Eco 101 (Micro) Ch 1

Economists use the phrase ceteris paribus to express the assumption A) "all else equal." B) "everything affects everything else." C) "scarcity is a fact of life." D) "there is no such thing as a free lunch."

A) "all else equal."

If you can buy 9 DVDs for $126 or you could buy 10 DVDs for $130, then the marginal cost of the tenth DVD is: A) $4. B) $13. C) $14. D) $130.

A) $4.

Which of the following is a positive question? A) Will the level of teenage unemployment increase if the minimum wage is increased? B) Should the minimum wage be set at one-half the average manufacturing wage to guarantee individuals a decent standard of living? C) Wouldn't it be more equitable if the minimum wage increased automatically with the cost of living? D) Wouldn't it be better to try to increase people's wages through job-training programs rather than by requiring employers to pay minimum wages?

A) Will the level of teenage unemployment increase if the minimum wage is increased?

Better insurance benefits increase the incentive of some individuals to work. This statement is best described as A) a positive statement. B) an example of the ceteris paribus assumption. C) a normative statement. D) a comparative economics statement.

A) a positive statement.

The amount of education that one has is an important factor in the determination of his or her wage rate. This is best described as A) a positive statement. B) an example of the fallacy of composition. C) a normative statement. D) an example of marginalism.

A) a positive statement.

The Latin phrase economists use that means all else equal is A) ceteris paribus. B) cogito ergo sum. C) carpe diem. D) caveat emptor

A) ceteris paribus.

The four criteria that are frequently used in judging the outcome of economic policy are A) efficiency, equity, stability, and economic growth. B) efficiency, equality, stability, and economic growth. C) efficiency, equality, profitability, and stability. D) efficiency, equity, profitability, and stability

A) efficiency, equity, stability, and economic growth.

The collection and use of data to test economic theories is A) empirical economics. B) descriptive economics. C) normative economics. D) positive economics.

A) empirical economics.

I have lived in a house on the Mississippi River for many years and have never seen a flood. Therefore, there is no reason for anyone to buy flood insurance. This statement is an example of A) fallacy of composition. B) post hoc, ergo propter hoc fallacy. C) fallacy of inductive reasoning. D) ceteris paribus fallacy.

A) fallacy of composition

A change in economic output is potentially efficient A) if the value of the resulting gains exceeds the value of the resulting losses. B) if the value of the resulting gains exactly equals the value of the resulting losses. C) only if no one is made worse off. D) if the value of the resulting gains is less than the value of the resulting losses.

A) if the value of the resulting gains exceeds the value of the resulting losses.

If information is less costly and more easily available, then usually this A) makes markets more efficient. B) makes markets less efficient. C) increases profit opportunities. D) increases the opportunity cost of acquiring more information.

A) makes markets more efficient.

A formal statement of a theory is known as a(n) A) model. B) positive statement. C) empirical measure. D) causal statement.

A) model.

Which of the following is NOT one of the three fundamental concepts of economics? A) profit maximization B) marginalism C) opportunity cost D) the working of efficient markets

A) profit maximization

Opportunity cost is A) that which we forgo, or give up, when we make a choice or a decision. B) a cost that cannot be avoided, regardless of what is done in the future. C) the additional cost of producing an additional unit of output. D) the additional cost of buying an additional unit of a product.

A) that which we forgo, or give up, when we make a choice or a decision.

The mistake of inferring causality from two events happening one after the other is called A) the post hoc, ergo propter hoc fallacy. B) the fallacy of composition. C) Ockham's razor. D) the fallacy of co-dependence.

A) the post hoc, ergo propter hoc fallacy.

Which of the following is the best definition of economics? A) the study of how individuals and societies choose to use the scarce resources that nature and previous generations have provided B) the study of how consumers spend their income C) the study of how business firms decide what inputs to hire and what outputs to produce D) the study of how the federal government allocates tax dollars

A) the study of how individuals and societies choose to use the scarce resources that nature and previous generations have provided

If you eat at a sushi restaurant that charges $20 for its all you can eat sushi special, then the marginal cost of your 10th piece of sushi is A) zero. B) $2. C) $200. D) $2,000.

A) zero

You have decided that you want to attend a costume party as Iron Man. You estimate that it will cost $40 to assemble your costume. After spending $40 on the costume, you realize that the additional pieces you need will cost you $25 more. The marginal cost of completing the costume is: A) $15. B) $25. C) $40. D) $65

B) $25.

Which of the following is an example of a positive statement? A) There should be no unemployment in an advanced industrial society. B) Higher prices cause consumers to purchase less. C) Consumption should be distributed fairly in society. D) People should pollute as little as possible.

