Ecology Final

a) more time

The evolutionary history hypothesis for the latitudinal diversity gradient argues that there has been ________ for speciation in the tropics versus at higher latitudes. a) more time b) the same amount of time c) less time

b) more dense than; sinks

Cool air is _______ warm air; as air cools, it _______. a) more dense than; rises b) more dense than; sinks c) less dense than; rises d) less dense than; sinks e) about as dense as; rises

a stream

Where is an active fish that requires large amounts of oxygen most likely to live? a) the deep ocean b) a deep lake c) a stream d) very salty water e) very acidic water

e) coral reef

Which marine habitat has the highest species diversity? a) sandy beach b) salt marsh c) seagrass bed d) mangrove forest e) coral reef

d) All of the above

Which of the following are part of an organism's life history? a) growth. b) development. c) survival. d) All of the above e) None of the above

e) The outcome of competition can change depending on abiotic factors.

Which of the following conclusions can be best drawn from Tansley's experiments with bedstraw plants that grow on different types of soils? a) Competition is often asymmetrical. b) The outcome of competition can be changed by disturbances. c) The competitive exclusion principle applies only to intraspecific competition. d) Character displacement can be an important force in natural communities. e) The outcome of competition can change depending on abiotic factors.

e) All of the above

Which of the following is an example of how an ecologist studies a given phenomenon? a) Controlled laboratory experiments b) Small-scale field experiments c) Observational studies d) Quantitative mathematical models e) All of the above

b) Fish in the Caribbean are separated from close relatives in the Pacific Ocean by Central America.

Which of the following is an example of vicariance? a) Possums colonized North America from South America after the two continents became physically connected. b) Fish in the Caribbean are separated from close relatives in the Pacific Ocean by Central America. c) Many new plant species have evolved in New Zealand and are found nowhere else on earth. d) Humans have helped chickens disperse throughout the world.

c) Overfishing.

Which of the following is the biggest human impact on coral reefs? a) Conversion of habitat to wetlands. b) Habitat destruction by tourists. c) Overfishing. d) Conversion of habitat to aquaculture.

b) Clumped

Which of the following population dispersion patterns is most commonly seen in the field for most species? a) Regular b) Clumped c) Genet d) Random e) None of the above

c) a very small stream that feeds into other streams to create larger streams and rivers.

A "first-order" stream is one that is: a) of international importance for conservation. b) highly pristine, with very low levels of pollution and human disturbance. c) a very small stream that feeds into other streams to create larger streams and rivers. d) a very large stream that feeds directly into an estuary. e) None of the above.

idk not c tho

A count was made of all the fish species in the Caribbean. The Western Caribbean had 230 species; the Eastern Caribbean had 305 species, and the deeper waters in the central Caribbean had 100. Some of the species occurred in multiple locations, so the total for the whole Caribbean was 550 species. There were 40 species that occurred in the Eastern Caribbean but were not found in the Western Caribbean. This lack of overlap in species composition is called a) alpha diversity b) beta diversity c) gamma diversity

b) Primary

A mountain slide exposes bare rock and soil with no living plants. Which type of succession best describes the reestablishment of the community after the storm? a) Climax b) Primary c) Secondary d) Chapin e) Biotic

idk not d tho * the correct answer is C (I had this on my test as well)

A mycorrhizal-associated fungus grows between cells of the root of a plant, forming a mantle around the exterior of the root. This is an example of _______. a) arbuscular mycorrhizae b) communalistic mycorrhizae c) ectomycorrhizae d) endomycorrhizae e) supramycorrhizae

rocky intertidal zone

A researcher finds that the physical environment at a certain location alternates between marine and terrestrial with the rise and fall of the tides. A stable substratum provides an anchor against the pounding waves for a diverse array of organisms. Organisms that live there, especially those that are sessile, usually have high tolerance for changes in salinity and temperature as well as desiccation. This area is most likely a(n)

e) they are realistic; they do not allow very large spatial scales.

A strength of field experiments is __________; a weakness of field experiments is ________. a) variables can be regulated very precisely; they are not very realistic. b) variables can be regulated very precisely; they do not allow a very long temporal scale. c) they allow a very long temporal scale; they do not allow a very large spatial scale. d) they allow a very large spatial scale; variables cannot be regulated precisely. e) they are realistic; they do not allow very large spatial scales. f) none of the above is correct.

