Ecological Succession HL Bio
All alien species are always invasive
False
Look at this kite graph and determine which species is best adapted to a sandy environment.
Fucus serratus
Cuckoo and warbler: A cuckoo may lay its eggs in a warbler's nest. The cuckoo's young will displace the warbler's young and will be raised by the warbler. Is the warbler
Harmed
Cuckoo and warbler: A cuckoo may lay its eggs in a warbler's nest. The cuckoo's young will displace the warbler's young and will be raised by the warbler. Is the cuckoo
Helped
Oxpecker and zebras: Oxpeckers are a type of small bird that land on zebras and eat ticks and other parasites that live on the zebra's skin. The Oxpeckers get food and the zebras get pests removed.Is the Oxpecker:
Helped
Oxpecker and zebras: Oxpeckers are a type of small bird that land on zebras and eat ticks and other parasites that live on the zebra's skin. The Oxpeckers get food and the zebras get pests removed.Is the Zebra
Helped
A plant is: I. an autotroph II. a heterotroph III. a primary producer IV. a primary consumer
I and III
toxins building up in body of organisms is called
bioaccumulation
Introducing a natural predator to reduce the numbers of an alien species is
biological control
a consequence of competition between species is...
both species occupy smaller realized niches
A bird building their nest in a tree.
commensalism
A whale and barnacles.
commensalism
Which biome has many trees that do not change much seasonally?
coniferous forest
Which biome has trees that produce seeds in cones?
coniferous forest
Organisms that feed on decaying matter are called
decomposers
Which biome has organisms with special adaptations to a hot, dry climate
desert
biomes
divisions of the biosphere defined by its vegetation and community structure
Which organisms would most likely be the pioneer organisms on a newly formed volcanic island?
lichens
parasitism
one species acts as a host to another
Commensalism
one species benefits and the other is relatively unaffected by the relationship
If I see a parade of elephants, what level of organization did I observe?
population
All the individuals of a given species in a specific area or region at a certain time
populations
The community of a pond is made up of all the
populations of fish, insects & other living things
What do toads eat?
predaceous insects
Secondary consumers eat
primary consumers
What do you call a species that colonizes an uninhabited area and that starts a process of succession
Pioneer plants
Which is the best definition of the niche of an organism?
where it lives, how it feeds & species interactions
Which organism is both a tertiary and a quintenary consumer?
wolves
Organisms that make their own food are called _____
autotrophs
Small mites living on your skin, eating dead skin cells. You don't even notice.
Commensalism
What do the arrows represent in the diagram?
flow of nutrients
List 3 abiotic factors that determine a species range.
1. light 2. atmosphere 3. temperature
A species whose effect on biological diversity is disproportionate to their own abundance is
A keystone species
Where were cane toads introduced to in an effort to control pest?
Australia
What was the name of Rachel Carson's book?
Silent Spring
What biome is A?
Taiga
Why were cane toads brought into Australia?
To control beetles in sugar cane fields
What biome is C?
tropical rainforest
Label #1
zone of intolerance
Calculate the Biotic Index for Site B here. Round your answer to 2 decimal places
1.27
Plastic has accumulated in marine environments and is now causing problems for wildlife. Some marine birds have become entangled in plastic debris and some have been harmed by ingesting it. The table shows the extent of the problem worldwide in different groups of birds. Calculate the number of species of grebe with problems due to entanglement.
2
You collected the following macroinvertebrates from Myakka River. Calculate the biotic index of the river.
2.81
A scientist wants to determine the effect of a town on a stream. She samples macroinvertebrates from site A which is upstream from the town and site B which is downstream from the town. Below is her samples
3.03
While doing a population study Snook in Sarasota bay, you capture 231 Snook and mark them. After releasing the Snook and waiting a couple days you go back out and capture 189 Snook of which 82 of them have a mark. Estimate the population size of Snook in the bay to the nearest whole number.
532
Which biome is pine needles laying on the floor the main store?
A
Which of the following sequences MOST likely represents ecological succession on a recently abandoned farm
A
Community
A ____ is a group of populations living together and interacting with each other in an area
What is DDT?
A colorless/odorless chemical pesticide
Which of these types of environments is MOST LIKELY to experience the arrival of pioneer species?
A newly formed volcanic island
Which of the following is an issue with discarded plastics?
Animals mistake plastic for a food source
Where were cane toads introduced to?
Australia
Which stage represents a pioneer community?
