Eddie's PSYCH FINAL EXAM

When Brenda takes the elevator, she always faces the front. She does this even when there are no written rules or laws that require this behavior. This is an example of _________.

an implicit social norm

Dr. Jackson is often found in class using phrases like, "It is similar to ..." and "kind of like ...." Making connections between similar things is an example of a(n) ________.

analogy

A lawyer most likely has ________.

analytical intelligence

A preschool teacher accidently steps on a pencil that is laying on the classroom floor and it breaks in half. A student gasps and says, "That poor pencil! I bet that hurt him." The student is displaying which of Piaget's concepts?

animism

Latisa wanted to take the job because of the good pay but did not like the idea of the long hours. This is an example of ________ conflict.

approach-avoidance

Seligman (1996) suggested that when things go wrong, people tend to blame internal or external factors, stable or unstable factors, and global or specific factors. Seligman calls these _______.

attribution styles

Which division of the peripheral nervous system regulates glands and activities such as heartbeat and respiration?

autonomic nervous system

In order for Tonya to stop smoking, her therapist laced her cigarettes with incense that smelled horrifically. What is the name of the technique that Tonya's therapist is using?

aversive conditioning

Ali believes that unconscious mental processes, even if they do exist, cannot be studied scientifically. Which approach does Ali follow?

behaviorism

When you are training a pet, you are most likely relying on which of the following psychological perspectives?

behaviorist

When you are taking a test, you are awake and alert. This means that your brain is currently generating _____.

beta wave

Tom was suffering from severe anxiety. However, with the help of his therapist, he noticed that his cheek would start to "twitch" prior to an anxiety attack. This technique is most similar to ________.

biofeedback training

Lesedi is a person with generalized anxiety disorder. Her therapist prescribes her valium to reduce the severity of her symptoms. Which approach has her therapist taken?

biological

Sergei is having disturbing thoughts. His therapist suggests doing blood work to measure the level of hormones. Which perspective is Sergie's therapist using?

biological

The _______ perspective works on the assumption that thoughts, fantasies, and dreams—and the inborn or instinctive behavior patterns of various species—are made possible by the nervous system and especially by the brain.

biological

Alex is romantically and sexually attracted to both males and females. They are most likely to be labeled ________.

bisexual

In relation to the question of what determines intelligence, most psychologists agree that ________.

both heredity and environment are important in determining intelligence

Bettina has schizophrenia and exhibits symptoms of hallucinations, delusions, lack of emotional expression, and social withdrawal. Bettina exhibits __________.

both positive and negative symptoms

The tendency to avoid helping other people in emergencies when other people are also present and apparently capable of helping is known as the __________.

bystander effect

Which brain imaging technology takes several X-rays to reveal deformities in shape and structure that are connected with blood clots, tumors, and other health problems?

computerized axial tomography scan

Visual acuity is highest when images are focused on the fovea because of the high concentration of ____ in the region.

cones

Misu attains high grades in her college courses and is always very organized with her materials and time. Using the Big Five Model of personality, on which trait would Misu likely score high?

conscientiousness

In order to better remember the information from his psychology text, Sheldon groups concepts into various categories and then studies those categories one at a time. Sheldon is using what type of memory strategy?

categorization

Jason meets a psychotherapist for the first time. During their session, the therapist tells him that she believes that humans have a natural tendency toward health and growth and that they are free to make choices and control their destinies. She also tells him that therapy is intended to help people get in touch with their genuine feelings. In this case, Jason's therapist is using ________.

client-centered therapy

Which of the following statements is true of neurotransmitters?

"Loose" neurotransmitters are either broken down or reabsorbed by the axon terminal.

Which best characterizes Howard Gardner's view of intelligence?

"There are multiple intelligences which are influenced by different areas in the brain."

In Stanley Milgram's study, whenever some of the "teachers" would hesitate his research assistants would say one of the following, except for:

"You cannot stop, the experiment must continue."

What percentage of genes are shared by monozygotic twins?

100 percent

According to research on lying by Ekman, what percentage of individuals are able to successfully hide their emotions?

5%

The average amount of time it takes to complete each cycle through the stages of NREM sleep and REM sleep lasts about

90 minutes.

Which of the following terms denotes a trick of perceptual constancies on the eye?

A visual illusion

Which theory related to dreams states that acetylcholine and the pons stimulate responses that lead to dreaming?

Activation-synthesis model

Which of the following statements is true of changing attitudes through persuasion?

Agreement and praise are more effective ways to encourage others to embrace one's views.

Kalevi pushes his clients to notice and deal with their irrational beliefs, for example by asking them why they believe that everyone must love them. Whose method has Kaevi most closely replicated?

Albert Ellis

Which type of brain waves are described as rapid, low-amplitude brain waves and have been linked to feelings of relaxation?

