of the loop.

Which of the following statements accurately describe the erosional processes of meanders that are incising and meanders that are in equilibrium? (Choose all that apply) -Incising meanders erode primarily in a side-to-side manner. -Incising meanders erode primarily by downcutting. -Meanders in equilibrium erode primarily in a side-to-side manner. -Meanders in equilibrium erode primarily by downcutting.

-Incising meanders erode primarily by downcutting. -Meanders in equilibrium erode primarily in a side-to-side manner.

Stream drainage patterns are controlled by the slope and type of material over which the streams are flowing.

-Streams follow the path of least resistance as they flow downhill due to gravity. -The variability of geologic materials will determine the magnitude of slope, meaning that differing geology lead to steep or more gently sloped streams. -The material's resistance to erosion influences where the streams will erode the material the fastest and establish a channel.

How does the number of tributaries change for a stream that has had part of its flow captured (A in the example) and a stream that has pirated another stream (B in the example)? (see pic) -The number of tributaries for the captured stream (A) increases and the number of tributaries for the pirating stream (B) increases. -The number of tributaries for the captured stream (A) decreases and the number of tributaries for the pirating stream (B) increases. -The number of tributaries for the captured stream (A) decreases and the number of tributaries for the pirating stream (B) decreases. -The number of tributaries for the captured stream (A) increases and the number of tributaries for the pirating stream (B) decreases.

-The number of tributaries for the captured stream (A) decreases and the number of tributaries for the pirating stream (B) increases.

How can the addition of water make a slope fail, creating a landslide? (Select all that apply) -Water can easily flow downslope. -Water helps materials stick together and slide as an intact unit. -Water will mix with the sediments to create a mudslide. -Water in pore spaces reduces cohesion between particles. -Water makes the slope material heavier. -Water will dissolve cements from sedimentary rocks, leaving easily moved unconsolidated sediments.

-Water can easily flow downslope. -Water in pore spaces reduces cohesion between particles. -Water makes the slope material heavier.

zone of erosion

-headwaters -mountains -steep gradient -small channel size -small volume of water -big boulders on the bed

zone of deposition

-mouth -large channel size -large volume of water -gentle slope

direction and location of streamflow controlled primarily by slope

-peaks surrounded by valleys -solid igneous bedrock of uniform composition and slope -layers of solid sedimentary, similar rock

direction and location of streamflow controlled primarily by geology

-solid bedrock that is fractured in some areas -areas of hard rocks interspersed with areas of softer rocks

zone of transportation

-trunk stream -moderate channel size -moderate volume -meander

When was the last time North America had major ice sheets? -300,000 years ago -18,000 years ago -10 million years ago -100 years ago -1 million years ago

18,000 years ago

In a delta, sedimentary layers deposited under circumstances that appear to violate the Principle of Original Horizontality are found in which of the following circumstances? a. Topset beds B. Foreset beds C. Bottomset beds D. Backswamps E. Oxbow lakes

B. Foreset beds

Water falling in Illinois would ultimately end up where? A. Pacific Ocean B. Gulf of Mexico C. Lake Michigan D. Atlantic Ocean

B. Gulf of Mexico

Which of the following statements accurately describe the erosional processes of meanders that are incising and meanders that are in equilibrium? Choose all that apply. A. Meanders in equilibrium erode primarily by downcutting. B. Meanders in equilibrium erode primarily in a side-to-side manner. C. Incising meanders erode primarily in a side-to-side manner. D. Incising meanders erode primarily by downcutting.

B. Meanders in equilibrium erode primarily in a side-to-side manner. D. Incising meanders erode primarily by downcutting.

How does the formation of a natural levee impact flooding? A. Natural levees lower the height of the stream channel, increasing the amount of flooding that will occur on the floodplain. B. Natural levees raise the height of the stream channel, reducing the amount of flooding that will occur on the floodplain. C. Natural levees raise the height of the stream channel, increasing the amount of flooding tha will occur on the floodplain. D. Natural levees lower the height of the stream channel, reducing the amount of flooding that will occur on the floodplain.

B. Natural levees raise the height of the stream channel, reducing the amount of flooding that will occur on the floodplain.

What is suspended load? A. The ions that travel along stream bed B. The fine-grained particles that travel in the water column above the stream bed C. The ions that travel in the water column above the stream bed D. The fine-grained particles that travel along the stream bed

B. The fin-grained particles that travel in the water column above the stream bed

Which of the following is likely to occur to an incised meander after it reaches equilibrium with its new base level? A. The incised meander will fill its canyon with sediment. B. The incised meander will cause only minor erosion of the canyon walls. C. The incised meander will erode the canyon walls to form a flat plane at the new base level. D. The incised meander will continue to downcut.

B. The incised meander will cause only minor erosion of the canyon walls.

Which of the following is the primary step that allows water to enter the groundwater system? A. Evaporation B. Precipitation C. Runoff D. Infiltration

D. Infiltration

How are oxbow lakes formed? A. Oxbow lakes form when one meander deposits into another, cutting off water to part of the stream channel B. Oxbow lakes form when one meander floods into another, cutting off water to part of the stream channel C. Oxbow lakes form when one meander erodes into another, cutting off water to part of the stream channel D. Oxbow lakes form when one meander is faulted into another, cutting off water to part of the stream channel.

