Ecology

China's controversial One-child Policy would be considered an application of the _____________ approach to human population growth. (quiz 5) A. neo-Malthusian B. neo-Marxist C. pronatalist D. All of the above are correct. E. None of the above are correct.

A

Each element on the periodic table is defined by __________________, which is also known as the atomic number. (quiz 6) A. the number of protons B. the number of neutrons C. the number of electrons D. the total number of protons and neutrons E the mass number

A

Ecosystem diagrams help us visualize the flow of ___________. (quiz 1) A. matter and energy B. rivers and streams C. seasonal change D. happiness E. goods and services

A

According to the Ohio Department of Natural Resources, which nocturnal species of squirrel is most common but rarely seen? (quiz 2) A. Southern Flying Squirrel B. Red Squirrel C. Eastern Grey Squirrel D. Eastern Fox Squirrel

A

Affluenza is defined as ___________________. (quiz 7) A. a condition by which material goods fail to bring contentment B. rising rates of global consumption C. increased production of waste and pollution D. long-term economic disorder E. a viral infection that causes flu-like symptoms

A

An exponential growth curve looks like ________________. (quiz 2) A. a curved line that increases more and more steeply over time B. a curved line that increases steeply at first and then levels out and stops increasing C. an increasing straight line D. a complete circle E. a series of large peaks and valleys

A

In the IPAT model, A stands for ________________. (quiz 4) A Affluence B. Agricultural demand C. Analysis D. Age structure E. Assessment

A

Resource partitioning is an example of nature's ability to reduce the negative effects of what species interaction? (quiz 3) A. competition B. predator/prey C. parasite/host D. herbivory E. commensalism

A

Shrinking the Wealth Gap by taxing the very wealthy to provide more social services to the needy would be considered an application of the _____________ approach to human population growth. (quiz 5) A. neo-Malthusian B. neo-Marxist C. pronatalist D. All of the above are correct. E. None of the above are correct.

A

What does CSA stand for? (quiz 8) A. Community Supported Agriculture B. Commodity Subsidized Agriculture C. Conservation Soil Association D. Concentrated Space for Animals E. Corn and Soy-based Agriculture

A

What is the best definition of total fertility rate? (quiz 5) A. the average number of children born per woman during her lifetime B. the frequency of children dying in infancy C. the pregnancy rate in adult women D. the rate of fertility that keeps the size of a population stable E. the rate of fertility that leads to a decline in population

A

Low-input agriculture is an excellent example of ________________. (quiz 8) A. industrial agriculture B. organic agriculture C. biomimicry D. All of the above are correct. E. None of the above are correct.

E

Which of the following fully explains the concept of humanity's ecological footprint? (quiz 1) A. the total amount of land and water required to support the occupation, consumption, and waste production of the global population B. the amount of land occupied by people, buildings, and structures C. the amount of energy and water used in household consumption D. the amount of land needed to feed the global population E. the amount of land required to support the consumption and waste production of the global population

A

Which of the following is NOT associated with desertification? (quiz 9) A. eutrophication B. the loss of biologically productive land to desert C. deforestation D. overgrazing E. over-exploitation of soil resources

A

Which of the following is a pull factor for urban sprawl? (quiz 10) A. larger yards and more privacy in suburban areas B. more excitement and entertainment in the city C. higher crime rates in cities D. opportunities for occupational specialization in the city E. walkable neighborhoods in urban areas

A

Which of the following strategies can make aquaculture more sustainable? (quiz 9) A. restoring native aquatic habitats and harvesting in moderation B. farming one species of fish at a time C. using antibiotics to control diseases D. feeding fish grain because it is so abundant E. using wild fish as a food source for farmed fish

A

Which of the following would NOT be considered an organic fertilizer? (quiz 9) A. synthetically made nutrient supplement B. animal manure C. compost D. crop residue E. All of the above are organic fertilizers

A

Which species interaction results in a negative impact on both species involved? (quiz 3) A. competition B. predator/prey C. parasite/host D. commensalism E. mutualism

