Earth's Changing Surface (aka Erosion!) Review

Acid precipitation

rain, sleet, or snow that contains a high concentration of acids

Striations

Scratches/grooves cut into bedrock

Outwash Plains

Areas formed from sediments (clay/silt) deposited by meltwater streams.

Horn

A steep mountain peak created by the erosion of cirque glaciers on each side of the peak.

Tributary

A stream that flows into a lake or into a larger stream

Longshore current

A water current that travels near and parallel to the shoreline.

Aquifer

A body of rock or sediment that stores groundwater and allows the flow of groundwater.

Cirque

A bowl-shaped depression formed on a mountain side

Sinkhole

A cavity in the ground, especially in limestone bedrock, caused by water erosion and providing a route for surface water to disappear underground.

Delta

A fan-shaped mass of material deposited at the mouth of a stream.

Alluvial fan

A fan-shaped mass of material deposited by a stream when the slope of land decreases sharply.

Deflation

A form of wind erosion in which fine, dry soil particles are blown away.

Stratified drift

A glacial deposit that has been sorted and layered by the action of streams or melted water.

Kame

A hill composed of gravel and sand laid down by glacial meltwater.

Glacier

A large mass of moving ice.

Contour line

A line that connects points of equal elevation.

Storm surge

A local rise in sea level near the shore that is caused by strong winds from a storm, such as those from a hurricane.

Esker

A long, winding ridge of gravel/sand deposited by a stream flowing within or beneath a glacier.

Soil

A loose mixture of rock fragments, organic material, water, and air that can support growth of vegetation.

Topographic map

A map that shows the surface features of Earth.

Soil conservation

A method to maintain the fertility of the soil by protecting the soil from erosion and nutrient loss.

Dune

A mound of wind-deposited sand that keeps its shape even though it moves.

Mass movement

A movement of a section of land down a slope.

Map

A representation of the features of a physical body such as Earth.

Parent Rock

A rock formation that is the source of soil

Arete

A sharp ridge separating 2 adjacent glaciated valleys

Artesian spring

A spring whose water flows from a crack in the cap rock over the aquifer.

Floodplain

An area along a river that forms from sediments deposited when the river overflows its banks.

Recharge zone

An area in which water travels downward to become part of an aquifer.

Beach

An area of the shoreline made up of material deposited by waves.

Drumlin

An oval-shaped mound of till; tips point in direction of glacial movement.

Humus

Dark, organic material formed in soil from the decayed remains of plants and animals.

Moraine

Deposits of till - Terminal (end) - Lateral (sides) - Medial (middle) - Ground

Waves, longshore currents, shoreline, offshore

Formation of Sandbars and Barrier Spits: _____________ moving at an angle to the shoreline push water along the shore and create _________________________. When waves erode material from the _________________, longshore currents can transport and deposit this material _________________, which creates landforms in open water.

Beach

Identify the geologic feature:

Headland

Identify the geologic feature:

Sea Arch

Identify the geologic feature:

Sea Cave

Identify the geologic feature:

Sea Cliff

Identify the geologic feature:

Sea Stack

Identify the geologic feature:

Wave-Cut Terraces

Identify the geologic feature:

Kettle Lake

Lake formed from a block of glacial ice that melts and leaves a hole in the ground.

Erratic

Large, isolated boulders deposited by glaciers.

Index Contour

On a map, a darker, heavier contour line that is usually every fifth line and that indicates a change in elevation.

Iceberg Deposit

Part of a glacier that breaks off and drifts out to sea.

Point-source pollution

Pollution that comes from a specific site.

Nonpoint-source pollution

Pollution that comes from many sources rather than from a single, specific site.

