Chapter 8, part 1, partial ch 24
The following factors were used to perform a lateral projection of the cervical spine: 1. 44 inch SID 2. Erect position 3. Arms down by patient's sides 4. Exposure made on full inspiration On the finished radiograph, C7 is not fully visible. Which two of the above factors should be changed to produce a more diagnostic image during the repeat exposure?
1 and 4
which projection of the cervical vertebral column best demonstrates the intervertebral foramina?
AP axial oblique projection
Describe the Fuchs MEthod
AP, Dens
for the AP projection of the thoracic vertebral column, where should the CR be centered on the anterior chest wall?
At the point halfway between the jugular notch and xiphoid process
which projection of the cervical vertebrae demonstrates the spinous processes elevated and widely seperated?
Hyperflexion lateral projection
which structures of a typical vertebra are the zygopophyses?
articular processes
on which structure is the dens located?
c2
the intervertebral foramina of the cervical spine are demonstrated on which of the following projections? ap axial ap axial oblique PA axial oblique
AP axial oblique and PA axial oblique
For which projection of the cervical vertebrae should the CR be angles 15-20 degrees cephalad?
AP axial projection
if the patient comes to the ER with possible Jefferson's fracture. Other than a lateral projection of the cervical spine and a CT scan, which specific radiograph projection will best demonstrate this type of fracture?
AP open-mouth
What projections can be used to supplement the traditional "open-mouth" projection, when the upper portion of the odontoid process cannot be well demonstrated?
AP or PA through the foramen magnum
which projection most requires usage of the anode heel effect to improve its image quality?
AP projection of the thoracic vertebral column
which projection should be included in a cervical series if the lateral projection does not demonstrate C7 vertebra?
AP projection, with a perpendicular CR
which projection of the cervical vertebrae demonstrates the dens imaged within the foramen magnum?
AP projections (fuchs method)
what is the name of the condition that results in the forward slipping of one vertebra on the one below it?
spondylolisthesis
the radiographer should not use the Fuchs method to obtain the AP projection of the dens if the patient is:
suspected to have a fracture or degenerative disease
which of the following thoracic vertebrae do not possess a facet for the costotransverse joint?
t11 and t12
A poorly positioned AP thoracic projection shows that the lower thoracic intervertebral disc spaces are obscured and the vertebral bodies are distorted. How has the patient been mispositioned?
the patient's legs were extended
which two vertebral curvatures are anteriorly concave?
thoracic and pelvic
which two vertebral curves are kyphotic curves?
thoracic and pelvic
which two vertebral curves are primary curves?
thoracic and pelvic
for the AP projection of the T spine column with the pt in the supine position, why should the pt's hips and knees be flexed?
to reduce kyphosis
why should the patient flex the hips and knees for the AP projection of the lumbar vertebrae?
to reduce lumbar lordosis
which cervical vertebral structures are perforated with a foramen for the passage of the vertebral artery and vein?
transverse process
what should be done so that the magnified shoulder farthest from the IR is projected below the lower cervical vertebrae for the lateral projection of the cervical vertebrae?
Direct a horizontal CR to C4
what should be done to prevent mandibular rami from superimposing cervical vertebrae in the lateral projction of the cervical vertebral column?
Elevate the chin. (Take it like a champ)
which spinal condition involves abnormally increased anterior concavity (posterior convexity) of the thoracic vertebral column?
Kyphosis
What projection demonstrates the left intervertebral foramen?
LAO
which projection best demonstrates the intervertebral foramina of the thoracic vertebral column?
LATERAL PROJECTION, Bruh
which projection for the cervical vertebrae must be exposed with a horizontal and perpendicular CR?
Lateral
a radiograph of an AP open-mouth projection of the cervical spine reveals that the base of the skull is superimposed over the upper dens. Which positioning error is present on the radiograph?
The occlusal plane is not perpendicular to the IR
What should be done to reduce the magnification caused by the increased OID distance in the lateral projection of the cervical vertebrae?
Use a 72 inch SID
which vertebral structures have bifid tips?
spinous process of cervical vertebrae
which structures is known as the "atlas"?
c1
with reference to the MSP, how do zygopophyseal joints open in cervical vertebrae?