C. Oxbow lakes form when one meander erodes into another, cutting off water to part of the stream channel

While working in the field, you come upon a stream that flows in a very deep V-shaped valley. Regarding the history of this stream, which of the following statements is most likely true? A. The valley has undergone extensive lateral erosion. B. Numerous oxbow lakes occur in the vicinity. C. The stream is relatively young. D. Sea level has gone up recently. E. The stream is very old.

C. The stream is relatively young.

What causes meandering streams to downcut and become incised meanders? A. The stream flows over soft sediment B. Stream velocity increases C. Uplift of the land the stream is flowing on D. Sea level rise

C. Uplift of the land the stream is flowing on

What is a floodplain? A. A flat surface above a river channel B. A wavy surface above a river channel C. A flat surface below a river channel D. A flat surface next to a river channel E. A wavy surface next to a river channel

D. A flat surface next to a river channel

What is a meander scar? A. A landscape feature of a meandering stream channel formed after an oxbow lake dries up B. A landscape feature formed when an oxbow lake is formed C. A landscape feature of a meandering stream channel formed when an oxbow lake is formed D. A landscape feature formed after an oxbow lake dries up.

D. A landscape feature formed after an oxbow lake dries up.

Complete this analogy: Bouncing is to sand as suspension is to ___. A. Ions B. Gravel C. Sand D. Clay

D. Clay

What are the three types of loads carried by streams? A. Bed load, sliding load, rolling load B. Bed load, bouncing load, dissolved load C. Bed load, bouncing load, suspended load D. Sliding load, rolling load, bouncing load E. Bed load, suspended load, dissolved load

E. Bed load, suspended load, dissolved load

Which of the following statements about the global water supply is true? A. The loss of glaciers and ice sheets due to climate change will not have a large impact of global freshwater supply. B. Most of the global freshwater supply is easily accessible. C. Rivers are the most likely source of water for humans. D. A majority of the world's water is drinkable by humans. E. Decreased precipitation could impact water supply available for humans.

E. Decreased precipitation could impact water supply available for humans.

What has caused the hypoxic "dead zone" to form off the coast of the Gulf states? -Poor farming practices increase the sediment load in the Mississippi River, blocking sunlight and thereby inhibiting photosynthesis. -Fertilizers and pesticides are toxic chemicals. When they run off of fields and into the Mississippi River, they make their way to the Gulf and poison fish and other species. -The highly turbulent Mississippi River carries so much sand and silt into the Gulf of Mexico during the spring that it chokes marine species. -Fertilizers flushed from farmers' fields enter the river and promote algae growth, which then competes for oxygen with native fish and other marine species. -Fertilizers promote the growth of algae. When they die and decompose, oxygen is depleted in the Gulf of Mexico.

Fertilizers promote the growth of algae. When they die and decompose, oxygen is depleted in the Gulf of Mexico.

Which of the following landslides was caused in part because the underlying sedimentary bedrock was oriented parallel to the slope that failed? -Gros Ventre Landslide (Wyoming) -Mt. St. Helens Lahar (Washington State) -Oso Landslide (Washington State) -Lituya Bay Landslide (Alaska) -Blackhawk Landslide (California)

Gros Ventre Landslide (Wyoming)

How does a glacier lose ice through sublimation? -Ice forms through water freezing. -Ice melts. -Ice changes from solid to gas. -Ice breaks off to form icebergs. -Ice is worn off at is slides over rocky ground.

Ice changes from solid to gas.

Explain why post A has moved farther than posts B and C. (see pic) -Ice along the edges of the glacier is more highly fractured and will flow slower. -Ice in the center of the glacier has the most weight and will flow faster. -Ice along the edges of a glacier can be blocked by rocks. -Ice in the center of a glacier has the least friction with the surrounding bedrock and can flow faster. -Ice near the edges of the glacier has the least friction and can flow slower.

Ice in the center of a glacier has the least friction with the surrounding bedrock and can flow faster.

Which of the following statements is true? -High stream velocity near the mouth is associated with erosion. -Small channel size is associated with deposition. -Low gradient is associated with deposition. -High volume is associated with erosion.

Low gradient is associated with deposition

Which of the following budget scenarios describes a glacial advance? -The amount of melting of ice and snow is equal to the accumulation. -More ice and snow melts than accumulates each year. -More ice and snow accumulates than melts each year.

More ice and snow accumulates than melts each year.

Where are the headwaters of the Mississippi River? -Appalachian Mountains -Gulf of Mexico -Northern Minnesota -Rocky Mountains -Missouri River

Northern Minnesota

What causes streams that emerge from glaciers to be milk-colored? -Glaciers are made up of interlocking crystals of ice that flow like silly putty; therefore, glacial meltwater is viscous and milky. -The reflection of sunlight off of the suspended calcium carbonate ions in solution. -Some glacial ice, particularly in Antarctica, is extremely old, which causes streams that emerge from these glaciers to be milky colored. -The presence of finely ground sediment called rock flour in the meltwater. -Air-borne dust that accumulates on a glacier surface over many years.