Alpha waves

__________is an unselfish concern for the welfare of others.

Altruism

Rani has just consumed a substance that provided an increase in energy that made it difficult to fall asleep. She has a reduced appetite and is suffering from hallucinations and delusions. What did Rani likely ingest?

An amphetamine

Identify a true statement about prelinguistic vocalizations.

Babbling is prelinguistic.

Baby Hoshi's dad could not stop laughing because every time he touched the soles of his feet his toes would fan out. In this scenario, the baby exhibited the _________.

Babinski reflex

Gael suffers from epilepsy. Which type of drug would most likely be prescribed to treat this?

Barbiturates

__________ such as pathogens, injuries, age, gender, and a family history of disease may strike us as the most obvious causes of illness.

Biological factors

Which of the following statements is true of approach-approach conflicts?

Both goals involved in these conflicts are attainable.

Osku and Monika are discussing how emotions emerge. Osku insists that emotions are only felt after the patterns of body arousal begin. Monika maintains that the brain processes an event, with arousal and emotions happening simultaneously. For which theory of emotion is Monika advocating?

Cannon-Bard

Which of the following statements is true of the nativist theory of language development?

Children bring neurological prewiring to language learning.

If you are in a room full of people conversing but can still pick out the speech of a single person, you are experiencing which phenomenon?

Cocktail party effect

__________ primarily study how we perceive and mentally represent the world, how we learn, remember the past, plan, problem solve, and use language.

Cognitive psychologists

In addition to his normal duties, a professor actively participates in the extra-curricular activities of the college where he teaches. According to Suzanne Kobasa, which of the following characteristics of psychological hardiness does the professor exhibit?

Commitment.

Infant-centered speech is characterized by all EXCEPT which of the following?

Complex sentences to encourage language development.

__________ is the feeling of being pulled in two or more directions by opposing motives.

Conflict

Which theory offers a possible explanation for why we dream about memories or problems from our day?

Continuity hypothesis

A dog chews on its toy and with each bite, the toy squeaks. If the squeaking sound is the reinforcer, the dog's response in biting the toy is reinforced with which type of schedule?

Continuous reinforcement

__________ is defined as a way of evaluating the claims and comments of other people that involves skepticism and examination of evidence.

Critical thinking

_________ is the loss of memory of personal information that is thought to stem from psychological conflict or trauma.

Dissociative amnesia

Which of the following statements is true of aggression?

Electrical stimulation of part of the hypothalamus triggers stereotypical aggressive behaviors in many lower animals.

_________ stress is considered healthful.

Eustress

Which of the following is something that parents and educators can do to tone down the impact media violence is having on children?

Explain the real-life consequences of violence.

What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythms?

Exposure to sunlight

Which of the following statements is true of groupthink?

External threat heightens the cohesiveness of the group and is a source of stress.

According to Weber's Law, the absolute threshold for all senses is the same for everyone.

False

__________ is a type of persuasive communication that influences behavior on the basis of arousing anxiety and concern instead of rational analysis of the issues.

Fear appeal

Some individuals who use lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) have distorted perceptions or hallucinations that mimic the LSD "trip" but occur days, weeks, or longer after usage. What are these experiences called?

Flashbacks

Asha has a fear of darkness. To extinguish this fear, she is placed in a dark room ensuring that she suffers no harm in the process. In this scenario, which of the following techniques is being used to reduce Asha's fear of the dark?

Flooding

Which of the following is an advantage of group therapy?

Group members who are overly shy do better in these settings.

Stress predicts physical and psychological health problems. Which of the following has it been found to predict?

Heart disease, cancer, anxiety, and depression.

Branimira has been sober for 14 years. When she shares her story in her group therapy session, what advantage of group therapy benefits the other members?

Her improvement gives them hope.

Kevin is in the exhaustion stage of Selye's general adaptation syndrome. Which of the following is most likely to occur?

His heart and respiration rates slow down and his muscles become fatigued.

Which of the following is a principle of critical thinking?

Insist on evidence.

Which of the following is a drawback of case studies?

Interviewers may influence participants to give responses that suit their expectations.

__________ involves championing the interests of the loved one, even if it entails sacrificing one's own.

Intimacy

Which of the following statements is true about long-term memory?

It is analogous to a biochemical "hard drive."

Which of the following is a feature of a child's motor development?

It is dependent on brain maturation of the child.

Which of the following statements is true of applied research? Correct!

It is designed to find solutions to specific personal or social problems.

Which of the following statements is true of the absolute threshold?

It is determined by exposing individuals to progressively stronger stimuli until the minimum stimuli the person can detect is found.

Which of the following statements is true of classical conditioning?

It is involuntary, automatic learning.

In the context of group decision making, which of the following is true of the majority-wins scheme?