A

According to the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, how many people die from an antibiotic-resistant infection each year? (quiz 2) A. 2 million B. at least 23,000 C. at least 2,300 D. about 2 million people suffer from antibiotic-resistant infections, but no deaths have been recorded. E. 200,000

B

Parasitism is an intimate species interaction in which ___________________. A (quiz 4) A. both species benefit B. both species are harmed C. one species benefits, and the other is harmed D. both species are unaffected E. one species benefits, and the other is neither harmed nor benefited

C

The IPAT model can be refined by adding the variable, S = Sensitivity. Which of the following biomes is the most sensitive with regard to shallow acidic soils that destabilize quickly after deforestation? (quiz 5) A. temperate grassland B. tropical rainforest C. temperate deciduous forest D. wetland E. All of the above are characterized by shallow acidic soils.

B

The third wave of environmental policy in the U.S. was triggered in part by the publication of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring and the burning of the Cuyahoga River. This wave is characterized by a focus on _________________. (quiz 7) A. protecting wild spaces and the creation of National Parks B. pollution problems C. global sustainability D. energy efficiency E. westward expansion and exploitation of natural resources

B

Urbanization is defined as ________________. (quiz 10) A. the movement of people from urban to suburban areas B. the movement of people from rural to urban areas C. the movement of people from urban to rural areas D. the movement of people from less developed to more developed countries E. the movement of people from more developed to less developed countries

B

When comparing the ethical perspectives of John Muir, Gifford Pinchot, and Aldo Leopold, which one is least representative of the ecocentric perspective? (quiz 1) A. John Muir B. Gifford Pinchot C. Aldo Leopold

B

Which of the following is NOT an environmental justice issue? (quiz 1) A. industrial complexes built in poor neighborhoods B. food recall of high-priced fresh fish affecting mostly wealthy consumers C. extreme weather associated with global climate change taking the lives of the homeless D. rising sea levels associated with global climate change threatening remote coastal islands E. landfills built in poor neighborhoods

B

Which of the following is NOT an example of an invasive species? (quiz 3) A. Kudzu vine B. Sugar maple C. European gypsy moth D. Emerald ash borer E. Nile perch

B

Which of the following is NOT true about invasive species? (quiz 4) A. Invasive species generally reproduce rapidly. B. Invasive species are the key living species on which the community depends for survival. C. Invasive species are without any natural enemies in a new environment. D. The zebra mussel is an example of an invasive species. E. Asian carp is an example of an invasive species.

B

Which of the following is a push factor for urbanization? (quiz 10) A. peace and quiet in a beautiful country setting B. loss of productive farmland in rural areas C. higher crime rates in cities D. more excitement and entertainment in the city E. opportunities for occupational specialization in the city

B

Which of the following is an example of discounting in neoclassical economics? (quiz 7) A. aesthetic damage B. ignoring the costs of climate change on future generations C. the "invisible hand" D. everyone wants a "piece of the pie", but the "pie" cannot grow infinitely E. biodiversity loss

B

Which of the following is an example of evolution by artificial selection? (quiz 2) A. the migration of invasive species B. the evolution of different breeds of dog from ancestral wolves C. the evolution of feathers in the reptile ancestors of birds D. the evolution of antibiotic resistance in bacteria E. the evolution of larger beak size in the Galapagos finches

B

Which of the following is correct about hotspots of biodiversity? (quiz 3) A. Hotspots are islands recently formed by volcanic eruptions in the ocean's crust. B. Hotspots are home to many endemic species. C. Northeast Ohio is an example of a hotspot of biodiversity. D. Hotspots describe densely populated urban areas. E. All of the above are correct.

B

Which of the following practices is consistent with organic agriculture and certification? (quiz 8) A. no pesticides are ever sprayed B. only USDA organic pesticides are approved for use C. only small farms can be certified organic D. organic farms have to meet a biodiversity standard E. All of the above are correct.

B

Which of the following statements is NOT correct about the pH of soil? (quiz 6) A. An acidic soil will have a greater concentration of H+ (Hydrogen ions). B. An acidic soil will have a lesser concentration of H+ (Hydrogen ions). C. pH is a non-living component of the ecosystem. D. Soil pH is an important factor for plant growth. E. Acid rain can affect the pH of soil.

