Ecology Exam 1 IUPUI
What is Leaf Area Index (LAI)?
A dimensionless measure of the amount of leaf cover
What is a rain shadow?
A dry area on the downwind side of a mountain
When does an El niño year happen?
Every 4-7 years and around christmas
It ranges across?
Every type of science
What unit is population level?
Evolution
What are some consequences of an El Niño?
Increased rainfall in Southern America and drought and fires in East Africa
Ecology is the science of?
Interactions and relationships
Eugene P. Odum once said?
The study of the structure and function of nature
Interactions between plants and animals
animal ecology
ecosystem and natural resource and preservation and restoration
applied ecology
the role of natural selection in adaptations and speciation
evolutionary ecology
Survival and reproduction. The unit of natural selection
organism
how organisms are physiologically adapted to their environment
physiological ecology
Interactions between plants and the environment.
plant ecology
When a rise in sea surface temperature and a drastic decline in primary productivity.
The results of an El Niño year
For direct sunlight, the albedo of snow and ice is?
45-90%
What percent of earth's surface is water?
70%
How much is radiated TO the surface of the earth?
96
For direct sunlight, the albedo of forests are?
5-30%
Of the solar radiation that reaches the earths atmosphere ___% is absorbed by the surface of the earth.
50
Inputs: 147 Units
51 + 96
What percent of solar radiation reaches earth's atmosphere?
51%
What would the temperature be if there were no greehouse gases?
-18ºC
How much human-made carbon dioxide contributes to the greenhouse effect?
1/2 (50%)
How much is radiated BY earths surface?
117
What temperature does the greenhouse effect keep the earth's average atmosphere?
15ºC
What percent of solar radiation is absorbed by the clouds and atmosphere?
19%
For direct sunlight, the albedo of water surface is?
2%
How much water vapor contributes to the greenhouse effect?
3/4 (75%)
Outputs: 147 Units
30 + 117
How much solar radiation reflects off the clouds, atmosphere and surface of the earth? (returns back to space)
30%
What is the range of CO2 concentration in the atmosphere?
414-420
The fraction of incident radiation that is reflected by a surface or body is called?
Albedo
What is the most important human-made (anthropogenic) green house gas?
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
What are the 4 most important greenhouse gases?
CO2 CH4 CFC N2O
Who pointed out that regions of the world with similar climates supported vegetation that was similar in form. Also concluded that the form and function of plants within a region reflected the constraints imposed by the physical environments.
Carl Ludwig Willenow and Heinrich Alexander von Humbolt
Who was Johannes Warming's famous student?
Christensen Raukiaer
Ernest Haeckel
Coined the term Ecology
What provided the mechanisms for understand the link between organisms and their environment?
Darwin: Natural Selections and Mendel: Genetics
What is it called when the temperature at which saturation VP is achieved for given water content in the air?
Dew Point Temperature
Energy flux and cycling of nutrients
Ecosystem
What is it called when there is a disruption of the normal ocean-atmosphere system in the tropical Pacific Ocean?
El Niño
What does ENSO stand for?
El Niño Southern Oscillation
When trade winds relax in the central and western Pacific leading to a depression of the thermocline in the eastern Pacific, and an elevation of the thermocline in the west.
El Niño formation
Eugene P. Odum (1913-2002)
Father of modern ecology
What is albedo used for?
Finding the amount of light that goes into the earth
Who discovered an el niño and where?
Fishermen off the coast of South America
An LAI of 4 is?
Given area of ground covered by 4 times that area of leaves
Eco:
Greek; Household or home
Who studied in his garden the transmittion of characteristics from one generation of pea plants to another? He is also considered the father of genetics.
Gregor Mendel
Who studied succession of plants on the Indiana sand dunes and established plant succession as one central concept of modern ecology?
Henry Cowles
Who studied tropical forests in brazil and wrote the first book on plant ecology "Plantesamfund"? The book had a tremendous influence on the early development of ecology.
Johannes Warming
What is the opposite of an El Niño?
La Niña
What refers to a period when ocean temperatures are cooler across the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean?
La Niña
What is Iz=Io x e^-k*LAI
Lambert-Beer Extinction Law
What is the unit for humidity?
Mpa (megapascal)
Ecology is a ____________________ discipline.
Multifaceted
What unit is individual level?
Natural selection
What equation should be used to find ground area of a circle? (If you know the radius)
Pi x R^2
What are Molecular and cellular, individual, population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere?
Organizational levels
Who wrote "Silent Spring" and did more than anyone else to bring environmental problems to the attention of the public? They found that chemical poisons and pollutants are recycled through the environment.
Rachel Carson
Curent VP/Saturation VP x 100 = ?
Relative humidity
Natural history and plant geography. The distribution of plants.
Root of ecology
What is the pressure that water vapor exerts with the air is moisture saturated?
Saturation (VP)
What are three examples of surfaces that absorb solar radiation?
Snow, water, ground
A seesaw of air pressures on the eastern and western halves of the Pacific
Southern Oscillation (SO)
What is the equation for LAI
Total leaf area (m2)/Ground area (m2) = LAI
Ecology studies the interactions of organisms and with their biotic and abiotic environments.
True
What causes El Niño and Southern Oscillation?
Underwater earthquakes
Why is sea surface temperature 8ºC higher in the west than in South America?
Upwelling of cold water from deeper levels
The amount of pressure water vapor exerts independent of the dry air is called?
Vapor Pressure (VP)
What is Saturation VP - Current VP equal to?
Vapor Pressure Deficit
With a persistent high-pressure zone and a low pressure zone, above the ocean surface, the wind circulation is complete. The convection of air is called?
Walker Circulation
What are some consequences of a La Niña?
Warmer winters in the Southeastern United States and colder than normal winters from the Great Lakes to the Pacific Northwest
What is the most important greenhouse gas?
Water vapor (H2O)
Is the green house effect essential for life?
Yes!
The atmosphere above the WESTERN South Pacific is dominated by what?
a low-pressure zone
The atmosphere above the EASTERN South Pacific is dominated by what?
a persistent high-pressure zone
What causes the pressure to drive the trade winds from the east to the west along the equator?
a persistent high-pressure zone and a low-pressure zone
the ecological and evolutionary basis for animal behavior
behavioral ecology
What does ecology study?
biological discipline
the global ecosystem, the sum of all the planet's ecosystems
biosphere
What does moisture saturated mean?
can hold no more water
the nature and use of chemical substances produced by plants and animals
chemical ecology
What are the two groups of photosynthetic pigments?
chlorophylls and carotenoids
Interactions among populations
community
LAI stands for?
cumulative leaf area index above z
There is no universal definition of ecology. (Closest thing) The study of interactions of living organisms and their interactions with non-living environments.
ecology
energy flow and the cycling of chemicals among the various biotic and abiotic components in an ecosystem.
ecosystem ecology
WHat is the water content in the air in terms of vapor pressure?
humidity
How are water molecules held together?
hydrogen bonds
where is 75% of earths fresh water located?
ice caps and glaciers
k stands for?
light extinction coefficient
Iz stands for?
light reaching any vertical position z in the canopy
Io stands for?
radiation incident at the top of the canopy
restoring damaged ecosystems
restoration ecology
scientific discipline devoted to the study of ecological systems using theoretical methods such as simple conceptual models, mathematical models, computational simulations, and advanced data analysis.
theoretical ecology
the link between the physical and social dimensions of cities
urban ecology
What is the condition of the atmosphere at a given time in a given place?
weather