By 2000, the majority of the biosphere in agricultural and settled anthromes, less than 20% seminatural and only a quarter left wild. 25, 25, 50

According to Ellis et al. 2010, about _________ percent of the earth's ice-free terrestrial surface is currently wild, about _________ percent is semi-natural, and about _________ percent is used by humans. a) 50, 25, 25 b) 25, 25, 50 c) 25, 50, 25 d) 33, 33, 33 e) 40, 30, 30 f) 70, 20, 10

b) by fish in coral reefs.

Adam et al 2011 studied herbivory a) by birds in arctic salt marshes. b) by fish in coral reefs. c) by buffalo in grasslands. d) by insects in temperate forests. e) by snails in ponds. f) by grasshoppers in agricultural fields.

e) Both b and c b) ecosystem engineer. c) keystone species.

Although beavers are relatively rare, they have considerable influence over species interactions in communities in which they are present because of their dams. The beaver is thus an example of a(n) a) foundation species. b) ecosystem engineer. c) keystone species. d) Both a and b e) Both b and c

c) deployed instantaneously following herbivore damage as different components of the defense mix.

An activated chemical defense of a plant is a) always deployed. b) deployed gradually following herbivore damage. c) deployed instantaneously following herbivore damage as different components of the defense mix. d) only deployed in plants with high nitrogen contents.

Both a and b a)Some of the plots may have more fertile soil than other plots, and you would be misled if you only had one plot per species. b) Some of the plots may be wetter than others, and you would be misled if you only had one plot per species.

An ecologist does a field experiment to compare primary production among four species of plants. She sets up six replicates each of plots with each species present (4 species x 6 plots each = 24 plots). Why does she need more than one plot with each species present? Why not just use 4 plots, one for each species?An ecologist does a field experiment to compare primary production among four species of plants. She sets up six replicates each of plots with each species present (4 species x 6 plots each = 24 plots). Why does she need more than one plot with each species present? Why not just use 4 plots, one for each species? a) Some of the plots may have more fertile soil than other plots, and you would be misled if you only had one plot per species. b) Some of the plots may be wetter than others, and you would be misled if you only had one plot per species. c) She would not need more than one plot per species if she was careful to ensure that plots were initially identical. d) She has a poor understanding of statistics, and is being over-cautious. e) A and B. f) C and D. g) None of the above.

b) Yes, but they are complicated, because you don't have to just describe the abundance of plants, but also several aspects of their chemistry.

Are there mathematical models of plant-herbivore interactions? a) Yes, you can just use the Lotka-Volterra predator-prey equations to describe most plant-herbivore interactions. b) Yes, but they are complicated, because you don't have to just describe the abundance of plants, but also several aspects of their chemistry. c) Yes, but they are complicated, because plants are clonal whereas animals are individuals, which are more easily counted. d) No, because plants are autotrophic and animals are heterotrophic.

Second order > third order > fourth order

Assuming that the river continuum concept is correct, how would a second-, third-, and fourth-order river be ranked, in terms of the importance of terrestrial vegetation as a food source for the organisms within it? a) Fourth order > third order > second order b) Fourth order > second order > third order c) Third order > second order > fourth order d) Second order > fourth order > third order e) Second order > third order > fourth order

(b) many; do not kill them

By definition, herbivores consume _______ prey individuals, and usually __________. a) many; kill them. b) many; do not kill them. c) few; kill them. d) few; do not kill them.

blue and red; green

Chlorophyll absorbs _______ light and reflects ______ wavelengths.

a) sheep grazing increased plant diversity

Darwin argued that a) sheep grazing increased plant diversity b) sheep grazing was harmful to rabbits c) sheep grazing increased myxomatosis d) myxomatosis should be introduced to England e) myxomatosis would control rabbits

d) hemiparasite

Despite being photosynthetic, mistletoe receives some of its energy from its host plant. Mistletoe is thus an example of a a) chemosynthetic organism b) holoparasite c) hyperparasite d) hemiparasite

natural experiment

Dr. Cole was interested in whether rainfall affected the growth of ant colonies. He mapped 100 ant colonies in Colorado, measured their size (number of ants) each year for 20 years, and then looked at whether colony growth was affected by variation in rainfall among years. This approach would be categorized as a