B

Rhizobium bacteria benefit legumes in a mutual symbiosis by ______________. (quiz 6) A. decomposing complex organic material and building humus in the topsoil B. releasing excess Nitrogen into the water C. fixing atmospheric Nitrogen into the soil in a chemical form plants can use D. weathering bedrock into soil particles such as clay, sand, and silt E. performing photosynthesis

C

Which stage of the demographic transition results in the greatest population growth? (quiz 5) A. pre-industrial stage B. transitional stage C. industrial stage D. post-industrial stage E. post-apocalyptic stage

B

Why are endemic species inherently so vulnerable? (quiz 2) A. they may provide new discoveries in medicine B. they occur in a particular region of the world and nowhere else on earth C. they are part of the coral reef ecosystem on the brink of extinction D. they are able to evolve when their environment is threatened E. All of the above are correct.

B

Why is it so difficult to control or eradicate invasive species? (quiz 4) A. Common herbicides will not kill invasive species. B. Removing invasive species manually is time-consuming and difficult. C. Introducing new predators or diseases can be done without affecting the other living organisms in the area. D. Drying them out or depriving them of oxygen can be done without affecting the other living organisms in the area. E. All of the above make it fairly easy to eradicate invasive species.

B

The definition of the word "ecology"? (quiz 1) A. Ecology is the scientific study of interactions among organisms and their environment. B. Ecology is the science of our surroundings. C. Ecology is the science that deals with the distribution and abundance of organisms, the interactions among them, and the interactions between living organisms and their nonliving environments. D. Ecology is the science that studies the variability among living organisms from all sources, including terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems; this includes diversity within species, between species, and of ecosystems.

C

Energy stored in the bonds between atoms, such as Carbon and Hydrogen, is defined as __________________. (quiz 6) A. kinetic energy B. heat energy C. chemical energy, a type of potential energy D. chemical energy, a type of kinetic energy E. radioactive energy

C

How is Service Learning an example of biomimicry? (quiz 1) A. Service Learning engages students in real-world experiences. B. Service Learning looks good on a resume'. C. Service Learning mimics the species interaction of mutual symbiosis because both students and community partners benefit. D. Service Learning is designed to meet the needs of specific Community Partners. E. Service Learning benefits the Community Partner, but doesn't benefit the student.

C

If different populations of the same species become geographically isolated and evolve reproductive isolation over a period of time, then _______________ has occurred. (quiz 2) A. artificial selection B. extinction C. speciation D. adaptation E. classification

C

In the "Gross National Happiness" video, the Fourth Dragon King established a new system of measuring the development of the country of Bhutan based on values and happiness. What was the final gift he gave the people of Bhutan to contribute to Gross National Happiness? (quiz 1) A. free healthcare system B. free education for every citizen C. democratic governance, he gave up his own sovereignty as king D. healthy family relationships E. new holidays to celebrate cultural heritage

C

In the Portland, Oregon example, what is the major strategy for revitalizing the city center? (quiz 10) A. increasing shipping and trade through the Port Authority B. planning suburban development using Cluster housing design C. establishing an Urban Growth Boundary D. removing all zoning and development restrictions E. increasing ecotourism

C

Isotopes are unstable and dissipate radioactive energy because they _____________________. (quiz 6) A. contain additional electrons in the electron orbital B. contain additional protons in the nucleus C. contain additional neutrons in the nucleus D. do not contain enough electrons in the electron orbital E. do not contain enough protons in the nucleus

C

To promote ecotourism, Costa Rica adopted a novel PSA program. What does PSA stand for? (quiz 6) A. Public Service Announcement B. Public Services Assessment C. Payment for Environmental Services - Pago por Servicios Ambientales D. Protection for Area Services E. Ecological Services for People

C

Warming wetland peat, melting permafrost, and vanishing arctic ice are all examples of ________________ related to climate change. (quiz 5) A. eutrophication B. a negative feedback loop C. a positive feedback loop D. soil formation E. dynamic equilibrium

C

What is the difference between malnutrition and undernourishment? (quiz 8) A. An undernourished person may also be struggling with obesity. B. A malnourished person does not receive enough nutrients in food on a daily basis even though they may eat enough calories. C. A malnourished person does not receive enough calories per day regardless of nutrient content. D. Undernourishment is equally devastating in both developing countries and developed nations. Malnourishment only affects people in developing countries. E. An undernourished person generally consumes too much meat and dairy.

