Earthquakes in Your Backyard Final

What region of the US was not seismically active in 1996 but became extremely active in the last decade?

Oklahoma and Texas

Why do the stations in between the San Andreas Fault and the Calaveras fault appear to have no motion?

They have no relative motion with respect to the reference station that is located close to San Jose

Select the best 3 strategies to reduce earthquake vulnerability.

creating zoning laws to restrict building where the hazard is greatest implementing an earthquake warning system implement construction strategies that make buildings more resistant to shaking damage

What is the dominant cause of tsunamis globally?

earthquakes

What did Japan do to reduce its vulnerability to tsunami hazard?

implemented a tsunami warning system build seawalls and other ocean barriers educated its citizens on what to do if a tsunami is coming

In lecture, Professor Rademacher talked about attempts to predict earthquakes in China using foreshocks. In 1975, Chinese scientists used a swarm of small earthquakes to predict that a significant earthquake was imminent and Haicheng was evacuated just hours before destructive shaking occurred. What happened in 1976?

in August 1976, in the Kwangtung province, there was a false alarm. The number of foreshocks increased, so an earthquake was predicted, and an evacuation was ordered. People slept in tents for the next two months with no earthquake. In July of 1976, there were no immediate precursors, so no evacuation was ordered. However, an earthquake struck, killing over 250,000 people. So the earthquake that happened in Tangshan was a missed alarm.

Below is an image of 2 possible earthquake scenarios on the Hayward Fault as generated by a simulation of what a major Hayward Fault earthquake could be like (we will learn more about this "Haywired Scenario" later in the course). The white region in the center of each panel corresponds to the area of the fault that could rupture (i.e. slip) in an earthquake. Do the colored regions represent moment, magnitude or shaking intensity?

intensity

What properties of earth material can affect seismic wave speeds? A) temperature, density, composition (such as chemical make-up) B) temperature, composition (such as chemical make-up), depth C) density, depth, composition (such as chemical make-up) D) scientists have no idea what controls wave speeds

temperature, density, composition (such as chemical make-up)

The Mercalli Intensity scale is a _________ scale, that is a measure of _________ and is ________ distance between a location and the epicenter of an earthquake.

subjective shaking at a location dependent on

Recall elastic rebound theory. In the context of a subduction zone, one plate dives under another. When the plates become locked, the subducting plate continues trying to dive, forcing the overriding plate to crumple up into a bulge. This means that when a subduction zone is building up to an earthquake, there is uplift on the continental side. When the earthquake finally occurs, the locking releases, allowing the overriding plate to slide. What would a GPS located on the continental side of a subduction zone earthquake record?

subsidence (downward motion) as the bulge relaxes, and lateral motion in the direction of the trench

How long did it take for the Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004 to reach the United States East Coast?

1 day 5 hours

In the next 30 years, what's the chance of an M6.7 or larger earthquake occurring on the Hayward Fault or Rodgers Creek Fault? >95% chance About 1 in 12 About 1 in 3 About 1 in 50

1 in 3

Order of the causes of tsunamis (highest chance to lowest)

1. EQ 2. Landslides 3. Volcanoes

While utilizing Seismic Tomography techniques, how might hotter materials affect seismic wave readings? A) Heat can cause rock to soften and thus slow down seismic wave velocities B) The heat of a magma plume for example, causes iron to accumulate and thus increase wave speed through the denser material C) Waves will be recorded at stations as having been sped up due to waves having the property of traveling faster through liquids

A) Heat can cause rock to soften and thus slow down seismic wave velocities

What is the Ring of Fire? A) It is a geographical area located all around the Pacific ocean, where volcanoes and very strong earthquakes are co-located. B) The deepest trench in the world, whose depth is, in absolute value, greater than the Mount Everest is tall. C) It corresponds to all the regions in the world where we can find oil and gas. D) All the volcanoes that we can find in the Mid-Oceanic ridge.

A) It is a geographical area located all around the Pacific ocean, where volcanoes and very strong earthquakes are co-located.

What statements are true regarding faults: (select all that apply) A) They release stress during an earthquake B) There are six different types of faulting movements C) The boundary between two plates is made of them D) They accumulate mechanical stress from tectonic environments E) Out of all the different types of faulting, oblique is the most common.

A) They release stress during an earthquake C) The boundary between two plates is made of them D) They accumulate mechanical stress from tectonic environments E) Out of all the different types of faulting, oblique is the most common.

Which of these observations can be explained by plate tectonics? a) All of these are observations explained by plate tectonics. b) Ridges and trenches in the bathymetry maps. c) The global distribution of earthquakes d) Part of the fossil distribution that is similar across multiple continents.

All

Why can't scientists predict the occurrence of earthquakes?

All of the processes that govern the occurrence of earthquakes is not known

Select all the different types of faults mentioned in class: Normal Oblique Strike Slip Northing Perpendicular Reverse/Thrust

Normal Oblique S-S Reverse

The tectonic rate of motion on the San Andreas Fault system is about 5 cm a year, which converts to 50 km per million years. The Los Angeles area is located on the Pacific side of fault zone/plate boundary, about 600 km south of the Bay Area, which rests largely on the North American side. In 10 million years, where will LA be located relative to the Bay?

LA will be 500 km closer to the Bay, so the two cities will almost be neighbors!

What are some natural warnings for tsunamis when the source is nearby?

Long lasting earthquake shaking, unusual roar unusual ocean behavior,

Which of the following can be found using local tomography? Diamond mines Oil and gas sources Mineral composition

Oil and gas sources

Select the fastest seismic wave. (disregard answers that are not real seismic waves) S-wave P-wave Tectonic wave Lawson wave Rayleigh wave Creeping wave Love wave

P-wave

What can you do to reduce your risk of earthquakes?

Reduce your vulnerability

What action should you take during an earthquake if you are in a car?

Safely slow down, pull to the side of the road, and put the break on

What are the two components that define the seismic risk?

Seismic vulnerability and seismic hazard.

Seismic waves travel faster in cold materials and slower in hot materials. Cold materials are more dense, and hot materials are less dense. How, then, do seismic wave speeds relate to density of the medium? Seismic waves travel faster in MORE dense mediums Seismic waves travel faster in LESS dense medium Seismic waves speeds are not affected by density

Seismic waves travel faster in MORE dense mediums

What instrument is used to measure seismic waves and which principle is it based off? Seismograph, principle of inertia Seismograph, principle of friction Seismogram, principle of inertia Seismogram, principle of friction

Seismograph, principle of inertia

Why are there so many earthquakes in Alaska? - There are so many earthquakes because they are all smaller magnitude and are releasing less energy with each one. - The earthquakes are all volcanic, which tend to be the strongest kind. - The Pacific Plate is moving quickly and subducting under the North American continent.

The Pacific Plate is moving quickly and subducting under the North American continent.

A fault ruptures in an earthquake and releases seismic waves. A station many miles away records it. In what order do the seismic waves arrive at that station? Rayleigh Creeping P-wave S-wave Lawson Love Tectonic

The Rayleigh waves arrive fourth The Creeping waves arrive - not a real seismic wave The P-waves arrive first The S-waves arrive second The Lawson waves arrive - not a real seismic wave The Love waves arrive third The Tectonic waves arrive - not a real seismic wave

Which of these best describes the definition of magnitude?

The amount of energy released by an earthquake

what is a basic premise of forecasts like UCERF? Complete this statement: As the criteria (time frame, magnitude range, etc.) you use to make a forecast become more specific, then:

The forecasted probabilities will become smaller

What is the risk of harm in an earthquake for people inside a building with a rating of IV? (read the answer choices carefully before making your selection; the differences are subtle) a) The risk to human life is insignificant, and the structural safety is good. Any structural and non-structural damage incurred by major shaking is not likely to threaten human life. b) The risk to human life is small, and the structural safety is fair. Any structural and non-structural damage incurred by major shaking carries a minor threat to human life. c) The risk to human life is serious and the structural safety is poor. Any structural and non-structural damage incurred by major shaking carries a moderate threat to human life. d) The risk to human life is severe or dangerous, and the structural safety is very poor. Any structural and non-structural damage incurred by major shaking is very likely to threaten human life.

b) The risk to human life is small, and the structural safety is fair. Any structural and non-structural damage incurred by major shaking carries a minor threat to human life.