B) Higher prices cause consumers to purchase less.

The rise of the modern factory system in England during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries is known as the A) Great Migration. B) Industrial Revolution. C) Wealth of Nations. D) Dark Ages

B) Industrial Revolution

Which of the following is an example of a normative statement? A) The unemployment rate is six percent. B) There should be no unemployment in an advanced industrial society. C) Higher prices cause consumers to buy less. D) Equilibrium price implies that quantity demanded equals quantity supplied.

B) There should be no unemployment in an advanced industrial society.

Health insurance should be provided to every citizen in a wealthy nation such as the United States. This statement is best described as A) a positive statement. B) a normative statement. C) a marginal statement. D) an implication of an efficient market.

B) a normative statement.

Normative economics is an approach to economics that A) seeks to understand behavior and the operation of systems without making judgments. B) analyzes outcomes of economic behavior, evaluates them as good or bad, and may prescribe preferred courses of action. C) applies statistical techniques and data to economic problems. D) examines the role of government in the economy.

B) analyzes outcomes of economic behavior, evaluates them as good or bad, and may prescribe preferred courses of action.

The concept of opportunity cost A) is relevant only to economics. B) can be applied to the analysis of any decision-making process. C) applies to consumers but not to firms. D) refers only to actual payments and incomes

B) can be applied to the analysis of any decision-making process.

If the slope of a straight line is 4 and if Y (the variable on the vertical axis) decreases by 20, then X (the variable on the horizontal axis) A) increases by 5. B) decreases by 5. C) increases by 80. D) decreases by 80.

B) decreases by 5.

Redistribution of income from the rich to the poor is achieved from a tax system that requires taxes to rise with income. Which of the following criteria best explains the goal of this tax system? A) efficiency B) equity C) growth D) stability

B) equity

Rent control laws are imposed when city officials believe landlords have been exploiting tenants. Which of the following criteria are they using to guide their actions? A) efficiency B) equity C) growth D) stability

B) equity

You have noticed that there is an increase in the number of homeless people in your city. At the same time you observe that there are also a number of vacant apartments. You believe that the government could reduce the number of homeless people if landlords were required to rent their apartments for less than they are currently charging. This policy recommendation would be motivated by concerns over A) efficiency. B) equity. C) economic growth. D) stability

B) equity.

An efficient market is a market A) in which everyone always gets what they want. B) in which profit opportunities are eliminated almost instantaneously. C) in which profits are always very high and persistent. D) in which opportunity costs are zero.

B) in which profit opportunities are eliminated almost instantaneously.

The slope of a vertical line is A) zero. B) infinite. C) continually changing. D) negative

B) infinite.

The study of economics A) is a very narrow endeavor. B) is a way of analyzing decision-making processes caused by scarcity. C) is concerned with proving that capitalism is better than socialism. D) focuses on how a business should function.

B) is a way of analyzing decision-making processes caused by scarcity.

The study of how benefits are determined for city employees would be considered A) microeconomics. B) macroeconomics. C) descriptive economics. D) institutional economics

B) macroeconomics.

Studying how Joshua allocates his time between school and video games is an example of A) macroeconomics. B) microeconomics. C) industrial organization. D) descriptive economics.

B) microeconomics.

There is great concern over the fact that millions of Americans do not have health insurance. A study of the costs and benefits of implementing a national health-insurance program is an example of A) laissez-faire economics. B) positive economics. C) labor economics. D) normative economics.

B) positive economics.

The economy was expanding during all of the years that I was a student, but as soon as I graduated, the economy contracted. Therefore, the labor market was waiting until I started looking for a job to contract. This statement is an example of A) ceteris paribus fallacy. B) post hoc, ergo propter hoc fallacy. C) fallacy of composition. D) fallacy of inductive reasoning

B) post hoc, ergo propter hoc fallacy

It always rains about an hour after you finish washing your car. Concluding that washing your car caused it to rain is an example of the A) fallacy of composition. B) post hoc, ergo propter hoc fallacy. C) fallacy of inductive reasoning. D) ceteris paribus conditions.

B) post hoc, ergo propter hoc fallacy.

Whenever the Democrats gain control of the Congress, spending on social programs increases; whenever Republicans gain control of the Congress, spending on defense increases. Hence, we know what the next party in control will do. This statement is an example of A) fallacy of inductive reasoning. B) post hoc, ergo propter hoc fallacy. C) fallacy of composition. D) ceteris paribus fallacy.

B) post hoc, ergo propter hoc fallacy.