90 degrees, the boy band
in the posterior oblique position of the cervical spine, the central ray should be directed:
15 degrees cephalad to c4
How should the CR be directed for the PA axial oblique projection of the cervical vertebral column?
15-20 degrees caudad
How should the CR be directed for an AP axial oblique projection of the cervical vertebral column?
15-20 degrees cephalad
How and where should the central ray be directed for the AP axial projection of the cervical vertebral column?
15-20 degrees cephalad to C4
which of the following is (are) appropriate techniques (s) for imaging a patient with possibel trauma injury? 1. instruct the pt to turn slowly and stop if anything hurts 2. Maneuver the x-ray tube head instead of moving the pt 3. Call for help and use the log-rolling method to turn the patient.
2 & 3 only
how many are "true", movable vertebra?
24 true, movable
when the shoulder is immobile and cannot be depressed sufficiently for the cervicothoracic region lateral projection (swimmer's technique), the central ray in angled:
3-5 degrees caudad
with reference to the MSP, how do zygopophyseal joints open in lumbar vertebrae?
30-60 degrees posteriorly
in early life, how many vertebrae do you have?
33 in early life
How many degrees from supine or the anatomic position should the entire body be rotated for AP axial oblique projection of the cervical vertebrae?
45 degrees
what is the proper amount of head and body rotation for the PA axial oblique projection of the cervical vertebrae?
45 degrees
with reference to the MSP, how do zygopophyseal joints open in thoracic vertebrae?
70-75 degrees
what skin dose range would be recieved by an average-size adult patient during a lateral thoracic spine projection?
800-1000 mrad
which cervical structures are best demonstrated with the AP projection (open mouth)?
C1 and C2
Which evaluation criterion does not apply to the AP axial projection of the cervical vertebral column? the intervertebral disk spaces should be open the spinous processes should be equidistant to the pedicles the mandibular angles should be equidistant to the vertebrae C1 and C2 should be seen without mandibular superimposition
C1 and C2 should be seen without mandibular superimposition
which cervical vertebrae may demonstrate a "cervical rib"?
C7
how should the IR be positioned for the AP axial projection of the cervical vertebral column?
Centered to C4
what structures are not well visualized on a lateral projection of the thoracic vertebrae?
Inferior angle of the scapulae
what structure is best demonstrated with the swimmers lateral projection?
Lower thoracic and upper thoracic vertabrae
What are you doing on a Friday Night?
Making a gosh darn 100 + term quizlet at barned and noble
which projection best demonstrates scoliosis?
PA projection of the thoracolumbar vertebral column
Which of the following methods is used to demonstrate the cervicothoracic region in the lateral projection? 1.) Ottonello method 2.) swimmer's technique 3.) Ferguson method
Swimmers technique
which position of the cervical vertebral column best demonstrates the right intervertebral foramina when the CR is angled 15 to 20 degrees caudad?
RAO
Which of the following positions would best demonstrate the cervical pedicles? 1.RAO 2.Lateral 3.LPO
RAO and LPO
which position of the cervical vertebral column best demonstrates the left intervertebral foramina when the CR is angled 15 to 20 degrees ceph?
RPO
Which abnormal spinal condition involves any lateral curvature of the vertebral column?
Scoliosis
A patient comes to the radiology department with a clinical history of Scheyermann disease. Which radiographic procedure might often be performed for this condition?
Scoliosis series
which maneuver should be used to help obtain max depression of the shoulders in the lateral projection of the cervical vertebral column?
Suspend respiration after full expiration
If the first, second, or third thoracic vertebra is not included on a routine lateral thoracic projection, which supplementary position is used to demonstrate these vertebrae?