Creeping waves are a type of body wave True False This is not a real type of seismic wave

This is not a real type of seismic wave

In the last 100 years, over half of the total energy released by earthquakes came from

Three earthquakes, with magnitudes greater that 9

What type of faulting is observable in the southern island of New Zealand

Transform

Pick 3 sources of vulnerability related to earthquakes and associated hazards.

fragile electrical and communication systems building on a hillslope that can slide away in a landslide having lots of people who are unfamiliar with/uneducated about earthquakes move into an earthquake-prone area

Out on the open ocean, tsunami waves

have a long wavelength and small amplitude that most ships wouldn't even notice

Which is the correct relationship between hazard, risk, and vulnerability?

hazard * vulnerability = risk

What should you do if you see a tsunami coming?

immediately flee to high ground on foot

Below is a quote from the Anchorage Daily News about the 2018 M7 earthquake in Alaska. Is the quantity of energy inferred from the earthquake's magnitude or intensity? [The] earthquake just north of Anchorage on Friday morning shredded the earth with 2 million tons of explosive force, and generated 650 aftershocks within 30 hours, some of them large enough to rattle residents all over again, experts say.

magnitude

To access Shale gas you need to

make fractures underground so the gas is released

T/F The age of the ocean floor is symmetric with respect to the axis of a mid-oceanic ridge.

True

T/F Being able to see building collapse on seismic records helps us better understand the process and in turn, make buildings safer

True

T/F The Aceh national conflict took an unexpected turn with the reach of an agreement soon after the Boxing Day Tsunami in 2004.

True

The 2002 Denali earthquake is a good example of engineering successfully reducing the vulnerability of the area. True False

True

In which country did the Spitak earthquake occur?

USSR

What is the name of the government agency responsible for monitoring earthquake activity in the United States? United States Geological Survey United States Geographical Survey United States General Surveillance United States Global Security

United States Geological Survey

What causes most earthquakes on the east coast of the United States?

Uplift of the lithosphere after ice sheets had melted.

Approximately what is the current speed of plate motion? a few centimeters a year tens of meters a year a few meters a year a few millimeters a year

a few centimeters a year

What is a beheaded channel? a) A remnant riverbed that has been cut off from its source where it crosses the fault and is moved laterally with time b) a river bed that a landslide has naturally dammed as a result earthquakes c) a river channel where execution beheadings used to take place d) a section of fault that has transferred laterally to a different strand

a) A remnant riverbed that has been cut off from its source where it crosses the fault and is moved laterally with time

How much more energy is released by a magnitude 5.0 earthquake, compared to a magnitude 4.0 earthquake?

about 30 times more energy

What kinds of observations are required to make earthquake prediction possible? all of these are necessary The location of every single fault The stress loaded on every single patch of every fault The physical properties of every single section of every fault The physics of how earthquakes start

all

The New Madrid Seismic Zone is thought to have been:

an old rift zone

tsunami waves travel across the ocean

as fast as a jetliner airplane

Baja California is:

moving northwest, away from mainland Mexico

to receive early warnings in CA, (and get other global earthquake information) what app should you (pretty please) download?

myshake

What disciplines are brought together for the preparedness campaign?

physical science, emergency management and communication.

Identify what this statement is an example of: 'There will be a M6-7 earthquake in Oaxaca, Mexico the next time the moon is full.'

prediction

There will be a M6.2 earthquake in Arcata, CA, on May 3rd, 2022'

prediction

What is the difference between predictions and forecasts?

predictions are certainbecause the laws of the given process are understood forecasts involve probability because the laws that govern a process are not perfectly understood

Match each piece of this forecast with the correct category of forecasting component. A 20% chance of a snowstorm in Boulder, Colorado on Friday, November 19. 20% = snowstorm = Boulder, Colorado = Friday Nov 18 =

probability event location/area timeframe

Which of the following could seismic waves be subject to? stress, strain, deformation reflection, seismicity, vibration temperature, pressure, dissolution reflection, refraction, scattering

reflection, refraction, scattering

Pick 2 examples of risk.

residents of the Bay Area have a 0.003% chance of getting stuck in an elevator in a major Hayward Fault earthquake 1 in a million chance of being stung by a bee

For people who do receive a warning before heavy shaking begins, about how much time should they expect (on average) to have to respond or take protective action?

seconds

The moment of an earthquake is related to the amount of energy released by the quake, but it isn't directly equivalent. What are some key parameters that go into the computation of moment?

the area of the fault that rupture, and how far that patch moved

Lawson waves can travel through solids only through solids and liquids through liquids only only through the air this is not a real type of seismic wave

this is not a real type of seismic wave

What potential hazards could accompany a large earthquake on the Hayward fault? Landslides Liquefaction Fire Aftershocks All of these

All

Approximately how often does a major earthquake (>M7.5 ish) occur somewhere on the San Andreas Fault System?

every 150 years

Which is NOT true about earthquakes and mining?

excessive drilling can cause additional fractures

What action should you take during an earthquake if you are inside?

Drop, cover, and hold oN

In both images, distance on the horizontal axis is measured as distance from the trench, where subduction starts (marked as 0). How many km away (in horizontal distance) from the trench did the big red earthquake occur in the Mexico figure? ______________ What is the depth (in km) of the earthquake? (measure using the vertical axis) ______________ How deep would an earthquake focus be if it occurred on the surface of the subducting Pacific plate under Japan, at the same distance from the trench as the Mexico earthquake? Answer in km. _______________

300 50 90

Why does the east coast of the US have earthquakes?

During the last glaciation, a massive weight of ice loaded down the land, and since the ice sheets receded, the land has slowly been rebounding upwards

An earthquake has begun under Oakland and residents of San Jose can expect to experience strong shaking in 10 seconds'

EEW

What are seismic waves? A - Waves that rebound and cause earthquakes B - Sound waves resulting from tsunamis C - Elastic waves that can result from the sudden release of energy from an earthquake

Elastic waves that can result from the sudden release of energy from an earthquake

There is little to no seismic activity in East California/the Sierras. True False

False

True or False: All earthquakes are associated with a plate boundary. True False

False some earthquakes are involved with volcanoes, landslides, and other geological process ) (induced seismicity too)

Which modern equipment can one use to measure the speed of the plates at the surface of the Earth, and their relative motion between each other? Seismometer GPS Magnetometer Binocular/Telescope

GPS

Earthquakes at the Hoover dam were caused by:

Increase water pressure lead to coseismic slip

How many credible tsunamis have been recorded in California?

~90

We can use hotspot volcanism as a measuring tool for plate tectonics. Mantle plumes are deeply rooted structures that originate at the boundary of the mantle and Earth's core. They are essentially stationary with time. Tectonic plates, as we know, are always moving. When a tectonic plate moves over a plume, a trail of volcanos marks its passage. By age-dating the rocks of volcanoes in a hotspot track, one can back-track how fast the tectonic plate is moving. The island of Kauai is about 5 million years old. It is located 520 km from Kilauea, which is currently active and sitting atop the mantle plume. If the rate of plate motion has been constant, how fast has it been moving? Answer in km/million years.

104 520/5

About every 100-220 years, there will be a large earthquake that occurs on the Hayward fault. When was the last big one? 1868 1700 2014 1906

1868

What earthquake is responsible for California's worst tsunami disaster?

1964 Alaska EQ (9.2)

Which of these best describes intensity?

The strength of earthquake shaking in a particular location

Pick the 3 things on this list that count as a hazard.

eq landslides tsunamis

What is the most common way to dispose of fracking wastewater

disposal at depth

The first tsunami wave is always the most destructive.

false

How long ago did Pangea split? 2 million years ago 30 million years ago 3 billion years ago 200 million yrs ago

200 million yrs ago

A seismometer records the following seismogram. The first wave arrives 6 seconds earlier than the second wave. If the first wave travels at 6 km/s and the second wave travels at 3 km/s, how many km away must the earthquake source be? Remember that distance = rate * time Assume that the earthquake source released both waves simultaneously. The start time on this seismogram (time = 0) is arbitrary and unrelated to the earthquake start time.