C

What is the last step in the process of eutrophication? (quiz 6) A. nutrient input B. bacteria deplete oxygen in the process of decomposition C. insufficient oxygen causes a dead zone D. excess nutrients promote algae growth E. algae die and sink to the bottom

C

What is the risk associated with the use of biological controls in pest management? (quiz 9) A. pollution caused by chemical pesticides B. loss of pollinating animal species C. the possibility of the biocontrol species becoming invasive D. the evolution of pesticide resistence E. All of the above are risks associated with the use of biological controls.

C

What organization was formed in response to the dust bowl of the 1930's? (quiz 8) A. Environmental Protection Agency B. United States Department of Agriculture C. Soil Conservation Service D. Natural Resources Defense Council E. None of the above are correct.

C

Which GM crop is the most common? (quiz 9) A. corn B. cotton C. soy D. eggplant E. rice

C

Which level of biodiversity represents the most common way to measure and estimate biodiversity? (quiz 3) A. genetic diversity B. cultural diversity C. species diversity D. ecosystem diversity E. population diversity

C

Which of the following careers does NOT directly compliment a person with a high level of biophila? (quiz 3) A. wildlife rehabilitator B. park ranger C. nurse D. landscape architect E. ecologist

C

Which of the following is an example of an international organization shaping environmental policy and sustainable development? (quiz 7) A. USDA B. USEPA C. UN D. FDA E. NEPA

C

Which of the following is essential to achieving solutions to environmental problems by simultaneously informing the private sector, the government, and the citizenry? (quiz 7) A. voting B. lobbying C. science D. environmental policy E. consumer action

C

Which of the following is(are) sustainable development goal(s) being addressed by the United Nations? (quiz 10) A. maintain biodiversity B. reduce population growth C. eradicate poverty D. soil conservation E. All of the above are correct.

C

Which of the following strategies has the potential to employ the most biodiversity? (quiz 9) A. terracing B. contour farming C. intercropping D. no-till farming E. low-input agriculture

C

According to the IUCN Red List, what group of living organisms is most greatly threatened by extinction? (quiz 2) A. coral reefs B. birds C. conifers D. amphibians E. mammals

D

At what point in human history did the human population start to grow exponentially? (quiz 4) A. Stone age B. Iron age C. Middle ages D. Industrial revolution E. Age of technology

D

Developed areas tripled in less than three decades in what city due to urban sprawl? (quiz 10) A. Portland, OR B. Washington D.C. C. New Orleans, LA D. Las Vegas, NV E. Detroit, MI

D

Each layer in a soil profile is called _______________. (quiz 8) A. dirt B. humus C. topsoil D. a horizon E. a bed

D

How can poverty lead to overnutrition and obesity in America? (quiz 8) A. People living in poverty cannot afford foods with complete proteins. B. People living in poverty cannot afford foods with adequate amounts of vitamin A. C. People living in poverty may receive fewer than the minimum dietary requirement. D. People living in poverty take advantage of the growing availability of calorie-rich, highly processed foods. E. All of the above are correct.

D

How does urban sprawl directly or indirectly affect human health? (quiz 10) A. Traffic and congestion during a long commute increases air pollution. B. More time in the car means less time to exercise (i.e. walk or bike). C. Many children now grow up without the experience of roaming through woods and fields; this is known as Nature Deficit Disorder. D. All of the above are correct. E. Urban sprawl has absolutely no effect on human health. No studies have ever been done to examine this.

D

Populations with higher genetic diversity _____________. (quiz 3) A. are vulnerable to environmental change B. may suffer inbreeding depression C. include the cheetah and the American bison D. are better able to evolve when faced with environmental change E. All of the above are correct.