T, F, F, T, F, T, T, C, D

Quiz: Erosion! 1. Water can cause erosion by dissolving minerals. T or F 2. When water freezes, it contracts. T or F 3. Landscapes stay the same over long periods of time because of erosion. T or F 4. Rust is formed by chemical erosion. T or F 5. Homes built on the sides of hills face the greatest risk of being destroyed by wind erosion. T or F 6. Rock that is composed of different layers can begin eroding from the inside, thus creating an arch. T or F 7. Living things such as trees can both slow down and speed up erosion. T or F 8. Which of the following does not directly cause erosion? A. Ice B. Lichen C. Sun light D. Chemicals 9. All of the following are caused by water erosion, except: A. Seastacks B. Sand C. Canyons D. Mushroom rocks

Glacier, 4, 1, 3, 2 ____________________________________________________________________________________ Glaciers are so massive, the pull of gravity causes them to flow slowly. ____________________________________________________________________________________ Valley glaciers, U ____________________________________________________________________________________ Alpine glaciers form in the mountain areas. ____________________________________________________________________________________ Continental glacier ____________________________________________________________________________________ Sliding: The glaciers weight causes ice at the bottom to melt and the glacier slides on the melted water. Flowing: Ice crystals in the glacier slip over each other, and the upper part flows faster than the bottom. ____________________________________________________________________________________ B, D, A, C, E, glacial drift ____________________________________________________________________________________ The two main types of glacial drifts are till and stratified drift. ____________________________________________________________________________________ Till, stratified drift, S, T, S, T, C, D, B, A ____________________________________________________________________________________

Section: Erosion and Deposition by Ice ______________- An enormous mass of moving ice. Glaciers—Rivers of Ice Place the four steps involved in formation of glaciers in order from first to last. ___________ 2. Gravity pulls on the gigantic mass of the ice packs, setting them in motion. ___________ 3. Snow piles up year after year in polar regions and high elevations. ___________ 4. Ice crystals form a huge mass of ice. ___________ 5. The weight of the top layers of snow causes the deep-packed snow to become ice crystals. 6. Why do glaciers flow like "rivers of ice"? 7. ___________________ form in valleys that were created by stream erosion. The glaciers slowly flow downhill and widen and straighten the valley into "_____" shapes. 8. What type of glacier forms in mountain areas? 9. ____________________- a huge, continuous mass of ice that stretches across entire continents. 10. Describe the two ways glaciers move. Landforms Carved by Glaciers Match the correct description with the correct term. Write the letter in the space provided. a. horns b. hanging valleys c. arêtes d. cirques e. U-shaped valleys ____ 11. Smaller glacial valleys that join the deeper main valley ____ 12. Bowl-like depressions where glacial ice cuts into the mountain walls ____ 13. Pyramid-shaped peaks that form when three or more cirque glaciers erode a mountain ____ 14. Jagged ridges that form between two or more cirques cutting into the same mountain ____ 15. Valleys formed when a glacier erodes a river valley from its original V shape Types of Glacial Deposits 16. All material carried and deposited by glaciers is called ___________________. 17. What are the two main types of glacial drift? 18. Unsorted rock material that is deposited directly by the ice when it melts is called _______. 19. A glacial deposit that is sorted and layered by streams or meltwater is called ________________________.  Identify each of the following descriptions as stratified drift (S) or till deposit (T). ____ 20. Sediment built around a block of ice eventually forms a kettle. ____ 21. Ridges are formed along the edges of glaciers. ____ 22. Streams from glaciers carry sorted material to an area called an outwash plain. ____ 23. Moraines form ridges along the edges of glaciers. Match the correct definition with the correct term. a. medial moraine b. lateral moraine c. ground moraine d. terminal moraine ____ 24. Forms from till left beneath a glacier ____ 25. Forms when sediment is dropped at the front of a glacier ____ 26. Forms along the sides of a glacier ____ 27. Forms when valley glaciers with moraines along each side meet

B, D, A, D, wave period, wave Crashing waves break solid rock and throw broken rocks against the shore. Rushing water helps break off boulders and wash away sand. Sand wears down coastal rocks. Rock is broken into smaller and smaller pieces that become sand. C, A, E, B, D, B The type of material found on a beach depends on where it comes from. Sand beaches form where there is quartz. Tropical beaches may be made of coral. In Hawaii, some beaches are made of eroded volcanic lava. Longshore current, sandbar, barrier spit