NOT a) population

Dr. Crawford studied how dune plants take up nutrients from the soil and store it as dead plant material. She studied a(n):

b) replication; interspersion

Dr. Graur and Dr. Crawford were planning a field experiment to test the hypothesis that sand dune plants stabilize the movement of soil. They planned to study several artificial sand dunes, some that they would plant and some that they would leave without plants. Dr. Graur said "I think we need at least 5 sand dunes representing each plant treatment (with and without)", to which Dr. Crawford replied "I think we need to make sure that the different plant treatments alternate along the seashore, rather than having all the dunes of one treatment next to each other". Dr. Graur is concerned about ________ and Dr. Crawford is concerned about __________.

c) guild

Dr. Graur went to a grassland and observed that grasshoppers and deer were feeding on the same dominant grass species. He concluded that grasshoppers and deer were members of the same: a) functional group b) taxonomic group c) guild d) foundation group e) keystone group

b) Past researchers might have chosen to study competition in situations where they already expected it to be important.

Dr. Pennings conduced a review study (meta-analysis) of studies on competition in salt marsh plants. He was very worried about "study bias". What is he worried about? a) The journal might not publish his paper because he isn't famous. b) Past researchers might have chosen to study competition in situations where they already expected it to be important. c) The studies he reviewed might have been falsified. d) Past researchers might have chosen to publish studies that found competition and not to publish studies that did not find competition.

population

Dr. Pennings studied the number of non-native monk parrots (Myiopsitta monachus) in Houston over the last 30 years. He studied a(n):

a) adaptation

Dr. Pennings studied the physiology of a lizard that occurs throughout North America. He compared individuals collected from Alaska with individuals collected from Texas. After keeping them at 20 degrees in the laboratory for a year, the temperature at which the Alaskan lizards could run the fastest was 10 degrees C, and the temperature at which the Texan lizards could run the fastest was 30 degrees C. The difference between lizards from these two geographic regions is likely due to: a) adaptation b) acclimatization c) hypothermia d) homeothermic metabolism e) the fundamental versus the realized niche

a) Pennings is assuming that giraffes are trying to maximize energy, but they may instead be trying to maximize nitrogen or minerals.

Dr. Pennings wants to understand foraging on leaves by giraffes. He proposes to use an optimal foraging model to calculate energy returns per unit time for feeding on different plant species. Dr. Cole laughs and says, "You are making a huge assumption". What is the biggest assumption that Dr. Pennings is making? a) Pennings is assuming that giraffes are trying to maximize energy, but they may instead be trying to maximize nitrogen or minerals. b) Pennings is assuming that giraffes need to eat. c) Pennings is assuming that giraffes can swallow leaves. d) Pennings is assuming that giraffes are well adapted to perform optimally in this foraging situation.

acclimatization

Dr. Smith moved from Houston to a city high in the Colorado mountains. At first she had trouble breathing because the air had less oxygen. Over time, however, she became comfortable and was even able to take up jogging. This is an example of:

33 degrees C warmer

Greenhouse gases make the Earth about _______ than it would be otherwise. a) 3 degrees C warmer b) 33 degrees C warmer c) 3 degrees C cooler d) 33 degrees C cooler

idk not c tho

Heithaus et al 2007 studied sea turtles in Australia. What conclusion might we draw from this study with respect to efforts to protect endangered sea turtles world-wide? a) The key to protecting sea turtles is reducing competition from dugong. b) The key to protecting sea turtles is reducing predation on nests. c) Fertilizing seagrass meadows would increase sea turtle populations. d) Efforts to protect shark populations may harm sea turtles. e) Turtle excluder devices on shrimp nets have not helped protect sea turtle populations.

b) medium-sized boulders.

In Sousa's test of the intermediate disturbance hypothesis in intertidal communities, the highest species richness was found on a) small boulders, which were flipped over by the waves regularly. b) medium-sized boulders. c) large boulders, which were rarely flipped over by the waves. d) Sousa found that species richness did not depend on boulder size.

c) found that the complexity of the environment determined whether predator-prey interactions crashed or cycled indefinitely.