An efficient market is characterized by the fact that A) output is steady or growing and there is low inflation. B) profit opportunities are eliminated almost instantaneously. C) there are no opportunity costs. D) wealth is distributed fairly.

B) profit opportunities are eliminated almost instantaneously.

Economists often refer to risk-free ventures as A) efficient market outcomes. B) profit opportunities. C) those with no opportunity costs. D) break-even propositions.

B) profit opportunities.

The reason that opportunity costs arise is that A) an economy relies on money to facilitate exchange of goods and services. B) resources are scarce. C) there are no alternative decisions that could be made. D) people have limited wants.

B) resources are scarce.

An efficient economy is an economy A) in which output is steady or growing and there is low inflation. B) that produces what consumers demand and does so at the least possible cost. C) that distributes output equally among all consumers. D) in which there is a fair distribution of wealth

B) that produces what consumers demand and does so at the least possible cost.

If you own a building and you decide to use that building to open a book store, A) there is no opportunity cost of using this building for a book store because you own it. B) there is an opportunity cost of using this building for a book store because it could have been used in other ways. C) the opportunity costs equal the cost of inventory. D) the only cost relevant to this decision is the price you paid for the building

B) there is an opportunity cost of using this building for a book store because it could have been used in other ways.

The slope of a horizontal line is A) negative. B) zero. C) continually changing. D) infinite.

B) zero.

If your tuition is $5,000 this semester, your books cost $600, you can only work 20 rather than 40 hours per week during the 15 weeks you are taking classes and you make $15 per hour, and your room and board is $3000 this semester (same as if not attending college), then your opportunity cost of attending college this semester is A) $5,600. B) $5,900. C) $10,100. D) $11,600.

C) $10,100.

If your tuition is $25,000 this semester, your books cost $1,500, you can only work 20 rather than 40 hours per week during the 15 weeks you are taking classes and you make $15 per hour, and your room and board is $7,500 this semester (same as if not attending college), then your opportunity cost of attending college this semester is: A) $26,500. B) $26,800. C) $31,000. D) $38,500

C) $31,000.

Which of the following statements is NOT correct? A) Economics is a behavioral science. B) In large measure, economics is the study of how people make choices. C) If poverty were eliminated, there would be no reason to study economics. D) Economic analysis can be used to explain how both individuals and societies make decisions.

C) If poverty were eliminated, there would be no reason to study economics.

The principle that irrelevant detail should not be included in a model is known as A) a fallacy. B) ceteris paribus. C) Ockham's razor. D) normative economics

C) Ockham's razor.

Which of the following is a normative question? A) Why do gasoline prices increase between Memorial Day and Labor Day? B) What will happen to gasoline consumption if the federal tax on gasoline is eliminated? C) To reduce the regressive nature of the gasoline excise tax, should the portion of the gasoline excise tax paid by high-income individuals be increased? D) How will oil exploration be affected if the government subsidizes oil producers?

C) To reduce the regressive nature of the gasoline excise tax, should the portion of the gasoline excise tax paid by high-income individuals be increased?

The government should extend the duration of unemployment benefits to those workers who lost their jobs due to outsourcing. This statement is best described as A) an example of marginalism. B) an example of the fallacy of composition. C) a normative statement. D) a positive statement

C) a normative statement.

Experimental research in small cities suggests that mandating work for welfare recipients increases their income. Therefore, we should mandate work requirements for all welfare recipients. This statement is an example of A) fallacy of inductive reasoning. B) ceteris paribus fallacy. C) fallacy of composition. D) post hoc, ergo prompter hoc fallacy.

C) fallacy of composition.

The slope of a non-linear curve A) is always positive. B) must first increase then decrease. C) is not constant. D) is constant

C) is not constant.

You own the Star Wars six DVD set. The opportunity cost of watching these DVDs for the second time A) is zero. B) is one-half the cost of the DVDs, as this is the second time you have watched it. C) is the value of the alternative use of the time you spend watching the DVDs. D) cannot be calculated.

C) is the value of the alternative use of the time you spend watching the DVDs.

Suppose that you purchased a ticket to a jazz festival for $100 from an online ticket broker. Once you arrived at the festival, you discovered that parking costs you an additional $15. In this situation, the additional $15 you pay for parking is an example of A) an economic loss. B) opportunity cost. C) marginal cost. D) an inefficient cost.

C) marginal cost.

Studying how the management of Hewlett Packard decides how many computers to produce and the price to charge for its computers would be considered A) descriptive economics. B) empirical economics. C) microeconomics. D) macroeconomics

C) microeconomics.