36

How long was the rupture associated with the 1906 San Francisco earthquake? 450 km, from the South Bay to the Mendocino triple junction. 50 km, just across San Francisco. 600 km, from Los Angeles to San Francisco. 500 meters, just the length of the Golden Gate Bridge.

450 km, from the South Bay to the Mendocino triple junction.

What, approximately, is the rate of motion of the North American plate relative to the Pacific plate? 5 mm/year We can't measure it as most of the boundary corresponds to the bottom of the ocean. 50 cm/year 5 cm/year

5 cm/yr

By about what percentage could earthquake early warning prevent injuries if everyone received a few seconds warning in order to drop, take cover, and hold on before an earthquake?

50%

In the California 2016 survey asking voters whether they support building an earthquake early warning system, about what percentage said they supported?

80%

Look at this forecast chart of tide heights in San Francisco on a random October day. Imagine an earthquake occurred off the coast of Alaska and sent tsunami waves across the ocean to us in the Bay Area. If the earthquake occurred at 3 am, and the tsunami forecast of wave surge heights followed the table below, how many hours after the earthquake would you expect San Francisco to be hit by the largest wave? (Ignore the red line on the chart). Hours after earthquake: 5.5 hours7 hours9 hours10.5 hours12 hours Tsunami surge height:3.5 ft4 ft5.5 ft4ft6 ft

9 hours add the data from the chart and the table

Why are seismologists interested in the possibility of the Hayward fault and the Rodgers Creek fault being connected?

A longer continuous fault line increases the maximum magnitude earthquake that could be produced

What is InSAR? A technique using radar data from some satellites that one can use to measure the ground deformation. Another name for GPS satellites. Satellites that orbit the Earth and take pictures of the ground. Very sensitive seismometers, flying on satellites and can measure very specific seismic waves that are released in the atmosphere.

A technique using radar data from some satellites that one can use to measure the ground deformation.

What are the four types of seismic waves? (Select more than one) A) P or Longitudinal waves which move through the Earth's interior B) S or Shear waves which move through the Earth's interior C) Hate waves which travel through the atmosphere D) Y or Yay waves which move through the surface of the ocean E) Love waves which travel near Earth's surface F) Rayleigh waves which travel near Earth's surface

A) P or Longitudinal waves which move through the Earth's interior B) S or Shear waves which move through the Earth's interior E) Love waves which travel near Earth's surface F) Rayleigh waves which travel near Earth's surface

In 1971, what has now become impossible to do?

Build a building on an active fault

On average on in California's crust, primary waves travel 6 km/s. If an earthquake occurs and a station 60 km away records the primary waves 12 seconds after the rupture starts, what happened? A) The medium through which the waves travelled had a physical characteristic that caused them to slow down B) The medium through which the waves travelled had a physical characteristic that caused them to speed up C) The earthquake released slower than normal waves D) The earthquake released faster than normal waves

A) The medium through which the waves travelled had a physical characteristic that caused them to slow down

How many people are currently still living in temporary shelters due to the Spitak earthquake in 1988?

About 3,000 people.

Why are there so many earthquakes in Alaska? (Select all that apply) Alaska has a long strike slip fault Alaska has a relatively fast moving subduction zone Alaska has a relatively fast moving divergent boundary

Alaska has a long strike slip fault Alaska has a relatively fast moving subduction zone

Match the following names to their studies or discoveries. Alfred Wegener Frederick Vine and Drummond Matthews Andrew Lawson Magnetic anomalies over ocean ridges First identified the SAF Continental Drift

Alfred Wegener - Continental Drift Frederick Vine and Drummond Matthews - Magnetic anomalies over ocean ridges Andrew Lawson - First identified the SAF

What are some measures of how big an earthquake is? The number of fatalities or injuries resulting from the earthquake The amount of energy released by an earthquake The length of the rupture on the fault All of these Size of the area the earthquake was felt The economic cost of the earthquake

All

What are the causes of volcanic earthquakes? Bubbles in the magma forming and bursting Hot magma rising and expanding, causing ruptures due to thermal expansion The turbulent flow of magma causing tremor All of these, and possibly more!

All

What five parameters of a wave were discussed in lecture? A - Density, Amplitude, Seismicity, Wavelength, Propagation B - Amplitude, Wavelength, Velocity, Frequency, Period C - Power, Speed, Temperature, Elasticity, Mass

Amplitude, Wavelength, Velocity, Frequency, Period

Elastic Rebound Theory says that ____________. A) Aftershocks are caused by the ground trying to move back to where it was before the initial earthquake. B) After an earthquake happens, the probability of another earthquake happening in the same place after a short period of time dramatically increases. C) Most earthquake legislation comes immediately after a damaging earthquake because people become hyper-sensitive to them. D) An earthquake is caused by the sudden release of strain in rocks that has been steadily increasing over a long period of time.

An earthquake is caused by the sudden release of strain in rocks that has been steadily increasing over a long period of time.

The longer a fault accumulates slip deficit...

An earthquake of a given magnitude becomes increasingly likely An increasingly large earthquake (or combination of earthquakes) is required to release the built up stress

What does it mean that earthquake rupture is a 'critical failure process', and what does that say about the earthquake prediction problem? (Critical failure process meaning a large build up with a resulting "break" point... like filling up a water balloon slowly and it hits a point of total failure and "pops".)

An earthquake rupture occurs after the friction that holds rocks together is overwhelmed by tectonic movement. We do not know when or where this breaking point will occur until after the earthquake occurs. Since we can't measure the slip an earthquake can produce, we cannot know the magnitude. To predict an earthquake we need to know when it'll occur, how big it will be, or its location, and since we can't know the "breaking point" the rupture (location) and the time is unknown. And since we also do not know the magnitude, we cannot predict an earthquake

What is the name of the Berkeley professor who, with his team, wrote a report on the San Francisco earthquake in 1906 in order to scientifically explain the causes of this natural disaster? A) Andrew Lawson B) Richard Allen C) Ernest Lawrence D) George Hearst

Andrew Lawson

What's the 'reference frame problem' with trying to record earthquakes? (from lecture 4.2) A) Any instrument we could want to use to record the earth moving will itself also move with the shaking motion. B) We're looking top-down at a motion that is originating bottom-up C) earthquakes occur in three dimensions but standing on the surface of the earth means we only have access to two D) earthquakes occur deep in the earth and by the time the seismic waves reach the surface, some of the information in them is jumbled.

Any instrument we could want to use to record the earth moving will itself also move with the shaking motion.

How many faults are believed to have ruptured during the Christchurch earthquake?

Around 20 or 22.

Where are earthquakes more likely to occur? a) At the boundaries of the tectonic plate, where they interact with other plates. b) In the middle of the plates. c) Just where two plates are colliding into each other. d) Only if a major city and a volcano are around

At the boundaries of the tectonic plate, where they interact with other plates.

Look at this global map of the largest ever recorded earthquakes. Select the two statements that are true about where these earthquakes are located.

Basically all are on the Ring of Fire Basically all occur in convergent/subduction zones

Why is it useful to monitor earthquakes in Yellowstone?

Because the earthquakes can help track the unseen progress of the super volcano

What can seismograms tell you? (Select 2) A) When a volcano will erupt B) The amount of a mineral in the Earth's crust C) Reveal information regarding the structure of the Earth's interior D) Location of the Earthquake E) How earthquakes react to T waves

C) Reveal information regarding the structure of the Earth's interior D) Location of the Earthquake

The Pacific plate has a relative motion of 50 mm/year with regards to the North American Plate. How is this motion accommodated on the faults?

California as a whole is tearing apart, all the way to Nevada in order to accommodate the plate motion.

Which part of California appears to have the lowest seismic hazard?

Central Valley

When you add or extract something from the earth's crust you:

Change stress field

Both Alaska and Chile are on subduction zones that can experience M9+ earthquakes. Where is the earthquake risk greater? Alaska Chile

Chile

Where was the earthquake that is responsible for causing the May 23, 1960 Tsunami on the island of Hawaii? What height was the largest wave from the low tide level?

Chile, magnitude 9.5. Height of largest wave was 14 ft

In addition to being an earthquake early warning platform for private citizens, what other function does MyShake serve?

Citizen Science Project

How quickly a seismic station could get its data to a central server so that it could be available for computation is referred to as what?