Section: Shoreline Erosion and Deposition 1. When waves crash into rocks over a long period of time, a. the waves gain energy. b. the rocks became sand. c. the waves lose energy. d. the rocks get harder. 2. The boundary between land and water is a(n) a. sea stack. b. estuary. c. wave. d. shoreline. Wave energy 3. Waves travel in groups called a. wave trains. b. ripples. c. wave periods. d. surf. 4. Breaking waves are called a. wave trains. b. ripples. c. wave periods. d. surf. 5. The length of time between breaking waves is the ______________________. 6. The strength of the wind and the length of time the wind blows affect the size of a(n) ____________. 7. Explain how waves can turn rock into sand: Wave erosion Match the correct description with the correct term: a. headland b. wave-cut terrace c. sea stacks d. sea arches e. sea caves _______ 8. Offshore columns of rock _______ 9. Formed when cliffs of hard rock erode more slowly than surrounding rock _______ 10. Formed when waves cut holes into weak rock along the base of sea cliffs _______ 11. Formed when a sea cliff wears back _______ 12. Formed by waves eroding a sea cave, cutting completely through the rock Wave Deposits 13. An area of shoreline made up of material deposited by waves is called a(n) a. headland. b. beach. c. surf. d. island. 14. Why aren't all beaches made up of light-colored sand? 15. A water current that moves sand in a zigzag pattern along a beach is a(n) _______________________. 16. An underwater or exposed ridge of sand, gravel, or shell is a(n) _________________. 17. An exposed sandbar connected to the shoreline is called a(n) __________________.

Deposition, slower, decreases, delta, Nile, Mississippi ____________________________________________________________________________________ A river's current slows when a river empties into a large body of water. As its current slows, a river often deposits its load in a fan shaped pattern (delta). Delta's usually form on a flat surface and is made mostly of mud. These mud deposits form new land and cause the coastlines to grow. ____________________________________________________________________________________ Alluvial fan ____________________________________________________________________________________ Alluvial fan occurs on land and a delta occurs on/near water. ____________________________________________________________________________________ Sediment ____________________________________________________________________________________ Advantage: rich farming area (b/c periodic flooding brings new soil to the land). Disadvantage: damage to crops or land from flooding. ____________________________________________________________________________________ A dam, a levee, sandbags ____________________________________________________________________________________

Section: Stream and River Deposits ___________________- process in which material is laid down or dropped. Occurs along the inside bank of bends, where water flows __________________. Rivers and streams deposit sediment where the speed of the water ___________________. A fan-shaped mass of mud deposited where a river meets a large body of water is called a(n) ____________. Two of the most famous deltas in the world are the ___________ Delta in Egypt and the ____________________ Delta in the United States. How is a delta formed? ________________________________________________________________________ Deposition on Land What is formed when a river deposits sediment on land? What is the difference between an alluvial fan and a delta? Flood plains are rich farming areas, b/c they experience repeated flooding and each flood adds another layer of _______________. For a farmer, what might be an advantage and a disadvantage of living in a floodplain? What is a barrier that redirects water, preventing flooding in one area and creating an artificial lake in another? What is a buildup of sediment deposited along the channel of a river that keeps a river inside its banks? What do people sometimes use to build artificial levees to prevent serious flooding? ________________________________________________________________________

erosion sediment is transported from one location to another rivers (water), wind, rain, ice, and snow. ____________________________________________________________________________________ Evaporation, runoff, precipitation, the water cycle, condensation, percolation ____________________________________________________________________________________ D, tributary, watershed/drainage basin, divide, Atlantic, Pacific

