Chapter 8, part 1, partial ch 24

The following factors were used to perform a lateral projection of the cervical spine: 1. 44 inch SID 2. Erect position 3. Arms down by patient's sides 4. Exposure made on full inspiration On the finished radiograph, C7 is not fully visible. Which two of the above factors should be changed to produce a more diagnostic image during the repeat exposure?

1 and 4

which projection of the cervical vertebral column best demonstrates the intervertebral foramina?

AP axial oblique projection

Describe the Fuchs MEthod

AP, Dens

for the AP projection of the thoracic vertebral column, where should the CR be centered on the anterior chest wall?

At the point halfway between the jugular notch and xiphoid process

which projection of the cervical vertebrae demonstrates the spinous processes elevated and widely seperated?

Hyperflexion lateral projection

which structures of a typical vertebra are the zygopophyses?

articular processes

on which structure is the dens located?

c2

the intervertebral foramina of the cervical spine are demonstrated on which of the following projections? ap axial ap axial oblique PA axial oblique

AP axial oblique and PA axial oblique

For which projection of the cervical vertebrae should the CR be angles 15-20 degrees cephalad?

AP axial projection

if the patient comes to the ER with possible Jefferson's fracture. Other than a lateral projection of the cervical spine and a CT scan, which specific radiograph projection will best demonstrate this type of fracture?

AP open-mouth

What projections can be used to supplement the traditional "open-mouth" projection, when the upper portion of the odontoid process cannot be well demonstrated?

AP or PA through the foramen magnum

which projection most requires usage of the anode heel effect to improve its image quality?

AP projection of the thoracic vertebral column

which projection should be included in a cervical series if the lateral projection does not demonstrate C7 vertebra?

AP projection, with a perpendicular CR

which projection of the cervical vertebrae demonstrates the dens imaged within the foramen magnum?

AP projections (fuchs method)

what is the name of the condition that results in the forward slipping of one vertebra on the one below it?

spondylolisthesis

the radiographer should not use the Fuchs method to obtain the AP projection of the dens if the patient is:

suspected to have a fracture or degenerative disease

which of the following thoracic vertebrae do not possess a facet for the costotransverse joint?

t11 and t12

A poorly positioned AP thoracic projection shows that the lower thoracic intervertebral disc spaces are obscured and the vertebral bodies are distorted. How has the patient been mispositioned?

the patient's legs were extended

which two vertebral curvatures are anteriorly concave?

thoracic and pelvic

which two vertebral curves are kyphotic curves?

thoracic and pelvic

which two vertebral curves are primary curves?

thoracic and pelvic

for the AP projection of the T spine column with the pt in the supine position, why should the pt's hips and knees be flexed?

to reduce kyphosis

why should the patient flex the hips and knees for the AP projection of the lumbar vertebrae?

to reduce lumbar lordosis

which cervical vertebral structures are perforated with a foramen for the passage of the vertebral artery and vein?

transverse process

what should be done so that the magnified shoulder farthest from the IR is projected below the lower cervical vertebrae for the lateral projection of the cervical vertebrae?

Direct a horizontal CR to C4

what should be done to prevent mandibular rami from superimposing cervical vertebrae in the lateral projction of the cervical vertebral column?

Elevate the chin. (Take it like a champ)

which spinal condition involves abnormally increased anterior concavity (posterior convexity) of the thoracic vertebral column?

Kyphosis

What projection demonstrates the left intervertebral foramen?

LAO

which projection best demonstrates the intervertebral foramina of the thoracic vertebral column?

LATERAL PROJECTION, Bruh

which projection for the cervical vertebrae must be exposed with a horizontal and perpendicular CR?

Lateral

a radiograph of an AP open-mouth projection of the cervical spine reveals that the base of the skull is superimposed over the upper dens. Which positioning error is present on the radiograph?

The occlusal plane is not perpendicular to the IR

What should be done to reduce the magnification caused by the increased OID distance in the lateral projection of the cervical vertebrae?

Use a 72 inch SID

which vertebral structures have bifid tips?

spinous process of cervical vertebrae

which structures is known as the "atlas"?

c1

with reference to the MSP, how do zygopophyseal joints open in cervical vertebrae?

