EBI exam 4

A researcher plans to utilize a systematic random sampling method from a population of 5000 eligible subjects, using a sample of 200 subjects. Beginning at a randomly selected point on the list of subjects, what is the gap between elements? a.25 b.50 c.100 d.200

a.25

Which describes an outlier? a.A data point with a value outside what is predicted by other data points b.Any data point far from the median point, but still within 2 standard deviations from the mean. c.A study result that is directly attributable to randomness. d.A study score from a subject lost to attrition after the study begins.

a.A data point with a value outside what is predicted by other data points

Which is a type of probability sampling? a.Cluster b.Convenience c.Network d.Quota

a.Cluster

When conducting a study in which it is not possible to determine the true number of subjects who meet eligibility criteria and obtaining a random sample would be time consuming and expensive, the researcher will use which sampling method? a.Cluster sampling b.Simple random sampling c.Stratified random sampling d.Systematic sampling

a.Cluster sampling

A nurse conducts a study to examine the effects of a new intervention on FEV1 levels in patients with COPD and uses all patients admitted to a hospital during a 2-month period. This is an example of which type of sampling method? a.Convenience b.Network c.Quota d.Random

a.Convenience

A researcher conducts a study to examine the effects of breastfeeding on infant weight at age 6 months. Which type of measurement is used to measure the infants weight? a.Direct b.Indirect c.Nominal d.Ordinal

a.Direct

After a clinical drug trial to measure the effects of atorvastatin administration on low-density lipoprotein levels, which of the following conclusion statements is acceptable in the research report? a.Findings of clinical drug tests suggest that atorvastatin works to reduce low-density lipoprotein levels in study subjects. b.Results of this clinical drug trial demonstrate that atorvastatin works to reduce low-density lipoprotein levels in all adults over age 65. c.The negative correlation between atorvastatin administration and low-density lipoprotein levels indicates that atorvastatin causes a decrease in LDL levels. d.The study proved that atorvastatin decreases low-density lipoprotein levels.

a.Findings of clinical drug tests suggest that atorvastatin works to reduce low-density lipoprotein levels in study subjects.

A researcher studying the effects of an intervention on symptoms measures the time from intervention to absence of symptoms and reports this in the number of days. This measure represents which level of measurement? a.Interval b.Nominal c.Ordinal d.Ratio

a.Interval

Which is true about using data from an existing database? a.It allows larger sampling and complex analyses. b.The burden on participants is higher than when primary data collection is used. c.The researcher is able to draw upon data that are specific to a particular study. d.Research reports do not have to describe data collection procedures.

a.It allows larger sampling and complex analyses.

Which is true about a test that is highly specific? a.It is good at identifying patients who do not have a disease. b.It is good at identifying patients who have a disease. c.It results in an increased number of false negatives. d.It results in an increased number of false positives.

a.It is good at identifying patients who do not have a disease.

Which of the following is true about convenience sampling? a.It tends to be less expensive and easier to conduct. b.It requires fewer subjects to achieve a representative sample. c.It is used more often in quantitative research. d.It allows the researcher greater control over extraneous variables.

a.It tends to be less expensive and easier to conduct.

Which type of scale is most commonly used in a survey of patient satisfaction? a.Likert scale b.Numeric rating scale c.Rating scale d.Visual analog scale

a.Likert scale

A researcher may use which strategy to reduce the potential for measurement error when evaluating obesity in study subjects? a.Measure weight, abdominal girth, and BMI on all subjects b.Train multiple data collectors to take measurements c.Use scales in several different clinical settings to obtain data d.Utilize a single measure, such as BMI, applied to all subjects

a.Measure weight, abdominal girth, and BMI on all subjects

Which is a type of nonprobability sampling? a.Purposeful b.Simple random c.Stratified random d.Systematic

a.Purposeful

Which statement is true about using a questionnaire to collect data? a.Questions are presented consistently with less chance for bias than with an interview. b.Questionnaires are generally more expensive than interviewing techniques. c.Subjects usually give more in-depth answers when responding to questionnaires. d.The response rate is generally higher than when using interviews to collect data.

a.Questions are presented consistently with less chance for bias than with an interview.

A researcher uses a checklist of questions to ask participants while collecting data for a study. This represents which type of data collection? a.Structured interview b.Structured questionnaire c.Unstructured interview d.Unstructured questionnaire

a.Structured interview

Which statement is true about validity? a.Validity evaluates an instrument for a specific group or purpose. b.Validity occurs when an instrument is valid across situations. c.Validity measures are absolute. d.Validity measures are independent of reliability.

a.Validity evaluates an instrument for a specific group or purpose.