Section: The Active River Rivers: Agents of Erosion A process called ____________ formed the Grand Canyon. What happens to sediment during erosion? What agents cause erosion? ________________________________________________________________________ The Water Cycle _______________ - Water from the oceans and the Earth's surface changes into water vapor _______________ - Precipitation that flows over land into streams, rivers, and later enters the ocean _______________ - Rain, snow, sleet, or hail that falls from clouds _______________ - The continuous movement of water from the ocean to the atmosphere, from the atmosphere to the land, and then back to the ocean _______________ - Water vapor cools and changes into water droplets, forming clouds _______________ - The downward movement of water through spaces in soil due to gravity ________________________________________________________________________ River Systems A network of streams and rivers that drains an area of its runoff is called a. a divide. c. a water cycle. b. a tributary. d. a river system. A stream that flows into a lake or larger stream is a _____________________. The area of land that is drained by a water system is called a ______________________, or ____________________. An area of higher ground that separates watersheds is called a _______________. The Continental Divide runs through the Rocky Mountains and separates the watersheds that flow into the ________________ Ocean from those that flow into the ________________ Ocean. ________________________________________________________________________

Topographic, elevation, USGS (United States Geological Survey), B, C, A, D, elevation, B, C, A, E, D, cross, V, gentle, steep, closed circles, depressions A large contour interval (like 100 ft/m) would be used for the relief of an area that has mountains (large relief). A small contour interval (10 ft/m) would be used to represent a flat area or low area with low relief. 240 ft. It's represented by a single point not a group of points w/ the same elevation

Section: Topographic Maps 1. A map that shows surface features of the Earth is a(n) ___________________________ map. 2. The height of an object above sea level is its ______________________. 3. Who is responsible for making topographic maps of all of the states in the United States? _______________________________________________________________ ELEMENTS OF ELEVATION Match the correct definition with the correct term. a. contour line b. contour interval c. index contour d. relief _____ 4. Difference in elevation between one contour line and the next _____ 5. A darker, heavier contour line; usually every fifth line _____ 6. Line that connects points of equal elevation _____ 7. Variations in elevation 8. The index contour is labeled by ______________________. READING A TOPOGRAPHIC MAP Match the correct description of a feature on a USGS map with the correct color. a. black b. green c. brown d. pink e. red _____ 9. wooded areas _____ 10. contour lines _____ 11. roads, bridges, and railroads _____ 12. major highways _____ 13. cities and towns 14. Contour lines never _______________________. 15. Contour lines that cross a valley or stream are ____ shaped. This points toward the area of highest elevation. If a stream or river flows through the valley this points upstream. 16. Contour lines that are far apart indicate a(n) ______________________ slope. 17. Contour lines that are close together indicate a(n) ______________________slope. 18. The tops of hills, mountains, and depressions are shown by ____________________. 19. __________________ are marked with short, straight lines inside the circle that point downslope to this. 20. How does the relief of an area determine the contour interval used on a map? 21. The contour line at the base of a hill reads 90 ft. There are five contour lines between the base of the hill and the top of the hill. If the contour interval is 30 ft, what is the elevation of the highest contour line? 22. Why isn't the highest point on a hill represented by a contour line?

Till

Unsorted rock material that is deposited directly by a melting glacier.

U-Shaped Valley

Valleys formed when a glacier erodes a river valley from its original V-shape.

B, C, D, B, C, C, 3, 4, 2, 1, 5 Dunes tend to move in the direction of strong winds. Different wind conditions produce dunes in various shapes and sizes. A dune usually has a gently sloped side and a steeply sloped side (slip face). In most cases, the gently sloped side faces the wind. The wind is constantly transporting material up this side of the dune. As sand moves over the crest/peak of the dune it slides down the slip face, creating a steep slope. Dunes are made up of sand and constantly move, and hills and mountains don't have these characteristics. B/c they're constantly moving