90 degrees, the boy band

in the posterior oblique position of the cervical spine, the central ray should be directed:

15 degrees cephalad to c4

How should the CR be directed for the PA axial oblique projection of the cervical vertebral column?

15-20 degrees caudad

How should the CR be directed for an AP axial oblique projection of the cervical vertebral column?

15-20 degrees cephalad

How and where should the central ray be directed for the AP axial projection of the cervical vertebral column?

15-20 degrees cephalad to C4

which of the following is (are) appropriate techniques (s) for imaging a patient with possibel trauma injury? 1. instruct the pt to turn slowly and stop if anything hurts 2. Maneuver the x-ray tube head instead of moving the pt 3. Call for help and use the log-rolling method to turn the patient.

2 & 3 only

how many are "true", movable vertebra?

24 true, movable

when the shoulder is immobile and cannot be depressed sufficiently for the cervicothoracic region lateral projection (swimmer's technique), the central ray in angled:

3-5 degrees caudad

with reference to the MSP, how do zygopophyseal joints open in lumbar vertebrae?

30-60 degrees posteriorly

in early life, how many vertebrae do you have?

33 in early life

How many degrees from supine or the anatomic position should the entire body be rotated for AP axial oblique projection of the cervical vertebrae?

45 degrees

what is the proper amount of head and body rotation for the PA axial oblique projection of the cervical vertebrae?

45 degrees

with reference to the MSP, how do zygopophyseal joints open in thoracic vertebrae?

70-75 degrees

what skin dose range would be recieved by an average-size adult patient during a lateral thoracic spine projection?

800-1000 mrad

which cervical structures are best demonstrated with the AP projection (open mouth)?

C1 and C2

Which evaluation criterion does not apply to the AP axial projection of the cervical vertebral column? the intervertebral disk spaces should be open the spinous processes should be equidistant to the pedicles the mandibular angles should be equidistant to the vertebrae C1 and C2 should be seen without mandibular superimposition

C1 and C2 should be seen without mandibular superimposition

which cervical vertebrae may demonstrate a "cervical rib"?

C7

how should the IR be positioned for the AP axial projection of the cervical vertebral column?

Centered to C4

what structures are not well visualized on a lateral projection of the thoracic vertebrae?

Inferior angle of the scapulae

what structure is best demonstrated with the swimmers lateral projection?

Lower thoracic and upper thoracic vertabrae

What are you doing on a Friday Night?

Making a gosh darn 100 + term quizlet at barned and noble

which projection best demonstrates scoliosis?

PA projection of the thoracolumbar vertebral column

Which of the following methods is used to demonstrate the cervicothoracic region in the lateral projection? 1.) Ottonello method 2.) swimmer's technique 3.) Ferguson method

Swimmers technique

which position of the cervical vertebral column best demonstrates the right intervertebral foramina when the CR is angled 15 to 20 degrees caudad?

RAO

Which of the following positions would best demonstrate the cervical pedicles? 1.RAO 2.Lateral 3.LPO

RAO and LPO

which position of the cervical vertebral column best demonstrates the left intervertebral foramina when the CR is angled 15 to 20 degrees ceph?

RPO

Which abnormal spinal condition involves any lateral curvature of the vertebral column?

Scoliosis

A patient comes to the radiology department with a clinical history of Scheyermann disease. Which radiographic procedure might often be performed for this condition?

Scoliosis series

which maneuver should be used to help obtain max depression of the shoulders in the lateral projection of the cervical vertebral column?

Suspend respiration after full expiration

If the first, second, or third thoracic vertebra is not included on a routine lateral thoracic projection, which supplementary position is used to demonstrate these vertebrae?

