Ecology Test 1

Rank the temperature ranges from greatest to smallest

-Clear slimes during the and clear skies at night - clear skies during the day and cloudy skies at night/ cloudy skies during the day and clear skies at night -cloudy skies during the day and cloudy skies at night

Arrange the five locations A, B, C, D, and E in order of increasing groundwater flow considering their elevation and depth below the water table. (Wouldn't let me upload pic of the diagram)

Highest to Lowest: c, b, d, (e and a overlap)

Where is temperature variation the greatest?

In the temperate regions

You accidentally flush your cell phone. Where will it most likely be found at a wastewater treatment facility?

bar screen

Which of the following products of a wastewater treatment facility is often put on farm fields as a fertilizer?

biosolids

Which of the following characteristics of Earth's relationships to the sun explains the existence of Earths seasons?

-Earth's axis is tilted relative to its orbital plane - Earth orbits around the sun, completing one orbit each year -Earth spins on its axis completing one rotation each day - Earth's axis always points in the same direction relative to the stars

Which of the following statements correctly describe changes in greenhouse gas concentrations and temperature?

-Greenhouse gas concentrations and mean temperature all showed a net increase during the 20th century -the concentration of greenhouse gases remained relatively constant over time until they started to increase significantly in the early to mid 19th century

The accompanying image shows that about 30 percent of the Sun's energy is reflected and scattered back into space. How would a 50% increase in Earth's albedo impact average surface temperature?

-Higher albedo would result in cooler temperatures on Earth -Ice sheets would advance, thereby increasing Earth's overall albedo and further cooling Earth's surface

Earth rotates about its axis and all objects on it's surface are constantly moving around in a large circle in space. The Earth's oceans and atmosphere are also spinning around with Earth at the same rate. The Coriolis effect may therefore seem predominant, but not all objects are influenced by it and not all the influences get noticed. Which of the following are influenced by Coriolis effect?

-helicopter on a flight -ocean currents

Which of the following phenomena occur in the tropical South Pacific Ocean during ENSO?

-trade winds of the South Pacific weaken and may even reverse direction -a low-pressure system forms over the Eastern South Pacific -upwelling of colder ocean waters slows down near the South American coast

If the current trend continues, what do you predict the temperature anomaly will be in 2025

0.6

1.) In 2016, atmospheric CO2 was at __ ppm, and oceanic pH was at ___. 2. Under the Optimistic scenario, CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere will increase but will remain under ____ ppm through 2090. 3. Under the Middle Ground scenario, CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere will get close to, but are not projected to exceed ___ ppm by 2090. 4. Under the Pessimistic scenario, CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere are projected to exceed __ ppm by 2090. 5. Across all three scenarios, ocean pH falls below ___ by 2090. 6. From the information in the graphs, you can conclude that oceanic pH and atmospheric CO2 concentration are ____________ 7. Although not reflected in this graph, you can infer that as atmospheric carbon dioxide increases, oceanic carbon dioxide concentrations also increase, suggesting that the two variables are _______

1.) 400, 8.1 2.) 600 3.) 700 4.) 800 5.) 8.0 6.)negatively (or inversely) correlated. 7.)positively (or directly) correlated.

The following graph depicts the relationship between atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and calcification rates in corals. 1.) Although not reflected in the graph, based on how ocean acidification works, the relationship between oceanic pH and coral reef calcification rates can be predicted to be positively (or directly) correlated. 2.)Coral reef calcification rates are projected to steadily decline as atmospheric CO2 concentrations increase. 3.)Declining coral calcification rates suggests a decrease in the level of bicarbonates and an increase in the level of carbonates in seawater. 4.)As atmospheric CO2 concentrations reach 560 ppm, or double the preindustrial level, the coral calcification rate is projected to be reduced by more than two-thirds from what it was at the preindustrial level. 5.)The data in this graph could also be plotted as a pie chart. False As atmospheric CO2 concentrations reach 840 ppm, or three times the preindustrial level, the calcification rate will be reduced to 30 mmol/m2/day.