In a classic study of predator-prey interactions with mites in the laboratory, Huffaker: a) varied initial densities of two mite species and found that the species that was initially more abundant usually was the only one that survived. b) found that predatory mites strongly suppressed prey populations, but parasitoid mites had little effect on prey populations. c) found that the complexity of the environment determined whether predator-prey interactions crashed or cycled indefinitely. d) found that introduced species of mites suppressed oranges more than native species of mites. e) found that mites consumed more oranges if predators were present.

c) Reproduction of individuals in the second age class.

In a life table based on size What is signified by the arrow f2? a) Death of individuals in the second age class. b) Shrinkage of individuals in the second age class. c) Reproduction of individuals in the second age class. d) Growth of individuals into the second age class. e) Shrinkage of individuals into the second age class. f) None of the above.

b) Selection may lead to sexual maturity occuring at a smaller size.

In cod fishing, older and larger fish are more likely to be caught in nets. What would be a likely consequence of this? a) Selection may lead to increased body size. b) Selection may lead to sexual maturity occuring at a smaller size. c) Selection may lead to sexual maturity occurring at a later age. d) Selection may lead to delayed senescence. e) Both a and b f) Both b and c

a) conduction

In the cool of the evening, a lizard presses itself against a hot rock in order to stay warm. The lizard is gaining heat by a) conduction b) convection c) radiation d) transpiration

d) The transmission rate of the disease.

In the model for the spread of disease. What does the B (beta) refer to? a) The density of hosts that have the disease. b) The density of hosts that do not have the disease but could catch it. c) The density of resistant hosts. d) The transmission rate of the disease. e) The lethality of the disease. f) Infected hosts who either recover or die.

b) The birth rate of the predator.

In the predator prey equation what does the term faNP represent? a) The death rate of the predator. b) The birth rate of the predator. c) The carrying capacity of the prey. d) The death rate of the prey. e) The time lag between predator and prey.

d) Juncus; a decrease in the abundance of aphids through indirect effects

In their studies of a salt marsh community, Hacker and Bertness 1996 found that removing _______ led to _______. a) Juncus; an increase in the abundance of Iva b) Iva; an increase in the abundance of Juncus c) Juncus; an increase in the abundance of aphids through indirect effects d) Juncus; a decrease in the abundance of aphids through indirect effects e) aphids; a decrease in the abundance of Juncus

high; subsidence

Regions of _______ pressure and dry weather tend to persist at 30 degrees N and S latitudes due to _______. a) high; subsidence b) high; Ferrell c) low; Hadley cells d) low; subsidence e) low; Ferrell cells

c) North America, where West Nile Virus arrived in recent decades.

LaDeau et al 2007 studied the effect of West Nile Virus on birds in what part of the world? a) Africa, where West Nile Virus originated. b) Europe, where West Nile Virus arrived in recent decades. c) North America, where West Nile Virus arrived in recent decades. d) South America, where West Nile Virus has not yet arrived. e) Australia, where West Nile Virus arrived in the 1950's.

b) stable

Last summer Dr. Frankino discovered a population of rare spade-footed toads in Texas. He found 60 individuals, and constructed a life table for the population. From the life table, he calculated that the population had a value for Ro of 1. This population is: a) declining b) stable c) increasing

e) autotrophs.

Organisms that can convert energy from sunlight or from inorganic compounds in their environment, without having to consume other organisms for their energy needs, are called a) heterotrophs. b) monotrophs. c) decomposers. d) herbitrophs. e) autotrophs.

e) mark-recapture sampling

Researchers studying dolphins can identify individuals by the shape of their dorsal fin. By comparing the number of "known" individuals to the number of new ones seen for the first time, they can estimate total population size. This approach is an example of a) quadrat sampling b) dispersal-based range estimation c) niche modeling d) allee effect modeling e) mark-recapture sampling

b) indirect effect

Sea otters feed on sea urchins, which in turn feed on kelp. The effect of sea otters on kelp is a(n): a) direct effect b) indirect effect c) omnivore effect d) competitive network e) foundation effect

b) variation in rainfall

Seasonality in the tropics is best described by a) variation in temperature b) variation in rainfall c) variation in pH d) variation in oxygen e) variation in salinity