Section: Wind Erosion and Deposition 1. How do plants reduce wind erosion? a. Plants shade the soil. b. Plant roots hold sand and soil in place. c. Plants break down and make soil. d. Plant roots help break up soil. The Process of Wind Erosion Match the correct description with the correct term. Some terms will not be used. a. deflation hollows b. abrasion c. saltation d. deflation e. desert pavement __________ 2. Wind causes sand-sized particles to skip and bounce __________ 3. Wind erosion in which fine, dry soil particles are blown away __________ 4.Grinding and wearing down of rock by other rock or sand Wind-Deposited Materials 5. Wind carries particles like rivers carry a. water. b. grass. c. sediment. d. fish. 6. Very fine-grained sediment deposited by wind is called a. dunes. b. beach. c. loess. d. talcum. Place the five steps involved in forming a sand dune in order from first to last. _________ 7. Material collects and creates an additional obstacle. _________ 8. Wind deposits more material, forming a mound or dune. _________ 9. Slowing wind drops the heavier particles. _________ 10. Wind hits a rock, plant, or other object and slows down. _________ 11. The original object eventually becomes buried. 12. Explain how dunes migrate in the direction of the wind: 13. How is a sand dune different from a hill or mountain? 14. Why hasn't anyone successfully mapped the dunes in an area?

Hanging Valley

Smaller glacial valleys that join a U-shaped valley; typically flat, but then ends at a steep drop at a U-shaped valley; often forms a waterfall.

channel, rivers, load, gradient, discharge ____________________________________________________________________________________ High gradient = more erosive energy to erode rock and soil. Low gradient = less energy for erosion ____________________________________________________________________________________ As the stream's discharge increases, its erosive energy and speed and the amount of materials that the stream can carry also increases. ____________________________________________________________________________________ Fast-moving streams can carry large particles. ____________________________________________________________________________________ Load of big rocks/sediment = more erosion. ____________________________________________________________________________________ Bed load, dissolved load, suspended load. ____________________________________________________________________________________ A, B, D, C ____________________________________________________________________________________ Youthful river, mature river ____________________________________________________________________________________ The river has to deposit it's rock and soil in and along its channel. ____________________________________________________________________________________

Stream Erosion A path that a stream follows is a(n) ______________________. When streams become longer and wider, they are called ______________________. _________________- The materials carried by a stream _________________- The measure of the change in elevation over a certain distance _________________- The amount of water a stream or river carries in a given amount of time What effect does the gradient of a stream have on the amount of energy it has for eroding soil and rock? When a stream's discharge increases, what happens to its erosive energy? What effect does the speed a stream flows have on the size of the particles it is able to carry? What effect does the size of the particles that make up a stream's load have on its erosive energy? _________________- a stream can bounce large materials, such as pebbles and boulders, along the stream bed (rocks are called the answer). _________________- material carried in solution, which means that the material is dissolved in the water. _________________- a stream can carry small rocks and soil in suspension. These materials make the river look muddy. ________________________________________________________________________ The Stages of a River A quickly flowing river with a narrow channel that tumbles over many rocks and has few tributaries is a. a youthful river. c. an old river. b. a mature river. d. a rejuvenated river. A river that has a wide channel and few falls and rapids and is fed by many tributaries is a. a youthful river. c.an old river. b. a mature river. d.a rejuvenated river. The bends in a river's channel are called a. terraces c. stages b. youths d. meanders A river with a wide, flat flood plain and many bends where it deposits much rock and soil is called a. a youthful river. c.an old river. b. a mature river. d.a rejuvenated river. __________________- erodes its channel deeper rather than wider, river flows quickly (b/c of steep gradient), channel is narrow and straight, river tumbles over rocks in rapids and waterfalls, very few tributaries. _________________- erodes its channel wider rather than deeper, gradient is not as steep as that of a youthful river, fewer falls and rapids, fed by many tributaries, good drainage (more drainage than a youthful river). What is the result of an old river not having much erosive energy? ________________________________________________________________________

Meltwater Streams

Streams formed by melting ice when a glacier stops advancing.

Permeability

The ability of a rock or sediment to let fluids pass through its open spaces, or pores.

Watershed

The area of land that is drained by a water system

Soil structure

The arrangement of soil particles.

Loess

Very fertile sediments of quartz, feldspar, hornblende, mica, and clay deposited by the wind.