A researcher wishes to study the effects of a nursing intervention on children with cancer and obtains a sample of school-age children hospitalized for cancer treatment in a local hospital. This sample represents the: a.accessible population. b.general population c.target population. d.theoretical population.

a.accessible population.

The goal of appropriate sampling in research is to: a.accurately reflect the characteristics of the target population. b.completely define the traits of the accessible population. c.identify all attributes of the sample population. d.study an entire population.

a.accurately reflect the characteristics of the target population.

A researcher conducting a qualitative study knows that saturation of information has occurred when: a.additional sampling reveals redundant information. b.data collected confirms theoretical models. c.subjects participating are representative of the general population. d.the desired sample size has been reached.

a.additional sampling reveals redundant information.

A researcher administers two instruments known to measure opposite concepts and performs correlational analyses on the results. The original measure has a negative correlation of ?7?0.6 with the new measure. This indicates: a.both measures are valid. b.neither measure is valid. c.only the first measure is valid. d.only the second measure is valid.

a.both measures are valid.

A researcher evaluates whether a tool addresses the major elements of the construct being studied. This helps to ensure: a.content validity. b.equivalence. c.internal consistency. d.readability level.

a.content validity.

A researcher tests a measurement tools validity by administering it to a group of subjects who dont have health insurance and a group who have health insurance to examine attitudes about access to health care. The researcher is looking for evidence of validity from: a.contrasting groups. b.convergence. c.divergence. d.readability.

a.contrasting groups.

The benefit to using a sample that utilizes narrow sampling criteria is that there is increased: a.control of extraneous variables. b.generalizability. c.heterogenicity. d.range of values and scores.

a.control of extraneous variables.

A pilot study reveals a wide variation in measurement values among subjects with an overall mean value that is higher than among the general population. By increasing the sample size in a subsequent study, the researcher expects to: a.decrease the variation of scores among subjects. b.increase the variation of scores among subjects. c.decrease the mean value of scores among subjects. d.increase the mean value of scores among subjects.

a.decrease the variation of scores among subjects.

An instrument that detects the presence of streptococcal antibodies is negative. Before reporting the absence of disease, the researcher must determine whether this result might be a: a.false negative. b.false positive. c.gold standard. d.true positive.

a.false negative.

A researcher reports that a measure is highly sensitive when diagnosing patients. The reviewer understands that this test: a.has a low percentage of false negatives. b.has a low percentage of false positives. c.has a high percentage of false negatives. d.has a high percentage of false positives.

a.has a low percentage of false negatives.

In a qualitative study, a sample may be too small if: a.the depth of information is low. b.the effect size is too large. c.the saturation of information is high. d.the scope of the study is narrow.

a.the depth of information is low.

A researcher wishes to evaluate the reliability of a visual analog pain scale in a group of postoperative patients. The best way to do this is to compare results: a.to results of the test when given to another set of subjects. b.to results from the same subjects using the FACES rating scale. c.to results from a previous measure with a different visual analog scale. d.to results from a group of subjects who have minimal or no pain.

a.to results of the test when given to another set of subjects.

Which setting is the most highly controlled setting? a.A nursing home unit b.A research sleep lab c.A school-based clinic d.An intensive care unit

b.A research sleep lab

Which can be measured using direct measurement? a.Anxiety level b.Blood pressure c.Diagnosis d.Feelings

b.Blood pressure

Which of these sampling techniques is least likely to produce findings that are generalizable to a larger population? a.Cluster b.Convenience c.Quota d.Systematic

b.Convenience

What type of information is typically found in an administrative database? a.Data collected for a specific research study b.Demographic information about a population c.Journal accounts of subjects responses to surveys d.Statistical results of experimental studies

b.Demographic information about a population

Which type of research study tends to require a larger sample size than the others? a.Case study b.Descriptive study c.Experimental study d.Quasi-experimental study

b.Descriptive study

Which of the following is not one of the components of power analysis? a.Effect size b.Error type c.Power d.Sample size

b.Error type

Which generally is an advantage of using primary data in a research study? a.It allows researchers to conduct more longitudinal studies. b.It has greater specificity to the study purpose. c.It puts less burden on study participants. d.It reduces the cost of data collection.

b.It has greater specificity to the study purpose.