The presence of finely ground sediment called rock flour in the meltwater.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the aftermath of the Gros Ventre rockslide? -The Gros Ventre River has migrated to another valley due to the accumulation of debris. -The rockslide reached and beveled the town of Kelly, Wyoming. -The rockslide debris dammed up the river and formed a lake. -The rockslide scar and runout area are not easily seen. -No one was killed as a consequence of the rockslide.

The rockslide debris dammed up the river and formed a lake.

Why would trees be J-shaped? -Freezing and thawing causes damage to the internal structure of trees. -They are curved in the uphill direction due to creep. -Trees take on a J-shape during the downward sliding of a mass of material along a curved surface. -Rapid, sudden movement of material causes trees to take this form. -The trunks become tilted in the downhill direction due to creep, but continue to grow toward the sun.

The trunks become tilted in the downhill direction due to creep, but continue to grow toward the sun.

Using the example below, determine how flow will change as a result of stream piracy. The arrows indicate the original flow directions and the dotted line indicate where headward erosion has occurred. http://www.easynotecards.com/uploads/404/14/_6bdcb617_15405b7ae87__8000_00003586.png -Water would flow from point C to point A. -Water would flow from point B to point C. -Water would now flow from point A to point C. -Water would no longer flow in the stream at point A.

Water would now flow from point A to point C.

watershed

an area in which all water falling in it flows out through one location ex: Missouri River

What causes a crevasse to form? -When ice flows around a bend or over an obstacle, it is stretched and torn, causing large cracks to form. -Global warming is causing glaciers to melt at alarming rates, resulting in unusually large cracks. -Glacial meltwater flows into holes on the surface and into the interior of the glacier. -During the summer, the lower parts of a glacier warm and meltwater flows, forming large gashes in the ice. -Rocks tumble down valley walls as landslides, crashing down upon the glacier surface.

When ice flows around a bend or over an obstacle, it is stretched and torn, causing large cracks to form.

Which part of a glacier will see the build-up of ice and snow over the course of a full year? -Zone of Wastage -crevasse -Zone of Accumulation -terminus -end moraine

Zone of Accumulation

tributary

a river that feeds into another river ex: Big Horn River

The Gros Ventre slide is evident today by __________. -only an unvegetated scar on the mountain flank -a scar, runout area, and landslide debris filling the valley -a large depression was once occupied by a lake -a fault scarp from the earthquake -a lack of evidence that the rockslide ever occurred

a scar, runout area, and landslide debris filling the valley

Creep is __________. -mass wasting by the gradual downhill movement of sediment, influenced by freeze-thaw or wet-dry cycles -a rapid type of mass wasting involving block of bedrock that break loose and slide downslope -a type of mass wasting characterized by slow movement of a saturated layer -a rapid type of mass wasting associated with large amounts of water -a type of mass wasting that forms a slope scar and teardrop-shaped mass that moves down gradient

mass wasting by the gradual downhill movement of sediment, influenced by freeze-thaw or wet-dry cycles

Permafrost is __________. Hints -soil that episodically moves downslope over time from repeated episodes of freezing and thawing -saturated soil that moves downhill very slowly -a layer of sediment that loses internal cohesion due to water saturation and moves downslope -the layer of soil that thaws to a depth of one meter during summer and refreezes during the winter -permanently frozen ground of tundra and subarctic climates that has remained 0°C for two years or more

permanently frozen ground of tundra and subarctic climates that has remained 0°C for two years or more

associate the landscape with the correct name of its drainage pattern. -volcanic cones or domes

radial pattern

associate the landscape with the correct name of its drainage pattern. -highly jointed bedrock

rectangular pattern

Heavy rainfall caused the clay to lubricate and the sandstone to become __________. -thicker -saturated and heavy -eroded more quickly -greater in volume -lighter weight

saturated and heavy

Which of the following sketches best represents the longitudinal profile of the slope of a streambed? -slope increases downstream -slope is constant and shallow downstream -slope is constant and steep downstream -slope decreases downstream

slope decreases downstream

Which of the following is associated with creep? -earthquakes as a common trigger -sudden movement of material -a curved rupture surface is formed -large blocks of bedrock slide downslope -slow and subtle movement of material

slow and subtle movement of material

__________ is an example of mass wasting commonly seen in the active layer above permafrost. -Creep -Solifluction -Debris flow -Earthflow -Rockslide

solifluction

What is used to keep the Trans-Alaska pipeline from melting permafrost? -stilts -liquid nitrogen -no precautions were taken during construction of the pipeline -a thick manmade layer of asphalt -a pipe that cannot be destroyed

stilts

What feature is responsible for creating eskers? -braided streams flowing out across the landscape -streams that flowed below, in, or on the glacier -glacial debris piled up along the terminus -kettle lakes melting -glacial debris smeared out under the glacial ice

streams that flowed below, in, or on the glacier