Introduction to Nutrition Chapter 7

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Describe the avenues of fluid intake and excretion in our bodies.

- food, beverages, metabolic water -sensible vs insensible water loss

What is a healthy blood pressure value?

120/80 or lower

What is the AI for sodium?

AI is 1500 mg/d; but intakes range from 2300-4700 mg/d - so the issue is too much dietary Na

Hypertension

Abnormally high blood pressure

Functions of potassium

Also an electrolyte, crucial to heart function and plays a key role in skeletal and smooth muscle contraction.

What is hyperkalemia?

An elevated serum potassium level.

Concerns with alcohol abuse

Anemia, cancer, cardiovascular disease, liver failure

Benefits and risks to alcohol in moderation

Antioxidants, good cholesterol, heart health.

Food sources of potassium

Bananas, Potatoes, Oranges, Red Peppers

Groups most vulnerable to dehydration

Both elderly and very young have increased risk of dehydration

Functions of sodium

Chief cation of extracellular fluid (electrolytes like +K and -Cl, fluid and electrolyte balanc

Osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

How do electrolytes move across the cell membrane?

Diffusion. Channels and ion pumps.

Describe how electrolytes assist in the regulation of healthful fluid balance

Electrolytes are charged particles in body fluids that help transmit electrical impulses for the proper functioning of the heart, nerves and muscles. The number of positively charged particles and negatively charged particles is supposed to be equal.

What is an electrolyte?

Electrolytes are minerals in your blood and other body fluids that carry an electric charge

Functions of phosphorus

Formation of bones and teeth. It plays an important role in how the body uses carbohydrates and fats. It is also needed for the body to make protein for the growth, maintenance, and repair of cells and tissues.

Why do we sweat?

It's major role is to prevent overheating of the body; it begins on the forehead and then spreads inferiorly over the remainder of the body. Emotionally-induced sweating, on the other hand, begins in the palms, soles, and axillae and then spreads to other body areas.

What is hyponatremia?

Low serum sodium level.

Nutrients that have been shown to improve blood pressure

Potassium, calcium, magnesium

What are the predominant electrolytes of intracellular fluid?

Potassium, phosphorus.

Food sources of sodium

Salt, convenience foods, bacon, butter, canned foods, cheese, hot dogs, ketchup, milk, mustard, snack foods, soy sauce

Identify the four nutrients that function as electrolytes in our bodies.

Sodium, chloride, potassium, phosphorus.

What are the predominant electrolytes of extracellular fluid?

Sodium, chloride.

What do blood pressure numbers mean?

Upper number indicates systolic pressure and the lower number indicates diastolic pressure

Is it possible to drink too much water?

Yes.

Thirst mechanism

a cluster of nerve cells in the hypothalamus that stimulate our conscious desire to drink fluids in response to an increase in the concentration of salt in our blood or a decrease in blood pressure and blood volume

How is alcohol metabolized?

in the liver, converted to acetaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase

How does water move across the cell membrane?

it moves by osmosis, through water filled channels called aquaporins.

How to reduce hypertension

lower sodium and increase potassium

Organs responsible for maintaining fluid balance

lungs, skin, kidneys and large intestine

Food sources of phosphorus

milk, yogurt, cheese, meat, fish, chicken, turkey, coca cola

Functions of water in our bodies

transportation of nutrients, electrolytes, and oxygen to cells, excretion of waste products, regulation of body temperature, lubrication of joints and membranes, and food digestion

Functions of fluid in the body

transports hormones and blood cells, cellular metabolism, chemical functioning, solvent for electrolytes and non-electrolytes, maintains temperature, facilitates digestion and elimination, acts as a tissue lubricant (especially in regards to mucous membranes.)


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