MOST e) r=3; tau=0.5 LEAST a) r=1; tau=0.3

Some populations of the Texas lesser wood rat cycle regularly in abundance. You collect demographic data from five populations, each of which has different values for little r and for tau, the time lag. -Which of these populations is MOST likely to cycle? a) r=1; tau=0.2 b) r=1; tau=0.5 c) r=2; tau=0.2 d) r=2; tau=0.5 e) r=3; tau=0.5 -Which of these populations is LEAST likely to cycle? a) r=1; tau=0.3 b) r=1; tau=0.7 c) r=2; tau=0.3 d) r=3; tau=0.3 e) r=3; tau=0.7

b) herbivores sometimes have very strong effects on plants.

Studies of biological control of introduced plants with herbivores show that a) herbivores usually have weak effects on plants. b) herbivores sometimes have very strong effects on plants. c) herbivores usually completely eradicate plants. d) There have not been any attempts to control introduced plants with herbivores.

d) A species accumulation curve that leveled off

Suppose you wanted to determine whether you had adequately sampled the species richness of a given community. Which of the following results would most likely lead you to conclude that the current sampling had adequately assessed the species richness? a) A high Shannon index value b) A low Shannon index value c) A linear species accumulation curve d) A species accumulation curve that leveled off e) A high alpha diversity

d) Brazil.

The Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project was conducted in a) Lithuania. b) Canada. c) Australia. d) Brazil. e) Kenya. f) Malaysia.

d) warm and dry; it minimizes transpiration

The CAM photosynthetic pathway is most advantageous under __________ conditions because _____________. a) cool and moist; it minimizes transpiration b) cool and moist; the C4 and CAM pathways have additional steps that reduce efficiency when water is abundant c) cool and moist; the stomates only open at night d) warm and dry; it minimizes transpiration e) warm and dry; the C3 and CAM pathways require more energy f) warm and dry; the stomates only open during the day

c) Guatemala has the highest proportion of young individuals

The country of Guatemala is currently experiencing rapid population growth, Greece is experiencing essentially zero population growth, while Germany is experiencing negative population growth. Which of the following statements is most likely true? a) The proportion of young individuals is higher in Germany than in than Greece b) The proportion of elderly individuals is higher in Greece than in Germany c) Guatemala has the highest proportion of young individuals d) Both a and b e) Both b and c

idk not b tho

The desert shade-tree functions as a nurse plant, facilitating germination and early growth of many other desert plant species. The desert shade-tree is an example of a(n) a) ecosystem engineer. b) keystone species. c) dominant species. d) trophic facilitator. e) indirect interactor.

a) alternative stable states.

The deserts of West Gudungo contain patches that are bare sand and other patches colonized by shrubs. Small shrubs moved into the bare patches are rapidly buried by blowing sands. If dense patches of shrubs are planted however, they stabilize the sand, allowing new shrubs to grow from seed in their midst. Based on this description, the sand and shrub patches are a) alternative stable states. b) different regimes, but not alternative stable states. c) an example of retrograde succession. d) an example of Gleasonian climax communities.

a) Pollen supply is more limited for plants growing alone than for plants growing in dense groups.

The diagram from Davis et al 2004 shows the number of pollen grains (per stigma lobe) for invasive Spartina plants at three sites that were growing either alone (isolated) or in dense groups (meadow). Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from these data? a) Pollen supply is more limited for plants growing alone than for plants growing in dense groups. b) Pollen supply is more limited for plants growing in dense groups than for plants growing alone. c) Invasive Spartina can be very harmful to native oyster communities. d) Invasive Spartina produce more seed in meadow versus isolated habitats. e) Invasive Spartina grow taller in meadow versus isolated habitats.

b) Adaptation involves genetic changes and acclimation does not.

The difference between acclimation and adaptation is what? a) Acclimation involves genetic changes and adaptation does not. b) Adaptation involves genetic changes and acclimation does not. c) Adaptation involves regulation and acclimation does not. d) Acclimation involves speciation and adaptation does not. e) None of the above.

