Introduction to Nutrition Chapter 7
Describe the avenues of fluid intake and excretion in our bodies.
- food, beverages, metabolic water -sensible vs insensible water loss
What is a healthy blood pressure value?
120/80 or lower
What is the AI for sodium?
AI is 1500 mg/d; but intakes range from 2300-4700 mg/d - so the issue is too much dietary Na
Hypertension
Abnormally high blood pressure
Functions of potassium
Also an electrolyte, crucial to heart function and plays a key role in skeletal and smooth muscle contraction.
What is hyperkalemia?
An elevated serum potassium level.
Concerns with alcohol abuse
Anemia, cancer, cardiovascular disease, liver failure
Benefits and risks to alcohol in moderation
Antioxidants, good cholesterol, heart health.
Food sources of potassium
Bananas, Potatoes, Oranges, Red Peppers
Groups most vulnerable to dehydration
Both elderly and very young have increased risk of dehydration
Functions of sodium
Chief cation of extracellular fluid (electrolytes like +K and -Cl, fluid and electrolyte balanc
Osmosis
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
How do electrolytes move across the cell membrane?
Diffusion. Channels and ion pumps.
Describe how electrolytes assist in the regulation of healthful fluid balance
Electrolytes are charged particles in body fluids that help transmit electrical impulses for the proper functioning of the heart, nerves and muscles. The number of positively charged particles and negatively charged particles is supposed to be equal.
What is an electrolyte?
Electrolytes are minerals in your blood and other body fluids that carry an electric charge
Functions of phosphorus
Formation of bones and teeth. It plays an important role in how the body uses carbohydrates and fats. It is also needed for the body to make protein for the growth, maintenance, and repair of cells and tissues.
Why do we sweat?
It's major role is to prevent overheating of the body; it begins on the forehead and then spreads inferiorly over the remainder of the body. Emotionally-induced sweating, on the other hand, begins in the palms, soles, and axillae and then spreads to other body areas.
What is hyponatremia?
Low serum sodium level.
Nutrients that have been shown to improve blood pressure
Potassium, calcium, magnesium
What are the predominant electrolytes of intracellular fluid?
Potassium, phosphorus.
Food sources of sodium
Salt, convenience foods, bacon, butter, canned foods, cheese, hot dogs, ketchup, milk, mustard, snack foods, soy sauce
Identify the four nutrients that function as electrolytes in our bodies.
Sodium, chloride, potassium, phosphorus.
What are the predominant electrolytes of extracellular fluid?
Sodium, chloride.
What do blood pressure numbers mean?
Upper number indicates systolic pressure and the lower number indicates diastolic pressure
Is it possible to drink too much water?
Yes.
Thirst mechanism
a cluster of nerve cells in the hypothalamus that stimulate our conscious desire to drink fluids in response to an increase in the concentration of salt in our blood or a decrease in blood pressure and blood volume
How is alcohol metabolized?
in the liver, converted to acetaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase
How does water move across the cell membrane?
it moves by osmosis, through water filled channels called aquaporins.
How to reduce hypertension
lower sodium and increase potassium
Organs responsible for maintaining fluid balance
lungs, skin, kidneys and large intestine
Food sources of phosphorus
milk, yogurt, cheese, meat, fish, chicken, turkey, coca cola
Functions of water in our bodies
transportation of nutrients, electrolytes, and oxygen to cells, excretion of waste products, regulation of body temperature, lubrication of joints and membranes, and food digestion
Functions of fluid in the body
transports hormones and blood cells, cellular metabolism, chemical functioning, solvent for electrolytes and non-electrolytes, maintains temperature, facilitates digestion and elimination, acts as a tissue lubricant (especially in regards to mucous membranes.)