D

The majority of working American farmers are over what age? (quiz 8) A. 30 B. 40 C. 45 D. 50 E. 60

D

The triple bottom line of a sustainable business includes ______________. (quiz 1) A. an emphasis on short-term profit B. recycling, composting, and energy efficiency C. an emphasis on environmental and social justice D. equal emphasis is placed on people, planet, and profit E. an emphasis on environmental conservation

D

What is microevolution? (quiz 2) A. an individual organism changing its behavior to respond to its environment B. the major events in the origin of life on earth C. the evolution of microorganisms over the last 3 billion years D. a change at the genetic level in a small population that can occur in a single generation E. All of the above are correct.

D

What two factors are most important in determining biome distribution? (quiz 4) A. nitrogen and phosphorus B. soil and water C. temperature and carbon dioxide D. temperature and moisture (precipitation) E. rainfall and sunshine

D

What type of biomolecule is a fundamental building block of DNA? (quiz 6) A. proteins B. lipids C. carbohydrates D. nucleic acids E. None of the above are correct.

D

Which of the following is NOT an example of an external cost? (quiz 7) A. reduced property values due to noise pollution B. the cost of cleaning up pollution generated by industrial processes C. the loss of biodiversity caused by pollution D. the cost of materials purchased to manufacture a particular product E. the loss of natural beauty and aesthetic damage

D

Which of the following is a U.S environmental policy from the 1800's? (quiz 7) A. Clean Air Act B. Wild and Scenic Rivers Act C. Endangered Species Act D. General Mining Act E. Safe Drinking Water Act

D

Which of the following is a difference between primary and secondary succession? (quiz 4) A. Primary succession describes the evolution of plants, and secondary succession describes the evolution of animals. B. Primary succession is the start of evolution, and secondary succession occurs when there is a mass extinction. C. Primary succession only occurred once, when life first evolved on earth billions of years ago. D. Primary succession occurs after severe disturbances or on new land unoccupied by life, and secondary succession occurs after a less severe disturbance to an existing community. E. Primary succession is much more common than secondary succession.

D

Which of the following is essential to the process genetic engineering? (quiz 9) A. selective breeding B. sexual reproduction C. random genetic mutations D. recombinant DNA E. artificial selection

D

Which of the following water features is(are) directly affected by eutrophication? (quiz 5) A. Lake Erie B. Gulf of Mexico C. Chesapeake Bay D. All of the above are correct. E. None of the above are correct.

D

"Greenwashing" refers to ______________. (quiz 7) A. using eco-friendly products to clean your home B. a company's transition into a "green" business C. a recent trend in advertising to promote consumer education about environmental issues D. the restoration of fresh water ecosystems E. rhetoric in advertising and labeling intended to mislead consumers into thinking a company or product is ecologically friendly

E

How does ecological economics provide a more realistic approach than neoclassical economics? (quiz 7) A. Ecological economics recognizes that certain raw materials are non-renewable. B. Ecological economics eliminates the cost-benefit analysis approach. C. Ecological economics is based on the concept of the "invisible hand". D. Ecological economics attempts to consider the value of ecosystem services. E. Both A and D are correct.

E

How does urban sprawl affect urban areas specifically? (quiz 10) A. consumption of agricultural land for development B. consumption of forested land for development C. increased dependence on foreign oil D. increased soil salinity in agricultural areas due to road salt pollution E. drain of tax dollars from the city

E

How long does it take to form 1 inch of soil? (quiz 8) A. 1 year B. 10 years C. 50 years D. 100 years E. Hundreds or thousands of years

E

How many children can a healthy woman potentially bear during her reproductive window? (quiz 5) A. 5 B. 10 C. 15 D. 20 E. 25

E

In the Man and Biosphere Program example of community conservation, which part of the biosphere is conserved as untouched wilderness? (quiz 3) A. eco-tourism ring B. multi-use area C. scientific research ring D. buffer area E. core area

E

Limiting factors (i.e. disease, starvation, or drought) determine the _____________ of a given population. (quiz 2) A. ecological footprint B. reproductive barriers C. evolutionary tree D. fossil record E. carrying capacity

E

Salinization is defined as ________________. (quiz 9) A. the use of cover crops to manage excess salt B. the removal of salt from seawater C. the loss of biologically productive land to desert D. the effect of salt pollution from winter roadways E. the build up of salts in the topsoil

E

Shade-grown coffee in mixed polycultures is a good example of _________________. (quiz 9) A. terracing B. a genetically modified crop C. agroforestry D. biomimicry E. Both C and D are correct.