NOT a) acclimatization.

The flounder (a type of fish) is able to change its color to blend in with the background. As a result, it escapes the notice of many predators. This ability to blend in is an example of:

H: A and E

The leaf-cutter ant provides the fungus with leaves that it digests. It also provides the fungus with a place to live. The ant is providing a ____________ mutualism. a) trophic b) formic c) service d) chemical e) habitat f) A and C g) C and E h) A and E

a) guard cells that surround stomates, controlling their opening and closing

The rate of transpiration in plants is primarily controlled by a) guard cells that surround stomates, controlling their opening and closing b) the inflation of stomates, which allows for more surface area c) chlorophyll, which opens or closes the guard cells depending on its absorption of sunlight d) leaf pubescence, which affects the matric potential of the leaf e) Both b and c

more

The sides of mountain ranges that face into the prevailing winds usually receive _______ precipitation than the side of the mountain that faces away from the prevailing winds. a) more b) less c) about the same amount of

Desert.

The southeastern US (think north Florida and Georgia) is at 30 degrees of latitude. Based on our simple model of air circulation in three cells in each hemisphere, what biome should exist here? a) Forest. b) Grassland. c) Desert. d) Frozen tundra.

b) dispersal ability

The striped crayfish is known to exist in only one freshwater spring in Texas. It grows well in laboratory aquaria, and single males experimentally moved to four other freshwater springs in Texas lived a natural lifespan. The distribution of this species is most likely determined by: a) habitat suitability b) dispersal ability c) continental drift d) interactions with other species

c) for high population growth rates.

The term "r-selection" refers to selection a) to increase age at sexual maturity. b) under crowded conditions. c) for high population growth rates. d) to be iteroparous. e) None of the above

c) alternation of generations.

The type of complex life cycle that includes both multicellular haploid (gametophyte) and multicellular diploid (sporophytes) stages is best described as a) metamorphosis. b) iteroparous. c) alternation of generations. d) sequential hermaphroditism. e) None of the above

b) 10

There are 100 raccoons in a 10-hectare section of Inner Houston. The average population density of raccoons at this site is _______ per hectare a) 0.1 b) 10 c) 100 d) 1,000 e) The density cannot be estimated with the information provided

idk not d tho

Two plots of forest in Papua New Guinea were sampled for nematode species. Plot A had 20 species and plot B had 50 species. Plot A has lower ________ than plot B. a) alpha diversity b) beta diversity c) gamma diversity d) all of the above e) none of the above

b) Neighbors benefit plants at high elevations and harm them at low elevations.

This figure comes from a study by Callaway et al. 2002 on plants growing on mountainsides. What are the effects of neighbors on reproduction of adjacent plants at low and high elevations on mountainsides? a) Neighbors benefit plants at low elevations and harm them at high elevations. b) Neighbors benefit plants at high elevations and harm them at low elevations. c) Neighbors benefit adjacent plants under all conditions. d) Neighbors compete strongly with adjacent plants under all conditions. e) None of the above.

d) All of the above. a) The cleaner fish removes dirt that accumulates on the corals, promoting health of the reef ecosystem engineers. b) The cleaner fish removes fine sediments that accumulate on the gills of reef fish, promoting better respiratory function in cleaned fish. c) The cleaner fish eats ectoparasites that live on fish, promoting the health of the cleaned fish.

This figure shows the number of species and individuals of coral reef fish found on reefs with and without cleaner fish. How does the cleaner fish benefit other fish species? a) The cleaner fish removes dirt that accumulates on the corals, promoting health of the reef ecosystem engineers. b) The cleaner fish removes fine sediments that accumulate on the gills of reef fish, promoting better respiratory function in cleaned fish. c) The cleaner fish eats ectoparasites that live on fish, promoting the health of the cleaned fish. d) All of the above. e) None of the above.

idk not b tho

Two species of fish live together in lakes and eat zooplankton, but one species tends to eat smaller species of zooplankton than the other. The feeding activities of these fish illustrate the concept of a) competitive exclusion. b) allelopathy. c) interference competition. d) resource partitioning. e) asymmetric competition.

d) a competitive reversal.