Which of the following is true about sample size in a qualitative study? a.It is determined by the sensitivity of the measurement tools. b.It is considered adequate when the researcher detects no new knowledge c.It is influenced by the expected effect size and the probability of a type II error. d.It is determined by the number of variables and data analysis techniques.

b.It is considered adequate when the researcher detects no new knowledge

A researcher conducts a study to identify the relationship of lifestyle choices to the development of chronic diseases. The researcher surveys subjects and identifies diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, and renal disease in study subjects. These measures represent which level of measurement? a.Interval b.Nominal c.Ordinal d.Ratio

b.Nominal

A researcher conducts a survey of patients seen in an inner-city ambulatory clinic to determine barriers to receiving health care. The target population includes African-American, Hispanic, and Somali immigrant patients, as well as a variety of foreign-born students from a nearby university. The researcher chooses subjects from the African-American, Hispanic, and Somali immigrant populations to participate. This is which type of sampling? a.Network b.Purposive c.Quota d.Theoretical

b.Purposive

Which data represent the lowest form of measurement? a.Levels of anxiety on a scale from mild to severe b.Race and ethnicity classification c.Temperature of subjects after an intervention d.Weight, height, and body mass index

b.Race and ethnicity classification

A researcher begins a study with 250 subjects, and 50 subjects drop out before the study is concluded. The researcher will declare 20% as the sample: a.acceptance rate. b.attrition rate. c.refusal rate. d.retention rate.

b.attrition rate.

A researcher develops a new instrument to measure coping skills and conducts a pilot study to compare the new tool with an existing tool that measures this concept. This is an example of evidence of validity from: a.contrasting groups. b.convergence. c.divergence. d.readability.

b.convergence.

In a study involving multiple data collectors, the researcher helps to ensure consistency in data collection by: a.describing the study participant recruitment process in the research summary. b.detailing the training process of the data collectors in the research report. c.discarding data that includes even minor deviations in data collection methods. d.minimizing the influence of intervening forces on the study findings.

b.detailing the training process of the data collectors in the research report.

The goal of sampling theory is to: a.clearly define sample types used in research studies. b.determine the best way to achieve representative samples. c.develop methods for collecting data more efficiently. d.provide frameworks for data analysis.

b.determine the best way to achieve representative samples.

A reviewer reads a research report and notes that the number of subjects in the original sample is larger than the number in the final analysis. Besides attrition of subjects, this discrepancy is likely because: a.data from the control group are not included in the analysis. b.essential data is missing from subjects no longer included. c.subjects producing outlying data have been excluded from the results. d.the final analysis usually discusses data from the experimental group only.

b.essential data is missing from subjects no longer included.

In a study of patients who have dementia, a researcher wishes to examine the effects of moderate exercise on patients abilities to perform self-care. The researcher decides to use subjects between 70 and 80 years of age who have been diagnosed with dementia for less than 1 year. A patient who is 65 years old meets: a.eligibility criteria. b.exclusion criteria. c.inclusion criteria. d.sampling criteria.

b.exclusion criteria.

In qualitative research, the sampling plan is developed in order to: a.decrease systematic bias. b.increase the representativeness of the findings related to the phenomena. c.minimize the need for discussion of cultural elements of the study. d.reduce sampling error.

b.increase the representativeness of the findings related to the phenomena.

In a discussion that includes the analysis of data collected during a pilot study, the researcher discusses the relationships and differences in data sets and makes predictions based on this analysis. The researcher will use which process? a.descriptive analysis b.inferential analysis c.reliability testing d.validity testing

b.inferential analysis

A researcher evaluates scores of a paper and pencil instrument with dichotomous variables using the Kuder-Richardson formula. This is a test of: a.alternate forms reliability. b.internal consistency reliability. c.interrater reliability. d.test-retest reliability.

b.internal consistency reliability.

During a study about nurses ability to teach lifestyle changes in patients with coronary artery disease, the researcher discovers that many nurses have negative attitudes about obesity. The researcher develops a survey to examine these attitudes. This is an example of: a.grounded theory research. b.intraproject sampling. c.saturation of information. d.verification of information.

b.intraproject sampling.

A researcher notes that 2 subjects in an experimental group had scores similar to those in the control group, while the other 20 experimental group subjects had scores far different from those in the control group. The researcher would consider the scores for the two subjects as: a.control group findings. b.outlier scores. c.unexpected findings. d.ungrouped participants.

b.outlier scores.