Swimmers

Which of the following lines must be perpendicular to the IR for the AP "open mouth" atlas and axis?

a line drawn from the lower edge of the upper incisors to the tip of the mastoid process

what compensation should be made in the lateral projection of the thoracic vertebral column on a recumbent pt when the lower thoracic region is not parallel with the table?

angle the CR 10-15 degrees cephalad

which of the following structures is located at the level of the interspace between the second and third thoracic vertebrae. A Manubrium B Jugular notch C Sternal angle D Xiphoid process

b.jugular notch

on which structure is the dens located?

body of the c2

which vertebral structures unite at the origin of the spinous process of a typical vertebra?

both laminae

which structure is known as the "axis"?

c2

which two vertebral curves are lordotic curves

cervical and lumbar

the intervertebral foramina of the thoracic spine are demonstrated with the:

coronal plane 90 degrees to the IR

lumbar vertebrae differ from cervical and thoracic vertebrae bc lumbar vertebrae have:

foramina through the transverse processes

thoracic vertebrae differ from cervical and lumbar vertebrae bc thoracic vertabrae have:

demifacets

the AP projection that demonstrates the dens using the Fuchs method differs from the AP projection (open mouth) bc the Fuchs method:

extends the chin and keeps the mouth closed

when is it recommended that the collimated field size for an AP projection of the lumbar vertebrae be open to 14 x 17?

for trauma pts for visualization of the liver, kidney, spleen, and psoas muscle margins along with the air or gas patterns

a patient comes to a radiology department for a follow-up study for 6 months after having spinal fusion surgery of the lower cervical spine (c5-c6). the surgeon wants to check for anteroposterior mobility of the fused spine. Beyond the basic cervical spine projections, what additional projections can be taken to assess mobility of the spine?

had to write all that, just for this answer. Hyperflexion and hyperextension.

which structures articulate with vertebral demifacets?

heads of ribs

to what level of the body should thr CR be directed for the lateral projection of the thoracic vertebrae?

interior angle of the scapula

Which of the following are well demonstrated in the oblique position of the cervical spine? 1.intervertebral foramina 2.apophyseal joints 3.intervertebral joints

intervertebral foramina only

the long, flat structures that project posteromedially from the pedicles are the

laminae

the zygopophyseal joints of the cervical spine are clearly demonstrated on which projection?

lateral

which projection best demonstrates lordosis?

lateral projection of the lumbar vertebral column

which projection best demonstrates kyphosis?

lateral projection of the thoracic vertebral column

the CR will be parallel to the interbertebral foramina in which of the following projections? lateral cervical spine lateral thoracic spine lateral lumbar spine

lateral thoracic spine & lateral lumbar spine

which projection of the cervical spine will demonstrate the lower five zygapopyseal joints of the cervical spine? 1.lateral 2.lateral in hyperflexion 3.lateral in hyperextension

lateral, lateral in hyperflexion, lateral in hyperextension

a radiolucent sponge can be placed under the patient's waist for a lateral projectio of the thoracic spine to: 1. make the vertebral column parallel to the IR 2.place the intervertebral disk spaces perpendicular to the IR 3.decrease the amount of scatter reaching the IR

make the vertebral column parallel to the IR and place the intervertebral disk spaces perpendicular to the IR

which plane or line of the pt whould be centered on the midline of the table for the AP projection of the lumbar vertebral column?

midsagittal

which one of the following structures makes up the inner aspect of the intervertebral disk?

nucleus pulposus

where should the CR be centered on the pt for the AP projection of the lumbosacral vertebrae?

on MSP at the level of the iliac crest

from the junction of which two vertebral structures do transverse processes originate in typical vertebrae?

pedicle and lamina

the short, thick processes that project posteriorly on each side of a vertebral body are called the:

pedicles

how should the central ray be directed for the AP projection (open mouth)?

perpendicular

for the lateral projection (swimmers) of the cervical vertebrae, how and where should the central ray be directed?

perpendicular to the intervertebral disk space of C7-T1

what would improve visualization of the spinous process and overall image quality on the lateral projection of the t-spine?

placing a ridiculous small lead rubber behind the patient.

a radiograph of a lateral thoracic spine reveals that lung markings and ribs make it difficult to visuallize the vertebral bodies. The following factors were used: recumbent position, 40" SID, short exposure time and exposure made during full expiration. Whcih one of these factors needs to be modified to produce a more diagnostic image during the repeat exposure?

short exposure time changed to long exposure time