Two species of ground crickets compete in the eastern United States. In colder areas the cricket Allonemobius fasciatus outcompetes Allonemobius socius, but in warm areas A. socius outcompetes A. fasciatus. This is an example of a) a character displacement. b) allelopathy. c) a conspecific precedence. d) a competitive reversal. e) a Lotka event.

Evaporation of water applied to the fields

What agricultural practice most causes salt to build up in soil? a) Too much tilling (ploughing) b) Evaporation of water applied to the fields c) Fertilizing with chicken and hog waste d) Growing genetically-modified crops e) Failure to change the crop grown every year

c) Warmer temperatures dry soils, and rising CO2 leads to wetter soils, and these effects cancel each other out.

What did Morgan et al. 2011 conclude about the effects of warmer temperatures and rising CO2 levels on soil moisture? a) Both factors tend to promote dryer soils, limiting plant growth. b) Both factors tend to promote wetter soils, enhancing plant growth. c) Warmer temperatures dry soils, and rising CO2 leads to wetter soils, and these effects cancel each other out. d) Warmer temperatures lead to wetter soils, and rising CO2 dries soils, and these effects cancel each other out.

b) There are many more species of phytoplankton in temperate freshwater lakes than would be expected given the limited number of types of resources.

What is the "paradox of the plankton"? a) The number of phytoplankton species increased after zebra mussels invaded the Mississippi river basin. b) There are many more species of phytoplankton in temperate freshwater lakes than would be expected given the limited number of types of resources. c) Disturbance seems to decrease the number of species of phytoplankton in temperate freshwater lakes. d) The species of phytoplankton found in temperate freshwater lakes are remarkably constant across North America despite their apparently limited dispersal ability. e) The species composition of phytoplankton found in different temperate freshwater lakes does not conform to expectations based on laboratory studies. f) Plankton show extremely strong biotic resistance to invasive species.

d) All of the above.

What might be a fair criticism of Andrew Sih's review of predation studies? a) The results might be biased because people study predation in places where they have reason to believe it occurs. b) The results might be biased because people are more likely to publish studies that find effects than those that do not. c) The results might be biased because predation might occur rarely but still be very important for community dynamics. d) All of the above. e) None of the above.

A and B a) Increased pesticide use has increased vulnerability to parasites b) Increased fertilizer use has increased snail populations.

What might explain recent increases in observations of frogs with deformed limbs? a) Increased pesticide use has increased vulnerability to parasites. b) Increased fertilizer use has increased snail populations. c) Increased hunting has reduced bird densities. d) A and B e) A and C f) All of the above.

c) combination of laboratory and natural experiments

What was the methodology used by Pfennig and Murphy 2000 to study spadefoot toad life history strategies? a) laboratory experiment? b) natural experiment c) combination of laboratory and natural experiments d) mathematical model

d) A variety of negative, positive and neutral interactions occurred at different points in the successional process.

What was the primary mode of succession in Glacier Bay? a) Inhibition b) Facilitation c) Tolerance d) A variety of negative, positive and neutral interactions occurred at different points in the successional process. e) We don't know because we lack experimental studies of the process.

b) estimate population size of a migratory bird.

What would be a good use of mark-recapture techniques? a) estimate distribution and abundance of a common plant in a national park. b) estimate population size of a migratory bird. c) predict the final distribution of an exotic earthworm that is spreading throughout the country. d) assess the status of a critically endangered tree with only 15 known individuals.

idk not c tho

What would be the best way to estimate population abundance and distribution for a common snail species that is widely distributed throughout a large (1000 acre) lake? a) locate and count every individual in the population. b) use quadrat counts to estimate distribution and abundance. c) use mark-recapture techniques to estimate distribution and abundance. d) use niche modeling to estimate distribution and abundance.

c) A and B. a) Animals have behavioral defenses against parasites. b) Animals have physiological defenses against parasites.

Which of the following sentences best describes animal defenses against parasites? a) Animals have behavioral defenses against parasites. b) Animals have physiological defenses against parasites. c) A and B. d) None of the above.

d) Every population will achieve a stable age distribution as long as survivorship and fecundity rates do not change.