A researcher enters a list of subject from a sampling frame into a computer and the computer randomly assigns subjects to control or treatment groups. This is an example of: a.cluster sampling. b.simple random sampling. c.stratified random sampling. d.systematic sampling.

b.simple random sampling.

A researcher studies the effects of a nursing intervention on a desired patient outcome and discovers a statistically significant difference between groups receiving the intervention and those not receiving the intervention. The researcher concludes that the intervention is effective. This researcher has made a: a.generalization. b.statistical inference. c.Type I error. d.Type II error.

b.statistical inference.

A researcher notes a reliability score of 0.75 between two observers in a clinical drug trial evaluating whether the drug decreases anxiety. This score means that: a.there is 25% random error. b.there is 75% random error. c.this is an acceptable measure of reliability. d.this measurement tool is not reliable.

b.there is 75% random error.

A nurse conducts a study to evaluate the likelihood that single adolescent mothers will breastfeed their newborn infants if they are given materials about the benefits of breastfeeding. The results show a p value of 0.18. The nurse may conclude that: a.the value is too low to be able to draw meaningful conclusions. b.there is an 18% probability that this population will breastfeed their infants. c.there is an 18% probability that this population will not breastfeed their infants. d.there is an 82% probability that this population will breastfeed their infants

b.there is an 18% probability that this population will breastfeed their infants.

An appropriate level of significance for nursing research is either: a.0.5 or 0.1. b.0.03 or 0.003. c.0.05 or 0.01. d.0.005 or 0.001.

c.0.05 or 0.01.

A screening test has a specificity of 92%. This means that there is a(n): a.92% chance of a true positive. b.92% chance of a false positive. c.8% chance of a false positive. d.8% chance of a true positive.

c.8% chance of a false positive.

A researcher wishes to identify all school-age children who have type 2 diabetes mellitus in a local community in order to develop a sampling methodology for a study of this population. Which might serve as a barrier to obtaining this information? a.Affordable Care Act (ACA) b.Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (COBRA) c.Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) d.Institutional Review Board (IRB)

c.Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)

In a study measuring oxygen saturation levels in infants, the researcher notes that data collectors record low saturation levels that occur when the heart rate is erratic and the infants are irritable and actively moving around. This will likely result in which type of measurement error? a.Environmental b.Equipment c.Interpretation d.User

c.Interpretation

In a pilot study to help train a group of data collectors who will evaluate childrens pain using a FACES rating scale, the researcher examines the reliability of the scores of each data collector. This is an example of which type of reliability measure? a.Alternate forms reliability b.Internal consistency reliability c.Interrater reliability d.Test-retest reliability

c.Interrater reliability

Which statement is true about systematic sampling? a.A nonrandom starting point is used when selecting subjects. b.It can be used when the desired sample size is unknown. c.It provides a random chance for inclusion as a subject. d.Subjects have an equal chance for inclusion in the study.

c.It provides a random chance for inclusion as a subject.

Which type of setting is most commonly used in qualitative research? a.Controlled b.Multiple c.Natural d.Partially controlled

c.Natural

A researcher will conduct a qualitative study about partners of patients diagnosed with sexually transmitted diseases. This researcher will use which sampling technique to achieve the best representation of this population? a.Accidental sampling b.Cluster sampling c.Network sampling d.Simple random sampling

c.Network sampling

Among subjects with coronary artery disease, a researcher identifies three levels of symptoms which can be categorized by severity. This represents which level of measurement? a.Interval b.Nominal c.Ordinal d.Ratio

c.Ordinal

A researcher wishes to examine whether a teaching program for parents increases adherence to a drug regimen among children with seizure disorders. A convenience sample of children in a large teaching hospital is proposed. In order to prevent confounding of the results by socioeconomic status and type of health insurance, the researcher will utilize which additional sampling technique? a.Cluster b.Network c.Quota d.Theoretical

c.Quota

To decrease the probability of systematic variation in a study to evaluate the effects of a teaching program on disease management, the researcher will use which sampling process? a.Cluster sampling b.Convenience sampling c.Random sampling d.Systematic sampling

c.Random sampling

A researcher begins with a registry of all patients with HIV in the United States. The researcher uses a computer to generate a random sample from the list, and then those individuals agree to participate in a study. What kind of sample has been created? a.Cluster b.Convenience c.Simple random d.Stratified random

c.Simple random

In a study investigating type 2 diabetic patients ability to make lifestyle changes, the researcher randomly selects a sample from a list of all patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes in the United States. The researcher also selects the sample by randomly selecting patients diagnosed for 3 years or longer and those who are newly diagnosed. What sampling technique is used in this study? a.Cluster b.Quota c.Stratified random d.Systematic

c.Stratified random

Which is true about a test that is highly sensitive for detecting a disease? a.There is a high probability of having a false negative result. b.There is a high probability of having a false positive result. c.There is a low probability of having a false negative result. d.There is a low probability of having a false positive result.

c.There is a low probability of having a false negative result.