Data latency

How are faults and plate tectonics connected? Match the correct relationship: Divergent Convergent Transform Normal Faulting Strike-Slip Reverse Faulting

Divergent - Normal Faulting Convergent - Reverse Faulting Transform - Strike-Slip

You're in class when everything suddenly rattles. It only lasts a couple of seconds and causes no damage, but it's enough to make everyone feel a little nervous. Someone does some quick Googling to find that it was a small earthquake not too far away. Someone else says 'Well, at least that little earthquake released some energy, so it's diffusing the Big One' Is this statement correct? Pick the most accurate response.

Even though that small earthquake released some energy, the magnitude scale is exponential, so it would actually take many many many earthquakes of that size to even make a dent in how much energy is building for the Big One

T/F Earthquakes in Seattle and San Francisco are caused by the same tectonic mechanisms.

F

T/F It is easy for scientists to communicate on their science

F

T/f It is currently possible to make all the observations necessary to make earthquake prediction a reliable reality.

F

True or False: Seismic waves cannot accelerate as they travel through a medium. True False

F

In the United states what is one of the major causes of injury during an earthquake?

Falling objects and broken glass

It is possible to reduce the hazard. True False

False

Sound waves travel faster through the air than through solids. True False sound waves travel at the same speed regardless of medium

False

T/F Coseismic slip (during an earthquake) is the only way that faults can release their accumulating the stress.

False

T/F Earthquake Forecasting and Prediction are the same thing.

False

T/F Earthquakes occur randomly and evenly distributed on the surface of the Earth, without any clear pattern.

False

T/F It is scientifically possible to make useful and believable earthquake predictions.

False

T/F The Tohoku-Oki earthquake in Japan that occurred in March 2011 is the largest earthquake ever recorded in the history of seismology.

False

T/F The seismic signature of a building collapse is identical to an earthquakes seismic signature.

False

All earthquakes that happen underwater produce a tsunami.

False, only vertical displacements, up or down, produce tsunamis

True or False: Because San Francisco Bay is very shallow the tsunami risk is low.

False, risk is low because not much energy can travel through in such a short time through Golden Gate

If we have two earthquakes whose waves were received these seismic stations, now what do we know? A) In order for the waves to travel at normal speed between 2->A, the anomaly that caused a slowdown between 1->B and 1->C probably occurred to the right of the 2->A path B) In order for the waves to travel at normal speed 1->D and 2->D, the anomaly that slows down 2->B probably occurred very closed to earthquake 2's epicenter C) In order for the waves to travel at normal speed 1->D but slow 1->C, the slowdown anomaly probably occurs very close to earthquake 1 D) In order for the waves to travel slow between 1->B and 1->C, the slowdown anomaly cannot be located near stations B or C

In order for the waves to travel at normal speed between 2->A, the anomaly that caused a slowdown between 1->B and 1->C probably occurred to the right of the 2->A path

What can be done with a few seconds of warning? (Choose the best 6)

Individuals can take protective action, like drop, cover, and hold on Shut down fragile electronic or technical processes Slow down trains Automatically open the garage doors for fire stations surgeons can take their tools out of their patients Stop elevators at the nearest floor and open the doors

Which of the following is NOT true of fracking: a) increases output of geothermal wells b) is the process of generating fissures in the rock c) was first implemented in 1947 only generates microearthquakes (<2M) improves permeability of rock to store more CO d) improves flow of oil or gas from a well e) Is the reason for the dramatic increase of earthquakes in Oklahoma and Kansas between 2008 and 2016

Is the reason for the dramatic increase of earthquakes in Oklahoma and Kansas between 2008 and 2016

What makes Taiwan a particularly active seismic area?

It is a double subduction zone.

If the Alquist Priolo Act is a law in California that states that no building may be built on an active fault, why is it legal for Memorial Stadium to be where it is?

It was grandfathered in, on account of having been first built before the law passed.

What happened to the Metsamor nuclear power plant in USSR/Armenia after the earthquake?

It was initially shut down, but due to lack of power, the reopened it in 1995 despite the seismic risk.

How did the San Andreas fault form?

It was originally a subducting plate that fully subducted and the Pacific Plate movement took over.

For both the Tohoku'oki earthquake in Japan and the Sumatra earthquake, 300,000 people were threatened by a tsunami. However, 230,000 people died from the Sumatra tsunami while 16,000 died in Japan. What made the difference?

Japan put in effort to reduce its population's vulnerability

Where did the largest tsunami ever recorded occur? What was the cause?

Lituya Bay, Alaska, 1958. Caused by landslide triggered by the Fairweather Fault

Which of the following types of earthquakes would likely cause the largest tsunami?

Megathrust

What is the most seismically active region of California?

Mendocino Triple Junction

Induced Seismicity can be caused by... (select all that apply)

Mining, oil extraction, dam building, CO2 sequestration

There have been 3 UCERF reports. Each one provided a likelihood of a M6.7+ earthquake on the Hayward Fault within 30 years of the publication date. The 2003 model forecast a 27% chance. The 2008 forecast estimated a 31% likelihood, and the 2015 estimated 33%. What is one significant reason the likelihood changed with time?

More stress has built up over time since there has not been a big earthquake

What action should you take during an earthquake if you are outside?

Move away from buildings, power lines, and trees

Your company is summoning you to move to Perm in almost-Siberia, Russia for work. Should you be worried about seismic activity there?

No

Which of these faults are most commonly responsible for the formation of tsunamis?

Normal fault Reverse

When should you turn off your gas after an earthquake?

Only turn off the gas if you smell gas after an earthquake

Over the last 100 years, how many people have succumbed to earthquake related disasters?

Over 2 million people

When an earthquake begins , the ______________ travels the fastest away from the source and gets detected by ______________ . This seismic data ______________ which/who rapidly computes that an earthquake has begun, and estimates the magnitude, the location of the epicenter, and the area that will experience shaking - then creates a warning. The early warning system in the US requires ______________ stations to send data in order to confirm that an earthquake is in progress, and the system must estimate the earthquake is _________ in order to release a warning to the public. Delivery mechanisms like______________ deliver the warning to users. The concept of early warning is that the detection and alerting process is very fast while the ______________ takes time to spread away from the source. How much warning time will users get? Warning time depends on ______________ . The closer a person is to the source ______________ . You can receive an early warning ______________ you start to feel heavy shaking.

P-wave seismometers gets sent to a central computer server four at least a M4.5 in order MyShake heavy shaking that comes with the s-wave the less warning time they are able to receive before, simultaneous with, or after

Propagation direction is the direction a wave travels. For example, a seismic wave must propagate from the hypocenter of an earthquake to a station in order for the station to record it. Match each particle motion orientation to the correct wave. P-wave Rayleigh Love S-wave A ) back and forth in the same direction as propagation B ) side to side perpendicular to propagation direction C ) perpendicular (both side-to-side and up-and-down) to propagation direction D ) backwards elliptical motions parallel to propagation direction

P-wave = back and forth in the same direction as propagation Rayleigh = Love = side to side perpendicular to propagation direction S-wave = perpendicular (both side-to-side and up-and-down) to propagation direction

What do we call the science that looks at geologic sediments and rocks, for signs of ancient earthquakes?

Paleoseismology

Our current understanding of how the surface of the earth moves is called ____________ Plate Tectonics Theory Tectonic Drift Theory Continental Drift Theory Magnetic Reversal Theory

Plate Tectonics Theory

Pick 4 sources of vulnerability related to earthquakes and associated hazards.

Poorly built buildings dense populations living where serious earthquakes can occur brittle water pipes limited transportation routes in and out of an earthquake-prone region

What adaptation did they do to the pipeline in Alaska where it crosses the Denali fault?

Put the pipeline on gliders to let the stiff pipe move side to side.

What are the elements that describe a fault? A) Coordinates and Dip Direction B) Coordinates, Rake, Dip C) Strike, Location and Altitude D) Rake, Strike and Dip

Rake, Strike and Dip

What are some of the key measurements/research concepts that go into the development of an earthquake forecast?