It is the most commonly used social decision scheme.

Which of the following are some of the differences between life changes and daily hassles?

Many life changes are positive and occur less frequently.

Asa is the lead programmer of a major tech software company. She has risen through the ranks and has been working there for 15 years. One day coworkers notice she has packed up her office and has announced she has joined the Peace Corps because she feels she has more growth to do as an individual. Her actions are consistent with

Maslow's concept of self-actualization

These neurons help explain why behaviors like yawning and laughter seem to be "contagious."

Mirror neurons

In the context of motor development of children, which of the following statements is true of activities like rolling over, sitting up, crawling, creeping, walking, and running?

Most infants engage in these activities in the same sequence.

________ tests are tests whose items must be answered in a specified, limited manner and have concrete answers.

Objective

Diego is 75-years-old and his grandchildren have noticed that he uses a lot of salt and pepper on his dinners lately. What is a likely explanation for this?

Our sense of smell declines in late adulthood.

In the context of the brain's language functions, identify the correct statement.

People with Wernicke's aphasia usually speak freely and with proper syntax.

Who led humanitarian reforms in France to unchain patients in mental hospitals?

Phiippe Pinel

Because of her poor health, your Aunt B had to take a lot of medication. She usually does a good job remembering to take it but sometimes forgets to do so. This forgetting is a failure of what type of memory?

Prospective memory.

Which of the following is true of psychological needs?

Psychological needs differ markedly from one person to another.

Which of the following statements is true of the scientific method?

Psychologists are guided by principles of critical thinking as they try to draw conclusions from research evidence collected through the scientific method.

Which of the following statements about punishment is TRUE?

Punishment is not another term for negative reinforcement.

Who among the following exhibits a characteristic of psychological hardiness?

Roanne, who sees change as an opportunity to grow.

Which theory explains hypnotic events in terms of an individual's ability to act as though they are hypnotized?

Role theory

________ refers to our ability to bring about desired changes through our own efforts.

Self-efficacy

After moving to Nebraska, Bobbi did not notice any distracting sounds. As time passed she became more and more aware of the cicadas in her back yard. What is this an example of?

Sensory (positive) adaptation

Nafeeza is only a few weeks old. Her mother and father are both talking to her trying to get a reaction. Whose voice is it likely that Nafeeza will prefer?

She will prefer her mother's voice.

In the context of the general adaptation syndrome, which of the following statements is true?

Short-term stress can enhance the functioning of the immune system.

Mihail suffers from a sleep disturbance that repeatedly wakes him up during the night. He frequently stops sleeping for up to 60 seconds at a time, half wakes up, starts breathing again, and then returns to sleep. What would be the best diagnosis in this case?

Sleep apnea

It is not uncommon for students to stay awake all night to prepare for an exam. If students do this for more than one consecutive night, they may have trouble learning and remembering information. What are they suffering from?

Sleep deprivation

__________ believe that we are not likely to act aggressively unless we believe that aggression is appropriate under the circumstances and likely to be reinforced.

Social-cognitive theorists

Naomi is afraid of dogs. While she is feeling relaxed, her therapist shows her a dog from a distance. The therapist gradually brings the dog closer until Naomi's fear is completely extinguished. In this scenario, which of the following techniques is being used to extinguish Naomi's fear of dogs?

Systematic desensitization

Which of the following best represents the role of testosterone in one's sexual orientation?

Testosterone may have an activating effect on one's sexual desire.

Which of the following tests is an example of an objective personality test?

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory.

In the context of hunger, which of the following statements is true of the blood sugar level?

The drop in blood sugar is communicated to the hypothalamus.

Which of the following is one of Selye's three stages in the general adaptation syndrome?

The exhaustion stage.

Which of the following is a focus of the psychodynamic theory?

The far-reaching effects of childhood events on personality.

Prior to conditioning, Kofi salivates in response to lasagna being placed in his mouth. Using classical conditioning terms, which is the correct labeling of stimuli and responses in this situation?

The food is the unconditioned stimulus; Kofi salivating is the unconditioned response.

According to the American Psychological Association's Handbooks of Ethics in Psychology, which of the following criteria must be met for psychologists to use deception in their experiments?

The participants are debriefed afterward.

Which of the following causes Down syndrome?

The presence of an extra chromosome on the 21st pair.

Paula was out on a date with her boyfriend. The song, "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds" by The Beatles came on and Paula and her boyfriend shared their first kiss which she enjoyed very much. Now whenever she hears this specific song, she feels happy and excited. In this instance, what is the conditioned stimulus?

The song, "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds"

Which of the following is one of the most common concerns about the Cannon-Bard theory?

The theory says that emotions occur independently from the environment.

Which condition(s) must be met before an ethics committee will approve an experiment that harms animals?