You have observed that every time you do 30 minutes of cardio exercise before taking an exam you get an A. You therefore conclude that to get an A on an exam, all you have to do is 30 minutes of cardio exercise before you take an exam. You have committed the A) fallacy of composition. B) fallacy of inductive reasoning. C) post hoc, ergo propter hoc fallacy. D) fallacy of division.

C) post hoc, ergo propter hoc fallacy.

Positive economics is an approach to economics that A) seeks to understand behavior and the operation of systems while making judgments about their usefulness to society. B) analyzes outcomes of economic behavior, evaluates them as good or bad, and may prescribe preferred courses of action. C) seeks to understand behavior and the operation of systems without making judgments. D) examines the role of government in the economy.

C) seeks to understand behavior and the operation of systems without making judgments.

The fallacy of composition is A) the belief that if Event A happens before Event B happens, then Event A causes Event B to occur. B) the belief that what is true for the whole is necessarily true of the parts. C) the belief that what is true for a part is necessarily true for the whole. D) the belief that it is impossible to draw generalizations about cause and effect.

C) the belief that what is true for a part is necessarily true for the whole.

At a political rally, you stand up to see better. Everyone else stands up, as well. This is an example of A) ceteris paribus. B) the post hoc, ergo propter hoc fallacy. C) the fallacy of composition. D) Ockham's razor.

C) the fallacy of composition.

Stanley Jevons, an economist in the nineteenth century, noted a high correlation between economic prosperity and sunspots. Based on this observation he developed a "sunspot theory" of how the economy operated. We now know that Jevons A) committed the fallacy of composition. B) committed the ceteris paribus error. C) was confusing causality. D) showed good reasoning for the nineteenth but not the twentieth century

C) was confusing causality.

• Among the fundamental concepts in economics are A) opportunity cost. B) marginalism. C) efficient markets. D) all of the above

D) all of the above

A market in which profit opportunities are eliminated almost instantaneously is A) a laissez-faire market. B) a capitalist market. C) a socialist market. D) an efficient market.

D) an efficient market.

Inflation and unemployment A) are the focus of normative economics. B) are a focus of microeconomics. C) are a focus of positive economics. D) are a focus of macroeconomics.

D) are a focus of macroeconomics.

There is a possibility that a national sales tax will be implemented. Many economists argue that items such as food and clothing should be exempt from such a tax because low-income people spend a greater percentage of their income on these goods than do high-income individuals. This argument is motivated by concerns over' A) economic growth. B) economic stability. C) efficiency. D) equity.

D) equity.

You know that the computer lab at school gets very crowded at about 3:00 p.m. To avoid the crowds, you start going to the computer lab one hour earlier every day. However many students make the same decision, and now the computer lab becomes very crowded at 2:00 p.m. This is an example of the A) post hoc, ergo propter hoc fallacy. B) ceteris paribus fallacy. C) fallacy of division. D) fallacy of composition

D) fallacy of composition

• If the slope of a straight line is 4 and if X (the variable on the horizontal axis) increases by 12, then Y (the variable on the vertical axis) will A) decrease by 3. B) decrease by 0.33. C) increase by 3. D) increase by 48.

D) increase by 48.

The branch of economics that examines the functioning of individual industries and the behavior of individual decision-making units is A) positive economics. B) normative economics. C) macroeconomics. D) microeconomics.

D) microeconomics.

That which we forgo, or give up, when we make a choice or decision is called A) out-of-pocket cost. B) marginal cost. C) real cost. D) opportunity cost.

D) opportunity cost.

If you observe that Event A happens before Event B happens, and you conclude that Event A caused Event B, you would be guilty of an error called the A) fallacy of composition. B) fallacy of inductive reasoning. C) fallacy of ceteris paribus. D) post hoc, ergo propter hoc fallacy.

D) post hoc, ergo propter hoc fallacy.

A government policy that tries to minimize inflation and unemployment can best be described as trying to achieve economic A) efficiency. B) equity. C) profitability. D) stability.

D) stability.

Which of the following is NOT an opportunity cost of attending college? A) the tuition you pay B) the income you could have earned if you didn't attend college C) the alternative uses of the time you spend studying D) the cost of the food that you consume while you are attending college

D) the cost of the food that you consume while you are attending college

Which of the following is NOT listed in the book as a reason to study economics? A) to learn a way of thinking B) to understand society C) to be an informed citizen D) to learn how to make lots of money

D) to learn how to make lots of money

A measure that can change from observation to observation is known as a(n) A) empirical measure. B) model. C) causality. D) variable.

D) variable.