Rate of creep on faults State of stress on a given fault Study of earthquake rupture history for a given fault rate of tectonic motion

What are the two different types of strike-slip faulting? Right Lateral and Left Lateral Reverse and Thrust Divergent and Convergent Foot Wall and Hanging Wall

Right Lateral and Left Lateral

Which type of seismic wave can't travel through liquid? P waves S waves Body waves

S

People have proposed many possible indicators to predict earthquakes. So far none of them have worked. Why?

Some of them have been observed before an earthquake, but none have consistently been observed before every earthquake.

One earthquake (yellow star) releases seismic waves that travel through the earth to be recorded by seismic stations A through D (pink triangles). Based purely on the information from this one earthquake, what can be said about the earth's structure? 'Normal' means the waves arrived at the expected time. A) Somewhere between earthquake 1 -> B and between 1 -> C, there is an anomaly in the medium that causes the seismic waves to slow down B) Near stations B and C, there is an anomaly that causes the seismic waves to slow down C) Near the earthquake, there is an anomaly in the medium that causes the seismic waves to slow down D) In the middle of the image there is an anomaly in the medium that causes the seismic waves to slow down E) We learn nothing from this single earthquake

Somewhere between earthquake 1 -> B and between 1 -> C, there is an anomaly in the medium that causes the seismic waves to slow down

Which of the following statements are true about sound waves? A) Sound wave speed decreases with higher temperature.. B) Sound waves cannot travel through objects denser than water. C) Sound waves travel faster through air than water. D) Sound waves can transport information and energy from a source to a receiver.

Sound waves can transport information and energy from a source to a receiver.

What is necessary for Elastic wave propagation? S and Body waves Time and temperature Source and medium

Source and medium

What is an earthquake early warning system?

System of several seismic stations that detect nearby earthquakes and conduct rapid calculations in order to warn people further out before they are affected by the shaking of an earthquake.

Natural forces that can cause earthquakes include... (Select all that apply)

Tectonic forces, magma transport, glacial unloading

What is the basic equation determining slip deficit?

Tectonic motion - creep = slip deficit

What properties of a medium affect sound speed? A - Density and seismicity B - The amount of empty space in the medium C - Temperature and density D - Direction of wave propagation

Temperature and density

Is the Hayward fault locked or creeping?

The Hayward fault is hybrid: creeping in some sections and locked in others (especially at depth)

What is the metric of Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) used to describe?

The strength of shaking

Which definition better describes the dip angle: A) The angle between a vertical line and the face of the surface B) The angle between a horizontal line and the face of the surface C) The angle along which the fault slips D) Dip angle is always 35 degrees

The angle between a horizontal line and the face of the surface

Look at this screenshot from lecture (and ignore the laser pointer). What are the colorful oblong blobs in this map of Alaskan earthquakes representing?

The area (length and width) of fault that ruptured in significant earthquakes

The safety of the Hearst Memorial Mining Building was improved using 'base isolators'. What is this and what does it do?

The building is supported by pillars with rubber bearings that allow the ground to move underneath the building without transferring much of the shaking up into the structure itself.

This is a 3D slice of South America. The top curve represents the surface of the continent. The sideview is a tomographic image of the earth at depth beneath. The Nazca tectonic plate is moving towards and subducting under the South American plate. The tomographic image features a blue-violet-white oblong blob that starts at the top at South America's western coast and crosses diagonally eastward with depth. What is this blob? Cooler colors (blue purple white) are for faster seismic wave speeds, and warmer colors (yellow red) are for slower velocities. Green is where the velocities match the overall average. A) The portion of the Nazca plate, which is COLDER than the surrounding mantle, which has subducted under the continent and is plunging towards the core. B) The portion of the Nazca plate, which is HOTTER than the surrounding mantle, which has subducted under the continent and is plunging towards the core. C) The COLD root of the South American continent D) The HOT root of the South American continent

The portion of the Nazca plate, which is COLDER than the surrounding mantle, which has subducted under the continent and is plunging towards the core.

Dr. Lori Dengler explains the localized Crescent City tsunami caused by the magnitude 8.4 Kuril Islands earthquake. Why was this event so notable for her team?

The tsunami highlighted the dangers of strong currents and the importance of implementing localized tsunami advisories.

What best describes the cause of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster?

The tsunami wave caused by the 2011 Japan earthquake destroyed the sea wall protecting the power plant and engulfed the diesel engines, shutting down the primary and secondary cooling systems and melting the plant's reactor blocks.

This is a building at Residence Hall Unit 1. What are the X-shaped features, and what is their function?

They are cross braces which provide strength when the building experiences shear stress from shaking

Why are women twice more likely to be injured during an earthquake on the West Coast or in New-Zealand?

They are more likely to be looking after children and hence will be moving to find them before ensuring their own safety.

What is one reason that volcanic earthquakes are important? They aren't important They may be used to forecast eruptions They are caused by exactly the same physical processes as tectonic earthquakes

They may be used to forecast eruptions

How did engineers mitigate the risk in the Claremont water pipeline?

They put another pipe in the pipe that would ensure the water to keep flowing even in the event of an earthquake.

Match the plate boundary to the natural hazards and observations commonly associated with them. Transform plate boundary Divergent plate boundary Convergent plate boundary A) There are volcanoes and also shallow-moderate seismicity. B) There are often explosive volcanoes and wide range of seismicity (shallow to deep). C) There are generally no volcanoes, but there is shallow seismicity.

Transform plate boundary - There are generally no volcanoes, but there is shallow seismicity. Divergent plate boundary - There are volcanoes and also shallow-moderate seismicity. Convergent plate boundary - There are often explosive volcanoes and wide range of seismicity (shallow to deep).

Rayleigh waves are a type of surface wave. True False This is not a real type of seismic wave

True

There is a big difference in terms of geology from one side to the other of the San Andreas fault. True False

True

UC Berkeley is deploying major efforts and money to to mitigate the risk on the campus' buildings True False

True

Why is the hazards map of the United States showing increase in hazards for Northern Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas area over the past 20 years?

We have been observing more earthquakes in these areas

To be a valid earthquake prediction what three components must be answered?

Useful predictions need to tell you when, where, and how strong an earthquake will be

Hawaii is made up of islands formed as a result of hotspot volcanism. Hawaii's oldest islands are to the west-northwest, and its youngest island is to the east-southeast. In what direction, then, must the oceanic plate be moving?

W-NW

What is the name of the narrow, deep zones where intermediate to deep earthquakes happen? A) Wadati-Benioff zones B) A trench C) We don't have any name for it as there is no preferred pattern for earthquakes location. D) All earthquakes occur at the same depth, which is 10km.

Wadati-Benioff zones

Which of the following is not a strategy used to reduce seismic risk?

Wait- and - see policy, the government will take action anyways

Why did earthquakes in Oklahoma go from 1-3 per year to hundreds per year starting around 2008?

Wastewater injection was unregulated and high pressured in Oklahoma

The following graph provides evidence for what?

Water pressure goes up, eq frequency goes up

What is a hazard?

What nature presents to us, on which humans have no influence.

What is vulnerability?

What we put in nature's way to reduce the potential damages

Earlier this year, a series of events led scientists to predict that a volcanic eruption was imminent in Iceland. What was the evidence that supported this prediction? First there was _______________, which marked a major departure from the background activity. Following this there was __________, which ____________ as the days passed. Simultaneously, satellite measurements found that the area under the Fagradalsfjall volcano had _____________ All this led scientists to understand that a____________ which soon _____________

a magnitude 5.7 earthquake almost continuous seismic activity marched steadily towards the northeast inflated by over 10 cm magma was rising and moving under the surface did erupt in spectacular fashion, but caused no damage because of the volcano's remote location

What does a probabilistic ground shaking model like this one depict? a) Regions with a set probability of exceeding a certain intensity of earthquake shaking in a given timeframe b) The likelihood of liquefaction happening in a given area c) The likelihood of an earthquake of a given magnitude happening in a given area d) Regions with a set probability of experiencing an earthquake of a given magnitude in given time frame

a) Regions with a set probability of exceeding a certain intensity of earthquake shaking in a given timeframe

What does Prof Lori Dengler mean when she says that tsunami waves 'ride the tide'? a) Tsunami wave heights are added to the regularly occurring ocean heights that are determined by the tide. b) Tsunami waves are transported across the ocean by the ocean tides c) Tsunami waves travel at the same speed as tides d) Tsunami waves co-occur with the peak tides

a) Tsunami wave heights are added to the regularly occurring ocean heights that are determined by the tide.