There must be no alternative, and the benefits justify the harm.

In the context of the drive-reduction theory, which of the following is true of acquired drives?

They are developed through experience.

Which of the following is true of collectivists?

They are more likely to conform to group judgments.

Behaviors or mental processes are suggestive of psychological disorders when they include combinations of certain criteria. Which of the following is one of the criteria?

They exhibit behaviors that are self-defeating.

What is one difference, noted via MRI scans, that can be seen in the brains of people with schizophrenia?

They generally have less grey matter.

What is the term for the habituation to a drug that includes the need for increasingly higher doses of the drug to achieve similar effects?

Tolerance

Cochlear implants contain microphones that sense sounds and electronic equipment that transmits sounds past damaged hair cells to stimulate the auditory nerve.

True

The difference between sensation and perception is that sensation, or the stimulation of our senses, is an automated process resulting from sources of energy (light and sound) or the presence of chemicals (as in taste and smell), while perception is an active process in which sensations are organized and interpreted to form an inner representation of the world.

True

Which of the following senses is dominant in human beings?

Vision

Which one of these assessments groups test questions into a number of separate subtests where each subtest measures a different intellectual task?

Wechsler scale

On a(n) __________ level, prejudice is linked to expectations that members of the target group will behave poorly, say, in the workplace, or engage in criminal behavior or terrorism.

cognitive

According to this theory, events and arousal are appraised by the individual. The emotional response stems from the person's appraisal of the situation and his or her level of arousal.

cognitive appraisal theory

Aria works at a marketing research firm. Whenever she processes information, she disregards information that does not fit in with her ideas to eliminate discrepancies. This behavior is consistent with ________.

cognitive dissonance theory

Masha, a 13-year-old girl, is poor at math. Ms. Kobes, Masha's math teacher, shares with Masha a list of math tips and tricks that she can use to become more proficient in the subject. In the context of Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, Ms. Kobes is using what concept to help the child?

cognitive scaffolding

The difference between obsessions and compulsions is_________________.

compulsions are urges to engage in a specific behavior while obsessions are thoughts and images that seem irrational and beyond control.

Peter went out cycling one morning. He was not wearing a helmet. He fell off a ridge and fell into a steep valley. Apart from fracturing his arm and acquiring several bruises, Peter severely injured his head. The doctor noticed a swelling on the right side of his head and suspected that it was a blood clot. Which of the following did the doctor use to obtain a three-dimensional image of Peter's brain for further investigation?

computerized axial tomography

It seems like every day you experience a decrease in your mental alertness around 2 or 3 o'clock each afternoon. This daily occurrence in your mental alertness is an example of:

a circadian rhythm.

Chicken salad sandwiches have always been a favorite of Michonne's. Her mom made her one for dinner but was unaware the mayonnaise had sat out on the table for too long and had spoiled. Michonne got very sick after eating that sandwich. Now whenever she goes into the grocery store and sees chicken salad in the delicatessen, she feels sick to her stomach. The sick feeling she gets when seeing chicken salad is _______.

a conditioned response

Kalb is suffering from kidney dysfunction. Kalb's doctor advises him to start taking injections instead of tablets as that would be more effective and would cure him sooner. However, Kalb fears hypodermic needles and refuses to be injected. In this scenario, Kalb seems to have _________.

a specific phobia

A two-year-old child's family has a pet rabbit. When the family visits the zoo, the child sees a hamster for the first time and calls it a rabbit because of the physical features that are common to a rabbit and a hamster. According to Piaget, which cognitive process will most likely modify the child's understanding?

accommodation

Dan is unhappy until his tweets get at least 100 likes. His desire for this kind of validation is what kind of drive?

acquired

Which of the following pituitary hormones regulates the adrenal cortex?

adrenocorticotropic hormone

.Dr. Nadine Burke Harris and her colleagues have studied how childhood stressors can lead to physical and psychological problems well into adulthood. The stressors are known as

adverse childhood experiences

Bobby was standing in line to purchase a movie ticket. All of a sudden, the man in front of him took a few steps back and stepped on Bobby's foot. Bobby immediately felt pain in his foot. This sensation was transmitted to the spinal cord and the brain through ________.

afferent neurons

Your friend Adelina tells you that she is red-green color blind. This means that she sees things in ________.

all colors except either red or green

When considering the difference between scientific research published in scholarly journals and "research" presented in popular sources, it is important to consider which of the following:

all of the above

In which of these strategies does the problem solver associate freely to the elements of the problem, allowing "leads" to run a nearly limitless course?

divergent thinking

Nicotine, alcohol, and many other drugs are pleasurable because they heighten levels of ________.

dopamine

Derris is a research assistant in Dr. Smith's psychology lab. When the participant asked him what the conditions of the study were, Derris replied, "I do not know.' This is an example of a _______ study.