Mechanical, ice wedging Mechanical, abrasion (by gravity) Chemical, acids in living things Chemical, oxidation Mechanical, abrasion (by water) Chemical, acid precipitation

The autobiography of Grant Stone, the first rock to learn to talk, has just been published. Grant has had a really interesting life! Below are some excerpts from Grant's autobiography. After you read each excerpt, decide if Grant is telling a story about mechanical or chemical weathering, and circle the appropriate word. Then in the space provided, identify the cause of weathering: abrasion, acids in living things, acid precipitation, ice wedging, or oxidation. Be careful; one term will be used twice. In my youth, I was part of a much larger rock on the side of a mountain. In the summer, small trickles of water would enter cracks in my surface; in the winter, the water would freeze. The cracks grew larger, until I eventually broke off the granite outcropping. chemical or mechanical? ______________________ As I fell off the mountain, I caused a rock slide. There were hundreds of rocks, large and small, rolling down the mountain. We were bumping into each other and sliding all over. It was a regular rock stampede! chemical or mechanical? ______________________ I stopped at the base of the mountain, on top of the pile of rocks. I spent many years there, and gradually, a colony of lichen began to grow on my side. They were easy to live with, but where the lichen grew, my edges became less sharp. chemical or mechanical? ______________________ In one of my journeys, I met some rocks that were a beautiful red color. They told me they were made with a lot of iron, and the iron helped to cause their red coloration. chemical or mechanical? ______________________ One winter, the mountain had a much larger snowfall than usual, and the spring was stormy, with lots of rain. The rain and the snowmelt caused a flood, and I found myself in the bottom of a river, being jostled among more rocks and rubbed by silt. chemical or mechanical? ______________________ Over time, that river changed course, and I was left in the open. In recent decades, I've started to crumble a little at the edges. I'm not sure what causes it, but I think it has something to do with the rain—the rain seems to do much more damage to me that it used to. chemical or mechanical? ______________________

Divide

The boundary between drainage areas that have streams that flow in opposite directions.

Shoreline

The boundary between land and a body of water.

Mechanical weathering

The breakdown of rock into smaller pieces by physical means.

Whitecap

The bubbles in the crest of a breaking wave.

Contour interval

The difference in elevation between one contour line and the next.

Longitude

The distance east or west from the prime meridian; expressed in degrees.

Latitude

The distance north or south from the equator; expressed in degrees.

Mudflow

The flow of a mass of mud or rock and soil mixed with a large amount of water.

Abrasion

The grinding and wearing away of rock surfaces through the mechanical action of other rock or sand particles.

Elevation

The height of an object above sea level.

Equator

The imaginary circle halfway between the poles that divides the Earth into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.

Bedrock

The layer of rock beneath soil.

Load

The materials carried by a stream; also the mass of the rock overlying a geological structure.

Glacial Abrasion

The mechanical scraping of a rock surface by other rocks and particles during glacial movement

Prime Meridian

The meridian, or line of longitude, that is designated as 0 degrees longitude.

Saltation

The movement of sand or other sediments by short jumps and bounces that is caused by wind or water.

Channel

The path that a stream follows.

Porosity

The percentage of the total volume of a rock or sediment that consists of open spaces.

Tide

The periodic rise and fall of the water level in the oceans and other large bodies of water.

Weathering

The process by which rock materials are broken down by the action of physical or chemical processes.

Chemical Weathering

The process by which rocks break down as a result of chemical reactions.

Differential weathering

The process by which softer, less weather resistant rocks wear away and leave harder, more weather resistant rocks behind.

Erosion

The process by which wind, water, ice, or gravity transports soil and sediment from one location to another.

Deposition

The process in which material is laid down.

Rock Fall

The rapid mass movement of rock down a steep slope or cliff.

Glacial Quarrying ("plucking")

The removal of larger pieces of rock from the glacial bed

Leaching

The removal of substances that can be dissolved from rock, ore, or layers of soil due to the passing of water.

Glacial Drift

The rock material carried and deposited by glaciers.

Creep

The slow downhill movement of weathered rock material.

Soil texture

The soil quality that is based on the proportions of soil particles.

Landslide

The sudden movement of rock and soil down a slope.