Tsunamis are preceded by: a) a significant recession of water from the shore. b) no warning at all c) broken ships from the open ocean getting washed into a harbor d) a stilling in the air e) a high pitch sustained whining sound

a) a significant recession of water from the shore.

What are known possible sources of tsunamis? (select all that apply) a) earthquakes b) hurricanes and storm surges c) volcanic eruptions d) landslides that displace large amounts of water e) asteroids f) nuclear blasts in the ocean g) mid ocean ridge eruptions that create new ocean crust h) ocean wave-powered hydro electric plant failures i_) unusually large tide-driven waves

a) earthquakes b) hurricanes and storm surges c) volcanic eruptions d) landslides that displace large amounts of water e) asteroids

Seismic signals can be used to identify and locate: a) explosions b) cruise ship crashes c) pit blasts d) nuclear tests e) major rockfall

a) explosions b) cruise ship crashes c) pit blasts d) nuclear tests e) major rockfall

What sources of data do tsunami warning centers use to generate tsunami alerts? (select the three best answers) a) ocean bottom pressure sensors b) seismometers c) tidal gauges e) satellite LiDAR of the ocean surface f) autonomous submarines g) precipitation measurements h) measurements made by tsunami patrol boats that get deployed immediately after a major earthquake i) atmospheric pressure measurements j) mantle convection models under mid ocean ridges k) burning rice fields l) warnings relayed via lighthouse fog horns up and down an affected coast

a) ocean bottom pressure sensors b) seismometers c) tidal gauges

Which of these is the technology used by the DART system to detect tsunamis in the ocean? a) ocean bottom pressure sensors that measure the height of the water above as waves pass over b) LiDAR satellites measuring the rise and fall of the ocean surface c) ocean floor seismometers d) tsunami patrol boats that drag pressure sensors behind them e) satellites taking images of the ocean f) sonar detection tsunami waves using remote controlled submarines

a) ocean bottom pressure sensors that measure the height of the water above as waves pass over

The Haywired scenario is: a) one possible version of how a M7.0 earthquake could play out on the Hayward Fault b) an exact prediction of what will happen when we have a M7.0 on the Hayward Fault c) a representation of what actually happened when the Hayward Fault experienced a major earthquake in 2018 d) a possible outcome of a major San Andreas Fault earthquake in the modern day

a) one possible version of how a M7.0 earthquake could play out on the Hayward Fault

Why is an explosion that looks to be equivalent to a 3.2M earthquake on a seismometer more intense and destructive than an earthquake of similar magnitude? (select all that apply) a) only a small amount of energy goes into the ground so the seismic reading of 3.2M is only capturing a portion of the actual energy expelled b) earthquakes aren't very destructive if they're less than a 6.5M c) earthquakes are contained underground and lose energy as they travels through the earth's crust, whereas explosions release all of their energy into the air and immediately surrounding spaces d) seismometers don't do a great job of measuring things like explosions so we can rarely detect them

a) only a small amount of energy goes into the ground so the seismic reading of 3.2M is only capturing a portion of the actual energy expelled c) earthquakes are contained underground and lose energy as they travels through the earth's crust, whereas explosions release all of their energy into the air and immediately surrounding spaces

The Hayward fault a) runs right under Memorial stadium b) has a location that is not known nearby Strawberry Creek and the stadium c) runs directly to the East of Memorial stadium

a) runs right under Memorial stadium

What defines 'hazard'? a) something that can cause harm b) the likelihood of experiencing harm c) susceptibility to harm d) a quantity of harm, like number of casualities

a) something that can cause harm

What is UC Berkeley doing? a) taking managable, incremental steps to improve seismic building safety on campus b) retrofitting all buildings at once c) creating plans to demolish all building on campus built before 1979 d) ignoring the seismic hazards present on campus

a) taking managable, incremental steps to improve seismic building safety on campus

What types of plate boundaries do we have on the west coast of North America?

all three

Pick the best explanation to justify your answer to the question about whether earthquake risk is greater in Alaska or Chile: ---Some facts about each place--- Population: Alaska: 730,000 people Chile: 18,700,000 people Area: Alaska: 660,000 sq mi (1,720,000 sq km) Chile: 290,000 sq mi (760,000 sq km) Number of volcanoes (active in the last ~10,000 years): Alaska: 80 Chile: 105

although the hazard is the same (both can experience M9 earthquakes), Chile has a larger population exposed to the hazard, so the risk there is greater

The instructor uses the term 'inertia' when explaining how seismometers work. What is inertia? A) an object's resistance to being moved. B) the speed at which an object moves C) how heavy an object is D) the property that describes in what direction an object is most easily moved

an object's resistance to being moved.

Select all the pieces of evidence that lead to the discovery that Cascadia last experienced a major earthquake in 1700. You will need to have completed the reading (The Really Big One (Links to an external site.)) in order to answer this question.

an oral Native history describing how the ground shook and the inhabitants of Pachena Bay all drowned an orphan tsunami that struck Japan without being accompanied by earthquake shaking there an oral Native history describing the ocean receding and then crashing back to shore sediment records from the ocean floor that contain landslide deposits triggered by earthquakes The ghost forest of trees that all died simultaneously as they were inundated by sea water

You're at the beach in Santa Cruz and feel heavy, sustained earthquake shaking. What's the tsunami threat? a) Because strike slip earthquakes only cause tsunami in narrow bays, on the main Santa Cruz coast, you're safe from a tsunami b) Big earthquakes can cause landslide-triggered tsunamis, so it is safest to evacuate to high ground c) You should only worry about a tsunami threat if you see the ocean receding from shore d) there could be a tsunami, but you have several hours before it strikes in order to evacuate inland e) high if the earthquake was normal or reverse, low if it was strike slip

b) Big earthquakes can cause landslide-triggered tsunamis, so it is safest to evacuate to high ground

Select the true statement. a) Earthquake early warning is both an earthquake forecast and a prediction b) Earthquake early warning is neither a prediction nor an earthquake forecast. c) Earthquake early warning is a form of prediction d) Earthquake early warning is an earthquake forecasting

b) Earthquake early warning is neither a prediction nor an earthquake forecast.

What is one reason UC Berkeley's chose to build the university where it is? a) they were able to get the land cheap off a local farmer b) The fog gathered and condensed against the hills and caused Strawberry Creek to be a year-round water source c) They thought that the distance from the peninsula would keep them safe from the earthquake that had damaged San Francisco d) the hills contained valuable volcanic material that they wanted to mine

b) The fog gathered and condensed against the hills and caused Strawberry Creek to be a year-round water source

Which statement is true? a) Tsunami waves are just like normal ocean waves except taller. b) Tsunami waves are more like a thick wall of water than a regular wave

b) Tsunami waves are more like a thick wall of water than a regular wave

What is liquefaction? a) When dams break and turn the ground to mud b) When wet, loose sediments are shaken, the water is squeezed up to the surface and makes it unstable, like wet jelly c) When water pipes burst and break and cause the ground to turn to mud d) when sea water intrudes into fresh groundwater aquifers

b) When wet, loose sediments are shaken, the water is squeezed up to the surface and makes it unstable, like wet jelly

In the last 20 years, only 4 people have died as a result of an earthquake. However, the HayWired Scenario suggests that a major earthquake under an urban center could result in 800 deaths. This means that a single earthquake could result in more deaths than the last 10 deadliest wildfires combined. What does this indicate about earthquake risk in California? a) earthquake risk in California is less than recent history alone would suggest b) earthquake risk in California is greater than recent history alone would suggest c) earthquake risk in California might actually be greater than wildfire risk d) earthquake risk in California might actually be less than wildfire risk

b) earthquake risk in California is greater than recent history alone would suggest c) earthquake risk in California might actually be greater than wildfire risk

Strawberry Creek runs East to West, from the Berkeley hills into the Bay. It is: a) not offset by the Hayward fault. In fact the Creek runs straight over the fault b) offset by the Hayward fault, and a section of it runs North parallel to the fault c) offset by the Hayward fault, and a section of it runs South parallel to the fault

b) offset by the Hayward fault, and a section of it runs North parallel to the fault