Swimmers
Which of the following lines must be perpendicular to the IR for the AP "open mouth" atlas and axis?
a line drawn from the lower edge of the upper incisors to the tip of the mastoid process
what compensation should be made in the lateral projection of the thoracic vertebral column on a recumbent pt when the lower thoracic region is not parallel with the table?
angle the CR 10-15 degrees cephalad
which of the following structures is located at the level of the interspace between the second and third thoracic vertebrae. A Manubrium B Jugular notch C Sternal angle D Xiphoid process
b.jugular notch
on which structure is the dens located?
body of the c2
which vertebral structures unite at the origin of the spinous process of a typical vertebra?
both laminae
which structure is known as the "axis"?
c2
which two vertebral curves are lordotic curves
cervical and lumbar
the intervertebral foramina of the thoracic spine are demonstrated with the:
coronal plane 90 degrees to the IR
lumbar vertebrae differ from cervical and thoracic vertebrae bc lumbar vertebrae have:
foramina through the transverse processes
thoracic vertebrae differ from cervical and lumbar vertebrae bc thoracic vertabrae have:
demifacets
the AP projection that demonstrates the dens using the Fuchs method differs from the AP projection (open mouth) bc the Fuchs method:
extends the chin and keeps the mouth closed
when is it recommended that the collimated field size for an AP projection of the lumbar vertebrae be open to 14 x 17?
for trauma pts for visualization of the liver, kidney, spleen, and psoas muscle margins along with the air or gas patterns
a patient comes to a radiology department for a follow-up study for 6 months after having spinal fusion surgery of the lower cervical spine (c5-c6). the surgeon wants to check for anteroposterior mobility of the fused spine. Beyond the basic cervical spine projections, what additional projections can be taken to assess mobility of the spine?
had to write all that, just for this answer. Hyperflexion and hyperextension.
which structures articulate with vertebral demifacets?
heads of ribs
to what level of the body should thr CR be directed for the lateral projection of the thoracic vertebrae?
interior angle of the scapula
Which of the following are well demonstrated in the oblique position of the cervical spine? 1.intervertebral foramina 2.apophyseal joints 3.intervertebral joints
intervertebral foramina only
the long, flat structures that project posteromedially from the pedicles are the
laminae
the zygopophyseal joints of the cervical spine are clearly demonstrated on which projection?
lateral
which projection best demonstrates lordosis?
lateral projection of the lumbar vertebral column
which projection best demonstrates kyphosis?
lateral projection of the thoracic vertebral column
the CR will be parallel to the interbertebral foramina in which of the following projections? lateral cervical spine lateral thoracic spine lateral lumbar spine
lateral thoracic spine & lateral lumbar spine
which projection of the cervical spine will demonstrate the lower five zygapopyseal joints of the cervical spine? 1.lateral 2.lateral in hyperflexion 3.lateral in hyperextension
lateral, lateral in hyperflexion, lateral in hyperextension
a radiolucent sponge can be placed under the patient's waist for a lateral projectio of the thoracic spine to: 1. make the vertebral column parallel to the IR 2.place the intervertebral disk spaces perpendicular to the IR 3.decrease the amount of scatter reaching the IR
make the vertebral column parallel to the IR and place the intervertebral disk spaces perpendicular to the IR
which plane or line of the pt whould be centered on the midline of the table for the AP projection of the lumbar vertebral column?
midsagittal
which one of the following structures makes up the inner aspect of the intervertebral disk?
nucleus pulposus
where should the CR be centered on the pt for the AP projection of the lumbosacral vertebrae?
on MSP at the level of the iliac crest
from the junction of which two vertebral structures do transverse processes originate in typical vertebrae?
pedicle and lamina
the short, thick processes that project posteriorly on each side of a vertebral body are called the:
pedicles
how should the central ray be directed for the AP projection (open mouth)?
perpendicular
for the lateral projection (swimmers) of the cervical vertebrae, how and where should the central ray be directed?
perpendicular to the intervertebral disk space of C7-T1
what would improve visualization of the spinous process and overall image quality on the lateral projection of the t-spine?
placing a ridiculous small lead rubber behind the patient.
a radiograph of a lateral thoracic spine reveals that lung markings and ribs make it difficult to visuallize the vertebral bodies. The following factors were used: recumbent position, 40" SID, short exposure time and exposure made during full expiration. Whcih one of these factors needs to be modified to produce a more diagnostic image during the repeat exposure?
short exposure time changed to long exposure time