E

The ecological footprint of cities can be reduced by _____________. (quiz 10) A. using more fertilizers on lawns and public parks B. planting rooftop gardens C. tax incentives to encourage investment in renewable energies D. composting food waste and growing food in community gardens E. B, C, and D are all correct.

E

What does the Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI) account for that the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) does not? (quiz 7) A. non-market values B. the benefits of ecological services C. environmental costs D. social costs E. All of the above are correct.

E

What is an airshed? (quiz 5) A. the geographic area that define the flow of water and sediment B. the sources of air pollution in a given area C. area of forest producing a certain amount of oxygen D. the interface between the atmosphere and the hydrosphere E. the geographic area that produces air pollutants likely to end up in a waterway

E

What is systems thinking? (quiz 1) A. studying the individual pieces of a problem or issue B. studying the evolution of complex organisms C. designing and developing computer systems D. conforming to a single viewpoint E. studying the relationships that support the function of the whole

E

What is the smallest unit of evolution? (quiz 2) A. individual organism B. a group of organisms belonging to the same species C. a group of organisms of the same species living together in the same geographical area at the same time D. a population E. Both C and D are correct.

E

What role do fungi play in mutual symbiosis with photosynthetic partners? (quiz 4) A. producer B. consumer C. decomposer D. absorb nutrients and water E. Both C and D are correct.

E

Which ecosystem service is most closely related to the process of eutrophication? (quiz 6) A. habitat B. pollination C. recreation D. genetic resources E. nutrient cycling

E

Which ecosystem type that has the greatest net primary productivity? (quiz 6) A. tundra B. desert C. tropical rainforest D. open ocean E. algal beds and reefs

E

Which of the following causes of biodiversity loss are NOT interconnected? (quiz 3) A. habitat loss B. pollution C. overharvesting D. global climate change E. None of the above are correct. All of these causes are interconnected.

E

Which of the following factors should be considered when estimating the ecological footprint of urban areas? (quiz 10) A. the population density of the urban area B. the amount of waste generated by the urban population C. the affluence of the urban population D. the amount of undeveloped land outside the urban boundary needed to supply ecological services to the urban population E. All of the above should be considered.

E

Which of the following is NOT a living thing found in soil? (quiz 8) A. bacteria B. fungi C. earthworms D. protists E. water

E

Which of the following is NOT an environmental issue associated with the consumption of meat and dairy products? (quiz 9) A. production of greenhouse gases B. production of nitrogenous wastes C. energy consumption and inefficiency D. consumption of land and water resources E. All of the above are environmental issues associated with meat and dairy consumption

E

Which of the following is NOT an example of a good or service provided by plants that directly benefits human society? (quiz 1) A. discovery of new medicines B. horticultural therapy and stress relief C. dietary source of vitamins, minerals, and fiber D. source of oxygen and sink for carbon dioxide E. All of the above are benefits plants provide to human society.

E

Which of the following is NOT an example of a pronatalist pressure? (quiz 4) A. Children are a source of pride, pleasure, and comfort. B. Children can contribute to the household income. C. Children may support their parents as they grow older. D. Children can replace members of society as they die. E. All of the above are examples of pronatalist pressures.

E

Which of the following is an example of mutualism? (quiz 4) A. pollination B. people propagating plants for food C. leaf cutter ants cultivating fungus for food D. the lichen E. All of the above are examples of mutualism.

E

Which of the following species interactions is(are) considered symbiotic? (quiz 3) A. competition B. predator/prey C. parasite/host D. mutualism E. Both C and D are correct.

E

Why did China shift from a One-child policy to a Two-child policy in 2015? (quiz 5) A. shrinking workforce B. rising number of elderly citizens C. reduction in family planning D. reduction in availability of contraception E. Both A and B are correct.

E