What defines 'risk'? a) something that can cause harm b) the likelihood of experiencing a harm c) susceptibility to harm d) a quantity of harm, like number of casualities

b) the likelihood of experiencing a harm

select the 2 campus buildings on this list who have Good seismic ratings.

barrows hall hazardous materials facility

The intensity of the earthquake was _______

bigger closer to the epicenter

Name the two classes of seismic waves

body waves and surface waves

How did Founder's Rock get to its current location? a long time ago, in the Jurassic, there used to be a volcano where Berkeley stands and Founder's Rock is a) a remnant b) it was deposited by an ancient tsunami c) It was transported to it's current location by the west side of the fault carrying it along d) It rolled down the hill in a landslide

c) It was transported to it's current location by the west side of the fault carrying it along It rolled down the hill in a landslide

Why did the engineers have a difficult time finding the Hayward fault under the Foothills residential halls? a) They kept on getting bothered by students b) They didn't look for it c) Previous landslides had covered the fault d) Because the fault wasn't there

c) Previous landslides had covered the fault

What is an example of a possible "interdependency" associated with an earthquake on the Hayward fault? a) Aftershocks b) The Hayward fault causing a tsunami c) The earthquake breaking water pipes, meaning that less water is available for emergency services to combat fires

c) The earthquake breaking water pipes, meaning that less water is available for emergency services to combat fires

What are some visible signs in the facade of the stadium that are evidence of fault-related strain? (select 3) a) The west side of the stadium is slowly becoming taller than the east b) cracking in the ticket booths that gets so bad they have to be torn down and rebuilt every year c) centimeters of offset in the blocks that make up the north entrance archway d) horizontal and vertical cracks resulting from shearing forces e) diagonal cracks resulting from shearing forces f) ever-widening gaps between the two sides of the main gate, which one day will be so bad the gate will no longer reach all the way across g) cracking in the stairs as they are yanked on by the creeping fault

c) centimeters of offset in the blocks that make up the north entrance archway e) diagonal cracks resulting from shearing forces g) cracking in the stairs as they are yanked on by the creeping fault

What defines 'vulnerability'? a) something that causes harm b) the likelihood of experiencing harm c) susceptibility to harm d) a quantity of harm, like number of casualities

c) susceptibility to harm

P waves are compressive waves shear waves surface waves retrograde waves not a real type of seismic wave

compressive waves

The orange box and orange arrow in this picture are both identifying what potentially problematic structural feature of this house? Why is the structural feature dangerous in an earthquake? What can be done to improve the seismic safety of the structural feature?

cripple wall This feature is not very strong when shaken side to side, and the house can potentially slide off its foundation or collapse down Bolt and brace' the weak wall by reinforcing with boards of plywood and specialized connector brackets

How was the bridge between Foothill dormitory and the building across the street built to be safe in case of earthquakes? a) it's not; the bridge is really unsafe to be on during an earthquake b) it is built of a highly flexible steel c) it was built out of wood because wood is a relatively earthquake-proof material d) The bridge's moorings contain sliding plates that can accommodate motion without snapping the bridge

d) The bridge's moorings contain sliding plates that can accommodate motion without snapping the bridge

What did Voltaire argue about in his poem (Poem on the Lisbon Disaster) and later, in his novel Candide? a) Earthquakes should only be studies under the social aspect of them. b) We must *not* cultivate our garden. c) There has to exist a benevolent, loving deity who intervened in human affairs to reward the virtuous and punish the guilty d) The very idea of this earthquake and disaster happening in Lisbon was contrary to the idea that we live in the best of all possible worlds, which serves only to demean humanity and ultimately lead to fatalism.

d) The very idea of this earthquake and disaster happening in Lisbon was contrary to the idea that we live in the best of all possible worlds, which serves only to demean humanity and ultimately lead to fatalism.

Pick 3 sources of vulnerability. a) residents of the Bay Area have a 0.003% chance of getting stuck in an elevator in a major Hayward Fault earthquake b) earthquakes c) landslides d) a population of 30 million living in coastal cities that can experience a tsunami e) tsunamis. f) weak building codes g) 1 in a million chance of being stung by a bee h) surfing in shark infested waters

d) a population of 30 million living in coastal cities that can experience a tsunami f) weak building codes h) surfing in shark infested waters

The international monitoring system was implemented by CTBTO with the purpose of: (select those that apply a) track illegal rocket launches b) monitoring for meteor impacts c) to make sure countries are adhering to the agreed upon treaty d) tracking seismic activity related to nuclear testing e) tracking radioactive measurements related to nuclear testing

d) tracking seismic activity related to nuclear testing e) tracking radioactive measurements related to nuclear testing

In lecture 4.2 'Measuring Seismic Waves', at about 22 min, the instructor shows a seismogram of an earthquake that occurred in eastern Russia and was recorded in Berkeley. The recording is nearly an hour long. However, a seismometer in Kamchatka, near where the epicenter was, would have recorded the earthquake with a much shorter duration. Why? Fill in the blanks so that the explanation below correctly answers the question. Seismic waves travel at _________ speeds. Near to an earthquake source, the spacing between each wave will be __________________. As the waves travel to greater distances, the faster waves will _______________ the slower ones. In Berkeley, the slower waves were _____________ to the faster ones such that it took nearly an hour for all the shaking to come through.

different relatively small increasingly outpace delayed relative to

This map of the US depicts areas that have a 2% chance of experiencing earthquake shaking in the next 50 years. The warm colors (orange and red) are where heavy shaking could occur. The cool colors (blue and grey) are where light shaking could occur. What two answers are a true statement about this map?

earthquake hazard exists anywhere there is color there is an equal risk of light shaking in Texas as there is of heavy shaking in California

Select the best 3 strategies for reducing earthquake vulnerability.

educate citizens on what to do during, before, and after an earthquake create redundant systems so that if one fails, you can use the other (like using radio to communicate if cell towers go down create a local plan for how to handle earthquakes

Each oblong blob also has a circle with a bold outline inside it, which is labeled with a magnitude and a year. The circles are ______________________________ and the blobs that encompass them are ____________________________

epicenter locations, where the earthquake started the full extent of the faults that ruptured .

Select the 3 campus buildings on this list who have Very Poor seismic safety ratings.

evans durant moffitt undergraduate library

Fill in the blanks to explain why the New Madrid Zone in the US experiences earthquakes. Hundreds of millions of years ago, all the continents were combined into one, Pangea. About 150 million years ago ____________ forces started to urge North American apart from Europe. While the separation ended up occurring along what is now the Mid Atlantic Ridge, pulling North America's east coast apart from Europe's west coast, a second ____________ started to form where the ____________ now flows. Some of the____________ still remains along the faults that were formed, causing occasional ____________ earthquakes to this day.

extensional rift zone Mississippi River tension severe

what commonly causes the majority of injuries during an earthquake?

falling objects

Seismologists are able to predict when an earthquake will occur but only if it is above a 6.0 magnitude earthquake

false

Fill in the blank The ground can shake with an earthquake for many reasons. In the case of tectonic earthquakes, the shaking is caused by [ Select ] . This comes in three main varieties, [ Select ]. In the case of volcanic earthquakes, [ Select ] can cause rock structures to crack and break, the flow of superheated water or magma through the subsurface can cause volcanic tremors, and [ Select ] can be registered as rumbles by a seismometer.

faults rupturing as a result of accumulated tectonic stress normal, reverse, and strike-slip faulting rising magma pushing through the crust bubbles moving and popping in magma bodies

What caused most of the damage related to the 1906 San Francisco earthquake?

fire

CA has a 99% chance of seeing a M 6.7 eq or greater.

forecast

There is a 7% chance of a M8+ earthquake in the LA region before 2043'

forecast

Read the following excerpt from a LA Times article about the Ridgecrest earthquake, and fill in the blank: "Instruments across California recorded varying durations of the strongest shaking emanating from Ridgecrest. A device at the Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake (Links to an external site.), about a mile away from the ruptured fault, showed it lasted for a relatively short period, [USGS seismologist Robert] Graves said — perhaps 15 to 20 seconds. But that was on bedrock, said USGS seismologist Susan Hough. Shaking energy that feeds into softer sediments can increase the ____________ felt at the surface and [cause the shaking to] last dramatically longer."

intensity

What components are needed for an earthquake prediction to be useful?

interval of time when it will occur Specific location Magnitude (or narrow magnitude range)

12 people a year die while taking selfies (usually because they stop focusing on the dangerous things around them, like trains, cars, and cliffs). Roughly 10 people die a year from shark attacks. Both of these hazards are deathly. Which is associated with greater risk?

it depends on exposure to the hazard; do you surf more often, or take selfies more often?