Water table

The upper surface of underground water; the upper boundary of the zone of saturation.

Relief

The variations in elevation of a land surface.

Groundwater Surface water seeps underground into the soil and rock. This underground area is divided into two zones. Rainwater passes through the upper zone, called the zone of aeration. Farther down the water collects in an area called the zone of saturation. In this zone, the spaces between the rock particles are filled with water. Water table Rises during wet seasons and falls during dry seasons. Aquifer Porosity Different, same-sized Permeable Impermeable Recharge zone Permeable, buildings Spring Well Artesian Spring

Water Underground: ___________________- the water located within the rocks below the Earth's surface. Moves very slowly!!! Describe the zones through which groundwater moves? _________________- the upper surface of underground water; the upper boundary of the zone of saturation. How does the water table change during wet and dry seasons? The body of rock or sediment that stores groundwater and allows the flow of groundwater is called a(n) ___________________. __________________- the percentage of the total volume of a rock or sediment that consists of open spaces. A rock layer with _________________ particle sizes has a low % of open space between particles and has a low porosity. A rock layer containing ____________________ particles has high porosity b/c smaller particles aren't present to fill in the empty spaces between particles, so there is open space between particles. ____________________- allowing liquids (or gases) to pass through it (ex: larger particles) ___________________- not allowing fluid to pass through (ex: smaller particles) ___________________- an area in which water travels downward to become part of an aquifer. The size of the recharge zone depends on how _________________ rock is at the surface. Construction of ________________ on top of the recharge zone can also limit the amount of water that enters an aquifer. _______________- form when the water table reaches the Earth's surface and water flows out from the ground. These are an important source of drinking water. ___________ - a human made hole that is deeper than the level of the water table. ________________________- a spring whose water flows from a crack in the cap rock over the aquifer.

Mississippi Watershed, Continental Divide, sources, east, west ____________________________________________________________________________________ Great Lakes Watershed, divide, high, low, Lake Superior, Atlantic Ocean ____________________________________________________________________________________

Watersheds: ______________________- the watershed that includes the Mississippi river, Missouri river, Platte river, Red river, Arkansas river, Tennessee river, and the Ohio river. ______________________ = high point of continent River _________________ in Continental Divide Runoff from continental divide is _________ or _________. ________________________________________________________________________ _______________________- the watershed that includes the Muskegon river, Grand river, Kalamazoo river, St. Joseph river, Au Sable river, and Saginaw river. ________________- a boundary between drainage areas that have streams that flow in opposite directions. Water flows from ___________ elevations to ___________ elevations The flow of water in the Great Lakes starts from __________________ (highest point) to _________________ (lowest point). ________________________________________________________________________

Sandbar is not connected to shoreline and a barrier spit is connected to a shoreline.

What is the difference between a sandbar and a barrier spit?

A Barrier Spit

What is this picture showing?

A Longshore Current

What is this picture showing?

A Sandbar

What is this picture showing?

Moraine Cirque, Valley, Fjord, and Piedmont Glaciers

________________- a mass of rocks and sediment carried down and deposited by a glacier, typically as ridges at its edges or extremity. What are the 4 types of Alpine Glaciers?

Weathering, mechanical weathering, abrasion, chemical weathering, acid precipitation, oxidation

_____________________- The process by which rock materials are broken down by the action of physical or chemical processes. ____________________________- The breakdown of rock into smaller pieces by physical means (ice wedging by freezing/thawing, plants (roots), animals (burrowing), abrasion) _________________- The grinding and wearing away of rock surfaces through the mechanical action of other rock or sand particles (by glaciers, by water (river), by wind (sandblasting), by gravity (rock slide). ______________________- The process by which rocks break down as a result of chemical reactions (water - weakens bonds between minerals, acid precipitation (rapid weathering), acids in groundwater (caverns, sinkholes), acids in living things (lichens, animals), air (oxidation ---> rust). _______________________- rain, sleet, or snow that contains a high concentration of acids _____________________- a chemical reaction in which an element (iron) combines with oxygen to form an oxide.