What is the purpose of using exploratory analysis in a research report? a.To compare control and experimental groups b.To develop testable hypotheses c.To examine and describe data d.To identify theoretical constructs

c.To examine and describe data

A researcher administers a scale measuring self-confidence and one measuring self-doubt to a group of subjects and performs a correlational analysis of the results. This is a test of validity from: a.contrasting groups. b.convergence. c.divergence. d.readability.

c.divergence.

A nursing professor administers three versions of a final exam to a class of students and compares the exams for reliability. This is a measure of: a.homogeneity. b.interrater reliability c.equivalence. d.test-retest reliability.

c.equivalence.

A researcher studying children identifies the following age groups: Birth to age 12 months 12 months to 3 years 3 years to 5 years 5 years to 12 years 12 years to 18 years These categories are not: a.empirical. b.equal. c.exclusive. d.exhaustive.

c.exclusive.

An important goal of inferential statistical analysis is to: a.analyze and describe data collected during a study. b.determine whether theoretical constructs are valid. c.generalize results from the study to the target population. d.measure the reliability and validity of measurement tools.

c.generalize results from the study to the target population.

Prior to initiating a research study, a researcher conducts a power analysis to determine the sample size necessary for a power level of 0.8 and an alpha of .05. The researcher will: a.apply a quota sampling technique to improve generalizability. b.decrease the sample size to minimize costs. c.increase the sample size to avoid a Type II error. d.use stratified random sampling to minimize error.

c.increase the sample size to avoid a Type II error.

A researcher tests a measurement tool in a pilot study and notes a wide variance in scores. To improve the significance of the studys findings in subsequent studies, the researcher will: a.apply quota sampling techniques. b.decrease the sample size. c.increase the sample size. d.use cluster sampling techniques.

c.increase the sample size.

A researcher evaluating the weight of subjects who are obese ensures that the scales used are maintained and calibrated according to the manufacturers recommendations. This is to ensure: a.accuracy. b.convergence. c.precision. d.validity.

c.precision.

A researcher performs a series of pilot studies to evaluate whether a measurement tool produces consistent results. This is an evaluation of: a.accuracy. b.precision. c.reliability. d.validity.

c.reliability.

In statistical analysis of data, the alpha value is used to: a.describe the degree of generalizability of the findings. b.determine the risk of a Type I error. c.reveal whether the p value meets criteria for statistical significance. d.speculate on the frequency distribution of study values.

c.reveal whether the p value meets criteria for statistical significance.

A researcher wishes to conduct a survey of attitudes about illness among young adults with cystic fibrosis. The researcher contacts a nearby regional medical cystic fibrosis clinic, where 250 young adults who have cystic fibrosis are seen. A group of 50 young adults are selected to complete the survey. These 50 people are the: a.accessible population. b.elements of the population. c.sample population. d.target population.

c.sample population.

A researcher who wishes to study the effects of a prenatal breastfeeding education program on the length of time African-American inner-city women breastfeed infants learns that 70% of women in the target population are unmarried. To achieve stratified random sampling in a sample of 50 subjects, the researcher will: a.conduct the study using unmarried subjects only. b.randomly assign all subjects to control versus experimental groups. c.select a random sample of 35 unmarried and 15 married subjects. d.select 25 subjects who are married and 25 who are not married.

c.select a random sample of 35 unmarried and 15 married subjects.

Which situation will involve the use of inferential statistics? a.A comparison of independent variables in a quasi-experimental study b.A discussion about demographic data c.An analysis of demographic variables of the target population d.An examination of the differences between control and experimental group scores

d.An examination of the differences between control and experimental group scores

A nurse researcher compares the outcomes of administration of a bronchodilator either via nebulizer or by metered-dose inhaler and collects data on subjects in a pediatric inpatient hospital unit. This is an example of which type of setting? a.Controlled b.Field c.Natural d.Partially controlled

d.Partially controlled

To measure test-retest reliability of an instrument, a researcher may use the: a.Cronbach alpha coefficient. b.Fischers exact test. c.Kuder-Richardson score. d.Pearsons correlation statistic.

d.Pearsons correlation statistic.