double-blind

Sexual desires fall into which category?

drive

Rosinha is cold, so she puts on a sweater to return her temperature to a comfortable state. Which theory of motivation does this scenario illustrate?

drive-reduction

When Angelica studies for her college classes, she actively thinks about the new information, thinks about its applications, and tries to generate her own examples based on her experiences. This could be an example of which concept of memory?

elaboration

According to James and Lange, which of these are the cognitive representations of automatic physiological and behavioral responses?

emotions

In client-centered therapy, which of these refers to the recognition of a client's experiences and feelings?

empathy

Which chemical messenger intensifies most emotions and is central to the experience of fear and anxiety?

epinephrine

Which of the following is a feature of Erikson's intimacy versus isolation stage?

establishment of close relationships

When Shaina is about to begin her speech in class, she notices that a few of her classmates are whispering among themselves. She becomes nervous that she might be boring to her audience and gets distracted. In this scenario, the presence of the classmates is not likely to facilitate her performance due to _________.

evaluation apprehension

Which of the following is the sequence of phases for the sexual response cycle?

excitement, plateau, orgasmic, resolution

Identify the factors that make up the Big Five factor model.

extraversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and openness

Eli is a school student. Her teacher's appreciation motivates her to study well. She also aims to impress her teacher and parents by getting into a good university after she graduates from high school. Eli's performance goals seem to be met through ________.

extrinsic rewards

Jerrion was working in his apartment on a very difficult project for work. He decided to take a break and walk outside. It was a bright sunny day and he was squinting a lot because of the light. Upon getting back inside to work on the project he felt more excited about it. This behavior is consistent with the ________.

facial-feedback hypothesis

Elijah is a web-content writer. He gets paid $100 for every five articles he publishes. In this scenario, on which schedule of reinforcement is Elijah's payment based?

fixed-ratio schedule

Celia is taking an interest inventory. One of the questions asks her to select her preferred activity from among traveling, reading books, and cooking. The question does not give her a "none of the above" option. What is the format of the interest inventory called?

forced-choice format

Jane is a practicing psychologist who assesses the mental status of people charged with crimes and shares her findings with the courts. Jane is most likely a(n) ________.

forensic psychologist

When compared to hypnosis, Sigmund Freud found which of these to be a more gradual method of breaking through the walls of defense that block a client's insight into unconscious processes?

free association

According to Carl Rogers, psychological problems arise ________.

from roadblocks placed in the path of self-actualization

Leila's young son has accidentally locked himself in his room. Leila is trying to figure out how to unlock the door. Unfortunately, she doesn't realize that her butter knife could be used to unlock the door. This illustrates ________.

functional fixedness

Mina taught her dog to jump every time she raises her right hand. Later, the dog started jumping even if she raised her left hand. In this scenario, the dog's action of jumping as a response to a similar stimulus is due to a tendency called ________.

generalization

Which of the following represents your full genetic potential?

genotype

Amanda has long dreamed of becoming a mother. She tracks her menstrual cycle and tries to have sex with her husband at the most opportune times. What type of factor is Amanda's motivation for sex based on?

goal attainment

Due to repeated exposure to media violence, viewers' sensitivity to violence may decrease. This is called ______________ .

habituation

Being left-handed appears to provide a somewhat greater-than-average probability of ________.

having dyslexia

A mental shortcut, or rule of thumb, for solving problems is called a(n) ________.

heuristic

In the context of organization in long-term memory, a(n) __________ is an arrangement of items into groups or classes according to common or distinct features.

hierarchy

Alicia was recently in a car accident. Since then, she cannot retain memories of events that occurred after the accident. However, she can recall events that took place before the accident. She recognizes her family and friends and important dates, such as her birthday and her marriage anniversary, but has to be constantly reintroduced to the new people in her life. Alicia has most likely sustained damage to her ________.

hippocampus

If the __________ is damaged, a person has difficulty forming new memories.

hippocampus

When a child utters the word "mama," it may signify meanings as varied as "There goes Mama," "Come here, Mama," and "You are my Mama." Such single words used by children to express complex meanings are known as ________.

holophrases

Viola has just come back from work and is experiencing hunger pangs. She quickly makes a sandwich. Eating this sandwich satisfies her hunger. The return to normal bodily function without hunger pangs is called ________.

homeostasis

Clark Hull's drive-reduction theory states that ________.

humans learn to engage in behaviors that reduce a state of arousal

In a sudden accident, Stan's hypothalamus is damaged, causing him to eat excessively, a condition known as ________.

hyperphagia

Which of the following, along with receptors in our liver, helps regulate our hunger?

hypothalamus

Freud claimed only a very limited part of our mind operates at the level of awareness while the rest seems to be in our unconscious. He compared these levels of awareness to a(n) ___________.

iceberg

The flow of visual information seems smooth and continuous because of __________ memory, which can hold visual stimuli for up to a second.

iconic

How to perform different skills and actions is a component of _________.

implicit memory

Knowing how to play a piano without much conscious effort illustrates ________ memory.

implicit memory

Rachel came across a question she did not know while taking her psychology exam. She skipped it and moved on, returning to it when she recalled the answer. Which strategy did Rachel use?

incubation

In the context of memory and forgetting, one of the cognitive explanations for infantile amnesia states that:

infants do not make reliable use of language to symbolize or classify events.