B
rainforest
Biome at low elevations with warm temperatures and very high moisture. The forest is extremely productive, with high primary productivity
grasslands
Biome that is cool in winter and hot in the summer. There is rich topsoil which will allow grasses, small shrubs and some trees to flourish. Animals include prairie dogs, foxes, and small mammals
Plastic has accumulated in marine environments and is now causing problems for wildlife. Some marine birds have become entangled in plastic debris and some have been harmed by ingesting it. The table shows the extent of the problem worldwide in different groups of birds. Identify the group with the greatest number of species with problems due to ingestion of plastics
C
Which biome has the fasted rate of nutrient transfer between stores?
C
Which method could have been used in this study to measure the numbers of sea urchins
Capture-recapture method
Where are cane toads native to?
Central America
What type of habitat would follow shrubs during ecological succession?
Coniferous forest
Primary succession occurs when a land area is formed. This may occur following a volcanic eruption, when new sand is deposited on a beach, or when a glacier retreats. The first plants attach to rocks and break them down to produce soil. Over time, grasses and flowers are replaced by shrubs and trees. Which graph illustrates the relationship between number of species and time in an area where primary succession is occurring?
D
Distinguish between the distribution of D. tigrina and that of D. coronata
D. tigrina lives higher in the tree than D. coronata
What are some consequences of DDT use
DDT causes birds to lay fragile eggs that break DDT builds up in ecosystems effecting plant and animal life DDT could cause cancer High exposure to DDT could cause infertility and/or birth defects
What type of habitat is considered a climax community?
Deciduous forest
What type of habitat would follow a coniferous forest during ecological succession?
Deciduous forest
What biome is B?
Desert
starfish
Dr. Paine removed these from the intertidal area. As a result, mussels took over and crowded out other species.
If the frog was removed from this food web, which species' populations would increase
Dragonfly and pond fly
Which stage would best represent a climax community?
E
The water quality in site A is
Fairly Poor
A cow is: I. a primary consumer II. a heterotroph III. an herbivore IV. a producer
I, II, and III
Which factors does the Simpson's Index take into account? I. Biotic index II. Species richness III. Species gender IV. Species evenness
II and IV
How might an introduced species threaten biodiversity?
It may compete with native species for resources.
Which statement concerning the climax stage of an ecological succession is correct?
It persists until the environment changes
What marine birds are drastically affected by discarded plastic in the ocean?
Laysan albatross
After a volcanic eruption has covered an area with lava, place the following is the most likely order of succession in the repopulation of the area.
Lichens and Mosses Annual Weeds Grasses Shrubs Pine Trees Hardwood Forest
Which is the factor which is most scarce in relation to an organism's needs?
Limiting factors
DDT is controversially used to deal with what disease?
Malaria
Algae growing on the fur of a sloth, giving it camouflage
Mutualism
An endemic species is
Native to an area
Which is true?
Nutrients are cycled through ecosystems.
Where are cane toads endemic to?
Panama
Cuckoo and warbler: A cuckoo may lay its eggs in a warbler's nest. The cuckoo's young will displace the warbler's young and will be raised by the warbler. What type of symbiotic relationship is this?
Parasitism
Which of the following is a biotic limiting factor?
Parasitism
What is a major limiting biotic factor for animal succession in each stage?
Plant species
Dragonfly nymphs spend their early stages clinging to submerged plants. Then, they climb to the surface, shed their skins, and fly away as dragonflies. Which pond is best suited for dragonflies?
Pond A
Black bass and bluegill make their nests on sandy bottoms. In which pond would you find them?
Pond B
Golden shiner and mud minnows lay their eggs on Chara (green algae). In which pond would you find them?
Pond C
Some mussels require a sandy bottom in order to maintain an upright position. In which pond will they die out?
Pond C, Pond D, Pond A
In which pond will gill breathing snails be replaced by lung breathing snails that climb to the surface to breathe?
Pond D
Some amphibians and crayfish can withstand periods of dryness by burying themselves in mud. In which pond would they survive?
Pond D
Place the ponds in order from the youngest to the oldest
Pond D Pond A Pond C Pond B
What is the water quality in Myakka River?
Poor
What law states that two species cannot survive indefinitely in the same habitat if their niches are identical?
Principle of Competitive Exclusion
What principle/law is this diagram showing?
Principle of competitive exclusion
This ecologist wrote a controversial book warning Americans about the evil spell, that could plague the nation due to the use of the chemical DDT.
Rachel Carson
What site has the most species richness?
Site A
Which site has the most species evenness?
Site B
Which species are in the 2nd trophic level on this food web?
Starfish, sardine fish, and shrimps
Which species would be considered an indicator species?