Which of the following statements about a stable age distribution is true? a) If a population has a stable age distribution, it will increase in size. b) If a population has a stable age distribution, it will decrease in size. c) Populations only achieve a stable age distribution if initial conditions are suitable. d) Every population will achieve a stable age distribution as long as survivorship and fecundity rates do not change. e) Populations grow geometrically until they achieve a stable age distribution, and exponentially thereafter.

(b) Survivorship (lx) can increase from one age class to the next

Which of the following statements about life tables is false? a) Life tables can be based on life-cycle stage as well as age b) Survivorship (lx) can increase from one age class to the next c) The age-specific survival rate is the chance that an individual of one age will survive to the next age class d) Fecundity is the average number of offspring produced by females of a particular age class e) All of the above are true

d) Both a and b. a) These interactions show clear signs of coevolution. b) These mutualisms are obligate.

Which of the following statements about mutualisms between figs and fig wasps is true? a) These interactions show clear signs of coevolution. b) These mutualisms are obligate. c) These mutualisms are facultative. d) Both a and b. e) Both a and c.

b) It is rare for a host species to have a parasite that eats only that species.

Which of the following statements about parasite natural history is false? a) Different parts of human bodies provide suitable habitat for a wide range of parasites. b) It is rare for a host species to have a parasite that eats only that species. c) Many species are host to more than one parasite species. d) Large or small, parasites typically feed on one, or at most a few, host individuals. e) All of the above are true.

d) Small populations typically experience inbreeding less often than large populations do

Which of the following statements about small populations is false? a) Persistent genetic drift can cause small populations to lack sufficient genetic variability to respond to changes in the environment b) Small populations often have a higher level of inbreeding than large populations have c) Small populations are more subject to extinction via demographic stochasticity than large populations are d) Small populations typically experience inbreeding less often than large populations do e) All of the above are true

d) Habitat fragmentation

Which of the following will most likely cause a species without a metapopulation structure to develop such a population structure? a) Genetic drift b) Demographic stochasticity c) Environmental stochasticity d) Habitat fragmentation e) Isolation by distance

d) Crocodiles not sure tho

Which of the following would be most likely to be K-selected? a) Mice b) Weedy plants c) Mayflies d) Crocodiles e) Both a and b

b) A vulture eats the dead lizard before the hyena reaches it.

Which of these is the best example of exploitation competition? a) Two birds fight over a territory. b) A vulture eats the dead lizard before the hyena reaches it. c) A barnacle is crushed to death between two larger barnacles. d) A plant releases a toxic chemical that harms other plants nearby. e) All of the above. f) None of the above.

a) Banded Texas sparrow frog and catfish are aquatic, earthworm is underground -> more protected and insulated from external temp. change

Which of these species that live near Brays Bayou will experience the largest fluctuations in external temperature? a) Banded Texas sparrow b) Lesser Texas frog c) Greater Texas catfish d) Introduced striped earthworm e) They all live in the same biome, and so will experience similar fluctuations in temperature.

a) Outbreaks

Which pattern of population dynamics best describes the one exhibited by hantavirus in the USA? a) Outbreaks b) Population cycles c) Exponential growth d) Logistic growth e) Deterministic stochasticity

e) Tropical rain forest

Which terrestrail habitat is likely to have the most species? a) Desert b) Savannah c) Temperate grassland d) Temperate forest e) Tropical rain forest f) Taiga g) Tundra

c) natural experiment

Yates et al 2002 studied a hantavirus carried by mice in the southwestern United States. They presented data showing how water availability affects vegetation, and how vegetation affects mouse density. How would you describe the methods used to generate these data? a) laboratory experiment b) field experiment c) natural experiment d) niche-based modeling e) mathematical model

f) A and C a) limit pesticide use around the pond c) limit fertilizer use around the pond in order to keep snail densities low

You are in charge of protecting the last known population of Texas spotted frogs. The frogs breed in only one lake, and suffer from limb deformities caused by Ribeiroia parasites. Based on the literature and the findings of Kiesecker 2002, what strategies should you implement? a) limit pesticide use around the pond b) remove non-native fish from the pond c) limit fertilizer use around the pond in order to keep snail densities low d) try to attract water birds to the pond e) A and B f) A and C g) B and D h) all of the above