A study measuring the effects of a new diuretic medication records hourly urine output of subjects. This measure represents which level of measurement? a.Interval b.Nominal c.Ordinal d.Ratio

d.Ratio

Which is important when using observational measurement in order to produce reliable data? a.Data collectors will record observations in their own words. b.Each subject should have different observers to record responses. c.Observations will be spontaneously recorded as they occur. d.Researchers will develop checklists of notable behaviors for observers to use.

d.Researchers will develop checklists of notable behaviors for observers to use.

A researcher reviews study data about head circumference in newborns and notes that study personnel are measuring from the end of the measuring tape and not from the zero point, which is 1 cm from the end. This is an example of which type of measurement error? a.Indirect b.Random c.Reliability d.Systematic

d.Systematic

A researcher wishes to evaluate the management of chemotherapy side effects in children with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). Children with ALL are an example of which of the following? a.Accessible population b.Element of the population c.Sample population d.Target population

d.Target population

In a study evaluating pulse oximetry measures in infants, a researcher notes that the pulse oximeter probes are attached to infants feet in different ways. This represents which type of measurement error? a.Environmental b.Equipment c.Subject d.User

d.User

In order to decrease the time needed to achieve saturation in information in a qualitative study, the researcher will: a.broaden the scope of the study. b.increase the number of theoretical concepts. c.keep definitions of concepts vague. d.narrow the studys scope.

d.narrow the studys scope.

A researcher uses a sample whose members have characteristics similar to those of the population from which it is drawn. This is an example of a: a.cluster sample. b.purposive sample. c.random sample. d.representative sample.

d.representative sample.

A researcher conducts a pilot study using a convenience sample of children with seizure disorders. A reviewer of this studys manuscript may conclude that the findings of this study: a.are generalizable to most children with seizures. b.have little credibility; they are extremely biased. c.provide no useful information. d.should be replicated using a wider population.

d.should be replicated using a wider population.

A researcher wishes to conduct a study to determine the effects of an intervention on high school students. In this study, high school students represent the: a.accessible population. b.elements of the population c.sample population d.target population.

d.target population.

A researcher evaluates a measurement tool by administering the tool to a group of subjects every 2 weeks for 8 weeks. This is a measure of the tools: a.alternate forms reliability. b.internal consistency reliability. c.interrater reliability. d.test-retest reliability.

d.test-retest reliability.

It is important to know the demographic variables among study subjects in order to: a.calculate central tendency and standard deviation of study scores. b.ensure that control and experimental subjects are different. c.ensure that outcomes are not caused by independent variables. d.understand how well the sample represents the target population.

d.understand how well the sample represents the target population.

When using stratified random sampling, the researcher is able to: a.achieve greater control over subject selection. b.avoid discussion of the effects of extraneous variables. c.lower the costs associated with sampling. d.use a smaller sample size.

d.use a smaller sample size.

A researcher wishes to study the effects of preoperative teaching on anxiety levels among toddlers and preschoolers undergoing surgery. To reduce the potential for measurement error, the researcher will: a.ask study subjects to describe feelings of anxiety. b.develop a new tool to measure anxiety levels in children. c.rely on multiple observers to collect data for this study. d.use a standardized checklist of anxiety behaviors.

d.use a standardized checklist of anxiety behaviors.

A researcher evaluates the internal consistency (reliability) a newly developed scale used in a pilot study and notes a Cronbach alpha coefficient of space 0.72. The researcher will: a.compare the measure with scores from another group of subjects. b.test the scale for validity prior to using it in another study. c.try another measure with better reliability in another pilot study. d.use the scale in the larger study and continue to monitor coefficient results.

d.use the scale in the larger study and continue to monitor coefficient results.

When documenting reports that previous research has demonstrated the accuracy of a physiologic measure, the researcher is addressing the measures: a.equivalence. b.homogeneity. c.reliability. d.validity.

d.validity.

During the data collection phase of a qualitative study, the researcher notes previously untheorized links among concepts. The researcher will continue to collect data until: a.a quota of each subject type is achieved. b.saturation of information is noted. c.the desired sample size is attained. d.verification of information occurs.

d.verification of information occurs.