Stonefly
_______ is defined as the replacement of one type of community by another at a single location over a period of time
Succession
Sea otters eat sea urchins. Hypothesis what would happen if the sea otters were removed from the environment
The sea urchin population would explode. The sea urchins would eat the algae, reducing biodiversity.
What will happen to the black bass and blue gill as the floor of the ponds fills with organic debris?
Their populations will drop and eventually will disappear from this pond
There are 3 components within an ecosystem that store nutrients.
True
What is one benefit of DDT?
Using DDT decreases the amount of malaria cases, saving human lives
The water quality in site B is:
Very Poor
What type of habitat would follow lichens and mosses during ecological succession
Weeds and grasses
primary succession
______ _______ begins when plants begin growing on a previously barren and lifeless area
deciduous forest
a biome that has relatively mild summers and cold winters. You would expect to find oaks, beeches, and hickory trees, as well as wolves, deer, and bears.
Adaptation
a change or the process of change by which an organism or species becomes better suited to its environment.
transect
a method of sampling a type of organism along a straight line
secondary succession
a new group of organisms takes over following a natural or artificial upheaval of the area
niche
a position or role taken by a kind of organism within its community
keystone
a species on which other species in an ecosystem largely depend, such that if it were removed the ecosystem would change drastically.
Spatial habitat
a species' ____ is simply the location that it lives in
nutrient
a substance that provides nourishment essential for growth and the maintenance of life.
Which of the following describes soil and temperature in an ecosystem?
abiotic factors
Which of the following is NOT a biotic factor in an ecosystem?
air
A species introduced by humans is called:
an alien species
host
an animal or plant on or in which a parasite or commensal organism lives.
In a pond, which change would most likely lead to terrestrial succession?
an increase in sediment, fallen leaves, and tree limbs accumulating on the bottom of the pond
predator
an organism that hunts and eats other organisms
parasite
an organism that lives in or on another organism (its host) and benefits by deriving nutrients at the host's expense.
The speed of water is an important abiotic factor in a freshwater ecosystem because
animals must adapt so they are not washed away.
What is biomass
any type of animal or plant material
zone of intolerance
area outside of the range where an organism can exist
desert
biome at low elevations with warm temperatures and little precipitation. Plants and animals have very specific adaptations that enable them to survive in this extremely hot and dry biome
temperate forest
biome at lower elevations, where temperatures are warmer and more water is available. Plants and animals in this forest must be adapted for a wide range of conditions. Many trees in this forest will lose their leaves in the winter to reduce water loss
taiga
biome that is high in elevation with less cold temperatures and slightly more rainfall than the tundra. Animals have heavy coats of fur in the winter and lose some of their fur in the summer
How would you determine if something is a keystone species or not?
by conducting a removal experiment
The stable stage that is established in an area as a result of the process of ecological succession is known as the
climax community
Orchids growing in tall tropical trees, the trees are not harmed by the orchids get sunlight
commensalism
All the different populations in a specific area or region at a certain time
community
All the different species of an ecosystem are referred to as the:
community
Several years after some ground was cleared, grasses began to grow in an area. After 10 years, small bushes replaced the grasses. This pattern of plant growth is known as
ecological succession
If I see a waterfall surrounded by trees that have large leaves, and monkeys hiding from the rain; what level of organization did I witness?
ecosystem
One or more communities and the abiotic environment, water, sunlight, oxygen, temperature, soil
ecosystem
The sequence of who eats whom in a biological community
food chain
The network of all the inter-related food chains in a biological community
food web
Which organism is both a secondary and tertiary consumer?
fox
Complete the food chain
grass, lion
The amount of organic matter produced by plants expressed as energy per unit area per unit time
gross production
net production
gross production minus the energy lost through respiration
Where an organism lives to obtain food, water, shelter & other things needed for survival
habitat
An organism is resistant to a chemical if it
has a gene that protects it from the chemical
Organisms that only eat plants are called _______.
herbivores
An organism that gets its energy by eating other organisms.
heterotroph
A major abiotic factor that affects freshwater ecosystems is
how quickly water moves
Which animal has modified ecosystems more than any other animal and has had the greatest negative impact on world ecosystems?
human
cane toad
introduced to Australia as a biological control for sugar cane beetles. It failed.