Ava, a four-year-old girl, combines words to form her own sentences. In this scenario, Ava is demonstrating ________.

infinite creativity

Explicit memory is:

information that can be clearly stated.

Which of these is a general mental capability that involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly, and learn from experience?

intelligence

If you have a(n) _______ locus of control you tend to believe that you can influence when you receive reinforcers.

internal

Ophelia is in high school. She enjoys studying and does well in school. Her parents encourage her to think and act independently. Whenever she does well in an exam, she feels a sense of self-satisfaction. In this scenario, Ophelia's achievement motivation stems from a(n) ________.

intrinsic goal

Eysenck focused on the relationships between two personality traits: emotional stability-instability and __________________________.

introversion-extraversion

Which structure in the front of the eye dilates and constricts to determine how much light will be allowed to get into the eye?

iris

Ever since Michelle failed her biology test, she thinks that she will never be able to find a job when she eventually graduates. She feels that she will end up homeless. This situation best demonstrates __________.

irrational beliefs

The blind spot ________.

is insensitive to visual stimulation

As we age and reach our late 30's to mid-40's, what structure in our eyes tends to have difficulty accommodating?

lens

Fila has a poor appetite and has lost a severe amount of weight in the past few months. She is unable to concentrate or make decisions. She no longer wants to live and wishes to die. Psychologists are most likely to diagnose Fila with __________.

major depressive disorder

In the manic phase of bipolar disorder, a person may ____________.

make huge contributions to charity

Sanchez, an eight-year-old boy, suffers from unpredictable panic attacks and constantly talks to his imaginary friends. His mother confesses to the family doctor, "I probably drank too much alcohol during pregnancy and caused damage to Sanchez's brain." Which model of psychological disorders is forwarded by this statement?

medical model

Which is the oblong area of the hindbrain involved in regulation of heartbeat, blood pressure, movement, and respiration?

medulla

Which of the following plays a significant role in sleeping, sneezing, and coughing?

medulla

Which hormone promotes sleep?

melatonin

Brown and McNeill's experiment on the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon revealed that:

memory storage systems of humans are indexed according to both visual and audio cues.

According to William Masters and Virginia Johnson ________.

men and women have similar biological responses to sexual stimulation

Deliah's older sister is swinging. She watches how her older sister pumps her legs forward then back while swinging. Deliah gets on the swing next to her and starts to copy her sister's behavior. In this example, the older sister is the ______________.

model

Satiety signals are sent from which two parts of the body?

mouth and digestive tract

Which of these is best defined as a sudden variation in an inheritable characteristic, as distinguished from a variation that results from generations of gradual selection?

mutation

People suffering from this disorder have an inflated self-image, extreme need for admiration, and a lack of empathy for others.

narcissistic personality disorder

On his first day as a school psychologist, Daniel took a trip to the school ground and quietly sat in the corner watching the children play. He noticed several patterns in the way children behaved with each other, especially when they were playing games. Daniel is most likely using the method of __________.

naturalistic observation

A parent buys their child a toy in order to stop the temper tantrum they are throwing. Next time they go to the store, the child throws another tantrum and the parent buys them another toy so they stop throwing a fit. The parent's behavior of buying the child a toy has been _______.

negatively reinforced

Antidepressant medication tends to increase the concentration of which neurotransmitter in the brain?

norepinephrine

A mother is playing with her eight-month-old son. She places a toy in front of her son and then takes it away. She notices that her son starts searching for the toy. Which aspect of Piaget's sensorimotor stage of development is depicted in the scenario?

object permanence

According to the social-cognitive perspective, aggressive skills are mainly acquired by ___________.

observation of other people acting aggressively

A woman has difficulty concentrating on her job because she keeps worrying about things like leaving the door unlocked or the tap turned on. She feels that her house might be robbed or damaged any day because of her carelessness. According to this scenario, she is most likely suffering from __________.

obsessive-compulsive disorder

The __________ conducts sensory input to the brain, where it is relayed to the visual area of the occipital lobe.

optic nerve

Which of the following represents the correct sequence of stages in Sigmund Freud's theory of psychosexual development?

oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital

Max's three-year-old typically says things like, "I seed it" and "Mommy sitted down." These examples illustrate ________.

overregularization

Mariana, a 14-year-old girl, is dating a 19-year-old boy. Her parents disapprove of this and forbid her from meeting the boy. Mariana fights with her parents because she believes that she loves him. She also believes that she is unique and is destined to get married to the love of her life at an early age. This scenario best represents the concept of the ___________.

personal fable

The core of generalized anxiety disorder appears to be _________.

pervasive worrying about numerous stressors

According to your text, if you have adequate sight you also have what kind of memory?

photographic

What is often suggested as the root cause for the development of dissociative disorders?

physical and sexual abuse during childhood

When a patient insists on having a medical cure but a physician does not believe that medicine is necessary, the physician may prescribe sugar pills. Such fake pills are called _______.

placebos

Which of the following is the second phase of the sexual response cycle?

plateau phase

Traits such as sociability and aggressiveness are thought to be ________.

polygenic

Kata and her family were involved in a road accident. Kata was the only survivor. Her son and husband were declared dead. When Kata returned home, she started having dreams about people dying in tragic accidents. These nightmares left Kata with a rapid heart rate and feelings of anxiety and helplessness. Kata is most likely suffering from ________.

posttraumatic stress disorder

Which of Sternberg's types of intelligence could be referred to as "street smarts"?

practical intelligence

Azura decided not to cheat on the exam because she was afraid of the consequences. This is characteristic of which stage of moral reasoning?

pre-conventional

Which of the following is the best-known form of psychosurgery that is used with people with severe psychological disorders?

prefrontal lobotomy

Keshia takes care to look smart and attractive for her job interview. She knows that her interviewers will evaluate her based on the first impression she creates. In this scenario, the impression created by Keshia is an example of the__________.

primacy effect

Researchers have shown that sexual orientation is ________.

primarily genetic

Food and water are examples of _______.

primary reinforcers

In his clinical practice, Dr. Lee believes that the draw-a-person test (DAP) is an excellent way to discover some of his patients' mental health issues. The DAP requires you to draw a person, for instance, your mother or significant other. This type of test would be considered a(n) __________.

projective test

What are the names of the two terms your text discusses with regard to why we typically develop romantic relationships with people who are similar to us?

propinquity and reciprocity

If college courses would be considered a mental category, then PSY 201C could be considered a/n _________.

prototype

In the context of the human eye (as well as little kitties), the size of the__________is sensitive emotions.

pupil

Ryan, a psychiatrist, has recommended that his patient, who suffers from generalized anxiety, stop the use of antianxiety drugs. After two weeks, the patient complains that her anxiety symptoms have become worse. Ryan tells the patient that her feelings are an expected response to stopping anti-anxiety medication. What is the patient experiencing?

rebound anxiety

Essay tests are examples of _________.

recall

Each kind of neurotransmitter has a unique chemical structure, and each can fit into a specifically tailored harbor, also known as a ________.

receptor site

In the context of operant conditioning, when you keep posting comments in social media to receive more "likes," this is an example of _________.

reinforcement

Sofia does not like eating vegetables. To ensure that she eats vegetables, her mother offers her an extra helping of dessert every time Sofia finishes her vegetables. In the context of behaviorism, this is known as _____.

reinforcement

After telling the police officer everything she could recall about when she went into the bank, Lucas got to the point that he no longer could recall any more information. At that point, Lucas was most likely experiencing ____________.

retrieval cue failure

Clive Wearing could remember how to play the piano, but couldn't remember his birthday party that occurred last year. His inability to remember events from the past is an example of deficits in which type of memory?

retrospective

Nadine works for an accounting firm. She makes enough money for herself and has bought a house with a top-notch security system. In the context of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Nadine has fulfilled her ________.

safety needs

Jiro is 54-years-old and is at a point in his life where he is trying to help take care of his aging parents while also assisting his own children. Jiro is part of the __________________.

sandwich generation

Professor Schwiesow is trained as which of the following?

school psychologist

Cassietta has parents that are very affectionate and reliable. When she cries, her parents are attentive and come to her aid. It is likely that Cassietta has what type of attachment to her parents?

secure

Jonah is reading a book in a crowded bus. Some boys sitting near him are talking and laughing loudly. Jonah focuses on reading his book and ignores the noise around him. This scenario illustrates an aspect of consciousness called __________.

selective attention

Simone has been unbeaten in her sport for years. What motivates her to continue innovating with new moves?

self-actualization

The strong tendency to view one's successes as stemming from internal factors and one's failures as stemming from external factors is called the __________.

self-serving bias

Which of the following is the correct order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

Exposure to very loud sounds can lead to damage of the auditory nerve or hair cells, resulting in ________.