Unconventional oil and gas differs from conventional oil and gas in which ways:

it is trapped within shale whereas conventional accumulates under cap stones

What is the source of Iceland's volcanism?

it sits on the Mid-Atlantic ridge, where two oceanic plates are spreading apart

Read the following description of energy released by the 2004 Northern Sumatra Earthquake from the USGS website. Is what they are describing related to the magnitude or the intensity or something else? The 2004 Sumatra earthquake released an estimated "20×10^17 Joules, or 475,000 kilotons (475 megatons) of TNT, or the equivalent of 23,000 Nagasaki bombs [worth of energy]."

magnitude

If a person was standing directly above the Mexico earthquake and directly above the theoretical Japanese earthquake from the previous question, and both earthquakes had the same magnitude, how would you expect the intensity of shaking to compare between the two? The shaking felt in Mexico would probably be ___________ in Japan. Why?

more intense than why? The shaking will be more intense in Mexico because the earthquake in Mexico is more shallow than the earthquake in Japan. Since the earthquake is more shallow it will be felt more on the surface of the Earth.

Which of the following are valid and consistent precursors that can help us predict the occurrence of earthquakes?

none

What are the primary factors that determine the severity of an earthquake hazard? 1) The _____________________ , which is itself determined by ___________ and _________________ . 2) The _______________________ , which is calculated using ___________________________ .

peak ground acceleration - magnitude - local ground materials probability of a given earthquake occurring - research into historic patterns of seismicity

How does using an inertial mass in seismometers help solve the reference frame problem? The frame/ housing of a seismometer is _______________ the ground, such that it moves __________ the ground does. When the ground moves, the inertial mass suspended inside the frame _________ the motion. The seismometer can therefore measure how much the _____________, since the latter effectively responds on a delay to the ground's shaking.

securely coupled to the ground exactly as resists the frame moves relative to the mass

Love waves move A) side to side like a snake, but with the largest motion towards the surface of the earth B) side to side like a snake C) up and down like a bouncy ball D) in a roll-back motion E) in a roll-back motion, but with the largest motion towards the surface of the earth F) like a slinky compressing and expanding G) like a slinky compressing and expanding, but with the largest motions towards the deep earth H) Love waves are not a real type of seismic wave

side to side like a snake, but with the largest motion towards the surface of the earth

The probability of a M8 earthquake in the next 30 years in the Bay Area is substantially smaller than the probability of a M6.7. What do you think is making the difference?

smaller earthquakes are more common, and larger earthquakes are more rare

In what direction are the East Bay hills moving relative to the lowlands and the Bay?

southward

In the most recent seismic safety assessment of campus buildings, McCone Hall (which houses the Earth and Planetary Science department, including the Berkeley Seismology Lab) was given a rating of V. What does this mean?

structure quality is poor

Picture of Alaska Before the 1964 earthquake, the subduction zone was building up stress. The down-going subducting plate was ______________ the overriding continental plate. This caused the__________ of the continental plate to ___________ and create _______________________. When the plates finally slid in an earthquake, ___________________. This meant that the ocean floor adjacent to the trench (outlined in red) suddenly ___________ while the land just inland of the coast (outlined in blue) ______________ This resulted in a _______________________

stuck due to friction on leading/front edge tuck under an upwards bulge in the land behind it leading edge of the overriding plate snapped outwards and upwards rose in elevation dropped in elevation a vertical displacement of water that hit the shore as a tsunami

Interval Amplitude Frequency

the interval labelled 'lambda' (greek letter λ) is the wavelength. The interval labeled 'y' is the amplitude. The number of times λ occurs in an interval of time (like one second) is called frequency

Consider these 3 tables, which are from the most recent forecasting model for the state of California, UCERF3. The probability of a M6.7+ earthquake in the next 30 years is greater for the entire state than the Bay Area alone. What makes the difference?

the size of the area considered is different

Tectonic waves can travel this is not a real type of seismic wave through solids and liquids through solids only through liquids only only through the air

this is not a real type of seismic wave

P waves can travel through solids and liquids through solids only through liquids only only through the air this is not a real type of seismic wave

through solids and liquids

S-waves can travel through solids and liquids through solids only through liquids only only through the air

through solids only

What is the correct pair of words to fill in these blanks? A tsunami is created in a subduction zone because the edge of the overriding tectonic plate, which has been ____________________ as the overriding plate gets dragged by the subducting plate, suddenly_______________

tucking under snaps up and out

Process to generate alert 1. Earthquake nucleates __________________ 2. P wave detected by closest stations P-wave arrival times --> _____________ P-wave amplitude --> magnitude 3. ___________________ For any user location: Time til shaking and shaking intensity can be estimated `

underground location Alert generated

Forensic seismology

uses seismicity to help solve mysteries

why is there no correlation between wastewater injection and earthquakes in California? (select all that apply)

wastewater pressure is regulated the amount of wastewater injection has been constant

What is the difference between wave energy motion and particle motion? (pay careful attention to the small differences between these answers) A) wave energy radiates away from the epicenter and can travel great distances, whereas particle motion is how an individual bit of earth wiggles in place as earthquake energy passes through it B) wave energy motion describes how individual pieces of the earth travel great distances away from the epicenter, whereas particle motion describes how the force of the earthquake is distributed in a given place C) particles radiate away from the epicenter and can travel great distances whereas wave energy moves in place as particles pass through a given bit of earth particle motion is how individual grains of earth are propagated along the surface of the earth whereas wave energy moves through the body of the earth D) wave energy moves along the surface of the earth whereas particles propagate through earth's interior away from an earthquake's epicenter

wave energy radiates away from the epicenter and can travel great distances, whereas particle motion is how an individual bit of earth wiggles in place as earthquake energy passes through it

Three stations recorded and earthquake. Using the difference in arrival times between the primary and secondary waves, a distance to source has been calculated for each station. In the map diagrams below, the small squares are the stations, and the circles that surround them represent the distance away that the earthquake must have occurred relative to each of them. Which one of these four diagrams has the epicenter (star) correctly located?

where all the circles connect

what is a "triple junction"?

where three plates meet

In the last 20 years in California, there have been 2 earthquakes that resulted in loss of human life: 1) the 2003 M6.6 San Simeon earthquake, which killed 2 people and injured 40 2) the 2014 M6.0 Napa earthquake, which killed 2 people and injured 200 Meanwhile, in the last 20 years in California, 10 wildfires have each resulted in at least 6 deaths. The most deadly was the 2018 Camp Fire, which killed 85 people. Based purely on the trends of the last 20 years, which hazard is associated with the greatest fatality risk? earthquakes wildfires both carry equal risk

wildfires

Mexico's west coast and Japan's east coast are both subduction zones. In Mexico, the Cocos plate subducts eastward under Mexico. In Japan, the Pacific Plate subducts westward under Japan. In general, earthquakes in subduction zones occur along the interface where the diving plate scrapes along the underside of the overriding plate. Look at these two figures and make some observations to answer the following questions. At what angle/steepness does the Cocos plate subduct under Mexico? It dips at ___________ from the trench to about ___________ inland, at which point the dip ______________ for the next ~150 km. Then, suddenly, the dip _____________

~20 deg 125-150 km shallows to nearly 0 deg steepens to nearly 70 deg

Mexico's west coast and Japan's east coast are both subduction zones. In Mexico, the Cocos plate subducts eastward under Mexico. In Japan, the Pacific Plate subducts westward under Japan. In general, earthquakes in subduction zones occur along the interface where the diving plate scrapes along the underside of the overriding plate. Look at these two figures and make some observations to answer the following questions. If earthquakes mark the approximate location of the top of the subduction plate, how steeply dipping is the Pacific plate as it dives under Japan?

~20-30