Cane Toads in Australia would best be described as
invasive
symbiosis
involving interaction between 2 different organisms living in close physical association
gross production
is the total amount of energy trapped in the organic matter produced by plants per area per time
The impact of an alien specie is usually only significant if...
it spreads rapidly
______factors affect the distribution of species in a community
limiting
biotic
limiting factors due to one or more other living species
abiotic
limiting factors that are not created by something that is alive
sand
most of the nutrients in the desert are located here
Biomass
most of the nutrients in the rainforest are located here
litter
most of the nutrients in the taiga are located here
Oxpecker and zebras: Oxpeckers are a type of small bird that land on zebras and eat ticks and other parasites that live on the zebra's skin. The Oxpeckers get food and the zebras get pests removed What kind of symbiotic relationship is this?
mutualism
The ants protecting the acacia tree and tree provides food for the ants.
mutualism
The hermit crab carrying the sea anemone on its back.
mutualism
Which of the following is the correct equation for finding net production?
net production = gross production + respiration
The role an organism(s) serves in its environment, how it gets food, how it interacts
niche
predator prey
one species that is a prey animal for another
producers
organisms that occupy the first trophic level
DDT
overused pesticide that nearly caused the extinction of many birds of prey and caused human illness
A tapeworm living in a 12th grade student's intestines.
parasitism
A tick living on a dog
parasitism
Head lice living on a human scalp
parasitism
Primary consumers eat
primary producers
Which trophic level in a food web would accumulate the LEAST amount of a toxin, such as methylmercury or DDT?
primary producers
A volcanic island is being created. Which type of succession will this island go through
primary succession
Glaciers melting to reveal rock
primary succession
Starts with bare rock and dirt must be created before plants then animals can live there
primary succession
Takes millions of year to happen
primary succession
Organisms that make their own food are called:
producers
A meat-eater that eats tertiary consumers.
quaternary consumer
In which biome of Africa would you find lions, giraffes, and elephants?
savanna
Which biome has clumps of trees and seasonal rains
savanna
Which biome has scattered clumps of trees and seasonal rains. It has many grasses and few trees?
savanna
A person who eats a chicken that ate grain is a:
secondary consumer
Grassland changes into a forest
secondary succession
Hurricane destroys the land and everything grows back
secondary succession
Zooxanthellae
single-celled algae that have a mutualistic relationship with coral
Complete the food chain
snail, crow
Which organism is only a secondary consumer?
snakes
Lava from an underwater volcano piles up over many years. Eventually, the pile of lava sticks up above the ocean surface, forming a new island. To show that succession is occurring on the island, it would be MOST helpful for a scientist to measure changes in —
soil depth
What is permafrost?
soil that is always frozen
Which of the following BEST describes a population?
some of the same species in the same area at the same time
A group of similar organisms that can reproduce with each other
species
competitive exclusion principle
states that if two species share the same ecological niche, one of the two species will outcompete the other
Mutualism
symbiosis that is beneficial to both organisms involved.
The eastern portion of the United States is dominated by what biome?
temperate forest
Which biome has grass, but few trees due to fires, droughts and grazing?
temperate grasslands
realized niche
term used for a niche in reality, takes into account the interactions of other organisms including humans
fundamental niche
term used for a niche without any limitation from other organisms
A meat-eater that eats secondary consumers
tertiary consumer
Which of the following is an abiotic factor in a biome?
the average temperature
If mussels were removed and excluded, the barnacles soon occupy a larger area. This shows
the barnacles occupy their realized niche in the picture
limiting factor
the factor or factors that determines whether a species can inhabit an area
What do the arrows in a food chain represent?
the flow of energy in an ecosystem
Kudzu
the invasive alien plant species that is growing out of control in the south eastern USA
Which of the following is a biotic factor in a biome?
the kinds of grasses
Biomagnification
the process by which chemical substances become more concentrated at each trophic level
Most of the nutrients in a tropical rain forest are found in plants, so
the rain forest soil is poor in nutrients.
climax community
the stable, predictable community that will result because of ecological succession
The energy for most ecosystems comes from:
the sun
limits of tolerance
the upper and lower limits to the range of particular environmental factors (e.g. light, temperature, availability of water) within which an organism can survive
Why were cane toads introduced to a new country?
they were introduced as a biological control for beetles that ate sugar cane
tundra
this biome is high in elevation with low temperatures and precipitation. plants and animals that live here are adapted to a cold, dry environment
Which biome has greatest diversity of plants and animals?
tropical rain forest
Humans inadvertently promoted the evolution of insects that are resistant to insecticides by
trying to control pests with chemicals
Which biome has permafrost?
tundra
Which two biomes are the most similar with regard to rainfall?
tundra and desert
competition
two species competing for the same resource
Temperature
water and ____ are the 2 most important abiotic limiting factors
One important abiotic factor in marine ecosystems is the
water depth
Label #2
zone of stress
The range of values of an abiotic factor that an organism can survive but are not optimal
zone of stress
zone of stress
zone where small numbers can survive these difficult conditions