1.) True 2.) True 3.) False 4.) True 5.) False

About how long have wastewater treatment plants been in existence?

120 years

At what temperature does pure water reach its maximum density?

4°C

Solar radiation in December is greatest at

90 degrees in the Southern Hemisphere

What is the absolute pressure that organisms experience at 900 meters' depth?

91 atm

Where are the anti trade winds located

Above the trade winds

How much of Earth's surface water exists in the oceans?

Almost all of Earth's surface water exists in the oceans.

Which of the following statements about Hadley cells is true?

As warm air rises, air at the top of the atmosphere is pushed poleward and cools.

The following graph shows the average pH of the ocean over the last 20 million years of Earth's history. What can be concluded from the graph? Select all that apply.

Average ocean pH has fluctuated over the millennia from just over 8.0 to about 8.3. In the last 20 million years of Earth's history, the average pH has never gone below 8.0.

Below is an image of different sites for houses: a shallow aquifer, deep aquifer, perched aquifer, and a karst area with lots of caves near the surface. Sort the sites in terms of the best to worst places to build a house, considering both the availability of water resources cost, and how water affects the land surface. Rank from best to worst. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them.

Best to worst: (perched and shallow aquifer overlap), deep aquifer, area with karst topography

You attend a poster session at a conference, "Animal Adaptations in Aquatic Environments." What could one of the titles on the poster appropriately be? There Is Plenty of Food at the Bottom of the Ocean Because That Is Where You Find All the Plants Red and Yellow Are the Best for Camouflage on the Ocean Floor Special Adaptations Are Not As Important in the Deep Ocean Because There is Little Competition. Bioluminescence in the Deep: Organisms Bring Their Own Light Show The Small-Eyed Deep Sea Creatures Are the Best Adapted

Bioluminescence in the Deep: Organisms Bring Their Own Light Show

Assuming a child sitting in the center attempts to throw the ball directly to child D which child will likely catch the ball?

C

When are the Sun's rays perpendicular to Earth's surface at the equator

During the March equinox and September equinox

__________ is the total amount of water lost to the atmosphere from the surface of the ground and vegetation.

Evapotranspiration

True or false? Weather is defined as the prevailing long-term atmospheric conditions in a particular region

False

Organisms living in marine and freshwater environments generally have solute concentrations (or ion concentrations) that are quite different from the water around them. Which of the following statements is true?

Fish that live in estuaries must possess special behavioral or physiological adaptations to survive daily changes in salinity.

The following graphs represent the future projections from Part B. Drag the labels to their appropriate locations on the graphs.

Graph with the three lines going up: ATMOSPHERIC CO2 (PPM) yellow line (lowest on graph): optimistic purple (middle): middle ground red (highest on graph): pessimistic Graph with three lines going down: x-axis: year y-axis: oceanic PH (Again, couldn't upload diagram)

When visiting a friend in Columbus, OH, this winter, you noticed that the temperatures were consistently colder in Columbus than in your home town of Atlantic City, NJ. When you discussed this with your friend, she explained that Columbus is significantly further inland than coastal Atlantic City, while they are still at the same latitude. Why does that explain the difference in weather?

Land surfaces heat and cool more rapidly than water surfaces because of the high specific heat of water.

Scientists are studying how atmospheric CO2 concentrations and oceanic pH may change in the future. In work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, researchers Denis Pierrot, Ernie Lewis, and Douglas Wallace developed a model to show how atmospheric CO2 levels and oceanic pH may change under three different carbon emission scenarios: An optimistic scenario A middle ground scenario A pessimistic scenario For more information about each of these scenarios, see Hint 1. The following data reflect predictions from Pierrot, Lewis, and Wallace's model. How could this data be best represented graphically?

Line graph

Can you determine where these factors have a warming or cooling effect on Earth's surface?

Look at image

Given these conditions, identify the effects of the three factors discussed above

Look at image

Listed following are locations and times at which different phases of the moon are visible from earths northern hemisphere. Match these to the appropriate moon phase

Look at image

When do all locations on Earth experience equal lengths of day and night?

March equinox

The figure below depicts some of the impacts that are likely to be associated with climate change. Using the figure below correctly match the climate change impact with the appropriate continent

North America- the continent with the greatest risk of melting ice Europe- the continent least susceptible to increase storm intensity Austri- the continent least at risk of increased precipitation and floods Africa- the continent that is most susceptible to more droughts Asia- the continent thats is the most susceptible to more fires

How does water get from the oceans onto land?

Ocean water evaporates to form gaseous water and moves into the atmosphere, where it condenses into liquid water and falls out of the atmosphere to land as rain.

You are working on a project about waves in very large lakes and oceans. You study wave and wind dynamics on many days. Which of the following is NOT a likely observation from your study? On calm days, the water ripples lightly, and very small waves break on shore. You watch waves increase in size until they "break" when they are closer to shore. When waves break on shore, they deposit bits of sand onto the beach. When waves break on shore, they carry bits of sand from the beach back into the ocean with them. On very windy days, you notice that the waves are not as high as usual.

On very windy days, you notice that the waves are not as high as usual. Submit

Which desert is caused by a Hadley cell?

Sahara Desert in Africa

For the strategies below, decide whether they are best described as demand-side solutions or supply-side solutions to meeting human needs for fresh water. Remember that a demand-side solution reduces demand for fresh water, whereas a supply-side solution increases the supply of fresh water.

Supply Side: damming a river to create a reservoir desalinating seawater a nation invading a neighboring country to access their rivers Demand Side: requiring low-flow showerheads in all new homes raising water prices for consumers and businesses providing tax breaks for companies that use less water replacing inefficient irrigation with more-efficient drip irrigation to grow crops

Which of the following statements about Earth's solstices is correct?

The December solstice is the time of year when Earth's geographic South Pole is leaning most directly toward the Sun

Which ocean is Earth's largest?

The Pacific Ocean

What would happen to atmospheric water if Earth were mostly covered with land?

The atmosphere would contain less water.

What does the hydrologic cycle describe?

The hydrologic cycle describes how liquid and gaseous water move between the ocean, atmosphere, and land.

How does the inclination of Earth's axis (relative to the plane of its orbit) change over the course of a year?

The inclination of Earth's axis does not change

The accompanying graph charts the average monthly high temperatures in Urbana, Illinois, and San Francisco. Both cities are located at approximately the same latitude; however, they experience very different temperatures. Urbana is located in a rural area with lots of farmland, is in the middle of the continent, and experiences a moderate to high amount of snow in the winter. On the other hand, San Francisco is a big city located on the coast of the Pacific Ocean and doesn't typically have much snowfall during the winter. Determine which line on the graph represents Urbana and which represents San Francisco and label each for the correct city. Indicate how you figured this out by answering the question below

The ocean near San Francisco limits its temperature variations

What would happen to the oceans if surface runoff and groundwater flow were reduced (for example, by the growth of ice sheets during an ice age)?

The oceans would become smaller. Submit

Where are the jet streams located?

The subtropical jet is located above the subtropical high, and the polar jet is located above the Polar Front.

Seasonal variation in solar radiation, temperature, and day length is due to the....

The tilt of the Earth's axis

The June solstice is______

The time of year when Earth's geographic North Pole is leaning most directly toward the sun

Where on earth would you find the trade winds and the westerlies

The trade winds occur between 30º N and 30º S. The westerlies occur in the midlatitude regions of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.

Which of the following statements about the marine coastal environment is true? All coastal regions experience two high tides and two low tides every day. The uppermost areas of the intertidal zone experience the most extreme fluctuations. The intertidal zone experiences little fluctuation in temperature. The intertidal zones of most coastal regions experience the same changes in temperature during tidal fluctuations Neap tides have the maximum tidal range.

The uppermost areas of the intertidal zone experience the most extreme fluctuations.

Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets.

Top: tropical cyclones weaken Left: increased number of landslides Bottom left: fisheries disrupted Bottom right: drought and wild fires Right: drought and crop loss

__________ is the movement of water from internal surfaces of leaves, stems, and other living parts of plants into the atmosphere.

Transpiration

Which of the following statements is FALSE? Salinity is a major feature used to classify aquatic environments. Turbidity is generally used to classify aquatic environments. Water flow is used to classify aquatic environments. The depth of water is used to classify aquatic environments. The type of substrate is a factor that is used to classify aquatic environments.

Turbidity is generally used to classify aquatic environments.

Calculate the projected mean annual temperature for each location in the year 2100, and then rank the locations by temperature from greatest to least

Washington DC, USA Madrid Spain Melbourne Australia Montreal Canada Copenhagen Denmark

Why do water temperatures vary less than air temperatures in the same climate?

Water has a high specific heat.

The figure below shows an aquifer that has been impacted by liquid leachate from a landfill. Pollution from the landfill affects wells drilled into the aquifer differently. The impact depends on 1) which aquifer (unconfined or confined) that the well is drilling into, and whether the aquifer is contaminated, and 2) the location of the well—upslope or downslope of the landfill. The confining layer (also called an aquitard) prevents any contamination from reaching the underlying aquifer, which is the confined aquifer. Compare this to the unprotected aquifer above the confining layer. Also, considering the slope of the land, contamination will likely flow to sources downslope rather than upslope due to gravitational pull. You will determine which well(s) is/are contaminated and which is/are not.

Wouldn't let me upload diagram again but from top to bottom it goes: uncontaminated well contaminated well uncontaminated well

What is a Hadley cell?

a large convection cell of air that rises near the equator due to heating of air

What process cools air as it rises above the equator

adiabatic cooling

Where is most of Earth's freshwater found?

as ice at Earth's surface

What does the Kanapaha Wastewater Treatment Facility use to disinfect the treated water?

chlorine

Which of the following diseases has been all but eliminated from the United States because of wastewater treatment plants?

cholera

Where does settling of solids occur at a wastewater treatment facility?

clarifier

What type of weather would you expect to encounter along the polar front?

cloudy conditions and abundant precipitation

What type of weather would you expect to encounter along the intertropical convergence zone

cloudy conditions and high rainfall

If you sampled the vertical distribution of oxygen in a temperate lake during fall overturn or turnover, you would find __________.

uniform concentrations at all depths

What are rain shadows?

dry regions on the leeward side of mountain ranges

Which action influences the abiotic components of an organism's environment?

water pollution

Where does the length of day remain the same throughout the year?

equator

Which location on Earth receives the most solar radiation per unit area?

equator

The irrigation of agricultural regions within the central United States comes primarily from the High Plains-Ogallala aquifer. The aquifer is renewed by groundwater. How is groundwater replenished?

from water that has infiltrated the soil

The pH is the negative logarithm of the concentration of __________ in solution.

hydrogen ions

The region of colder, denser water found in the deepest zone of a lake in summer is called the __________.

hypolimnion

The depth of a thermocline is directly influenced by all the following factors, except input of solar radiation. influx of water. wave action. wind speed.

influx of water.

What features are found near the subtropical high-pressure systems?

large desert systems

Which aspects of seasonality are caused by either revolution or rotation

length of a tropical year duration of the seasons daily pattern of days and nights

In contrast with north facing slopes, south facing slopes in the northern hemisphere are characterized by....

lower soil moisture.

Which of the following causes rain shadows?

mountainous topography

The energy driving the global water cycle is provided by

solar energy

Water is an amazing __________. It can dissolve more substances than other liquids.

solvent

Which aspects of a region's climate have the most impact on plants and animals?

temperature and moisture

What is the intertropical convergence zone?

the region of rising air and low pressure near the equator

The December solstice is _______

the time of the year when Earth's geographic North Pole is leaning most directly away from the Sun