sensorineural deafness

According to behaviorists, personality is formed by __________.

situational or environmental influences

In collectivist cultures that stress interdependence, such as Asian cultures, people are more likely to attribute another person's behavior to that person's __________.

social roles and obligations

Kira, an eight-year-old girl, sometimes walks in her sleep. She also responds to questions while she is up and about. However, when she wakes up in the morning, she does not remember the incident. In the context of sleep disorders, Kira is exhibiting symptoms of __________.

somnambulism

In the current political climate, there has been an increase in ethnic prejudices. Because you study psychology, your friend approaches you with his ideas to combat it. Which of the following ideas would be ineffective?

spend time with people who share your attitudes

Labib has been having severe epileptic seizures since a very young age. His seizures have become less frequent since he underwent an operation. However, he has problems expressing what he feels. When he feels happy, his facial expressions often show anger. Labib has most likely undergone a(n) ________ operation.

split-brain

In classical conditioning, the term extinction can be misleading because:

spontaneous recovery of extinguished conditioned responses can occur.

A hypothesis is a:

statement about behavior or mental processes that is testable through research.

Humor helps people cope with stress by __________.

stimulating the output of endorphins

Visual stimuli can be flashed too briefly, below our absolute threshold for conscious perception, to enable us to process them. This is an example of ________.

subliminal stimulation

At first, the youth basketball team looked pretty chaotic. It seemed like the kids were just kind of running all over the place. However, as the practices continued, you could see that the kids were slowly looking more and more like a basketball team. This slow, gradual approach towards a target behavior is called what?

successive approximations

Which of the following is one of Ekman's (1980) universal emotions?

surprise

Narek is driving home from school when an aggressive driver cuts him off and offers him an obscene gesture. What system makes Narek's heart race?

sympathetic nervous system

The __________ activates the adrenal medulla, causing it to release a mixture of adrenaline and noradrenaline during the alarm reaction stage of the general adaptation syndrome.

sympathetic nervous system

Which of the following refers to Joseph Wolpe's method for reducing fears by associating a hierarchy of images of fear-evoking stimuli with deep muscle relaxation?

systematic desensitization

Silas has a cold which has caused him to have a stuffy nose. Besides not being able to smell, what other sense may be affected?

taste

Which of the following hormones can heighten the sex drive in women?

testosterone

When an individual is put on trial, what has to be used to determine if an insanity plea can be made?

the M'Naghten Rule

Amaan is 21-years-old. He finished his undergraduate studies and found a job. After a few months, he quit and joined another firm with a different job description. In the same year, he switched apartments more than once, with minimal furniture. Which of Jeffrey Arnett's five features of emerging adulthood is best depicted in the scenario?

the age of instability

Which of Jeffrey Arnett's five features of emerging adulthood is characterized by people having an optimistic belief that the world lies open before them?

the age of possibilities

In the context of hunger, adaptive thermogenesis causes which of the following effects when someone goes on a diet?

the body to burn fewer calories

Anaya is a teenager who has just started wearing braces. She hates going to school now because she thinks that everyone is looking at her and laughing. She believes that she must look her best at all times. Which of the following concepts of Piaget's adolescent egocentrism is depicted in this scenario?

the concept of the imaginary audience

Asch's study using line judgments was able to demonstrate __________.

the effects of social conformity.

Emma, a college gymnast, has been struggling with several injuries in recent years. She has had several fractures and broken bones. Because gymnastics often emphasize thinness, Emma might be suffering from ________.

the female athlete triad

Tom was trying to increase his fitness so that he could join some friends on a long-distance hiking trip. He is trying to determine the best exercise plan to get him to that goal. This is an example of ________.

the means-end analysis

The critical factor in state-dependent retrieval is the influence of:

the person's mood at the time a memory is encoded and retrieved.

Although Crystal had practiced her presentation several times before class, she struggled in the middle part of the speech when she gave it in class. This pattern of forgetting illustrates __________.

the serial-position effect

In the classic story of Pinocchio, Jiminy Cricket acts as Pinocchio's conscience. He helps tell him what he should and shouldn't do, guiding him in positive moral decisions. What part of the Freudian psyche does Jiminy Cricket represent?

the superego

Julie's research work requires her to interview a sample of 200 people within two months. She needs to gather data about the sample group's attitude toward certain situations through a questionnaire, but she has limited time to gather the information. Which of the following methods should Julie use to gather the required information?

the survey method

Derris's mom used to give him gold stars on their refrigerator whenever he would help out around the house. If Derris earned enough gold stars, then he could have some ice cream after dinner. This type of reward system is called a ________.

token economy

The reasonably stable elements of personality that are inferred from behavior can be called____________.

traits

Jordan does not identify with the sex they were assigned at birth. Which term would be used for Jordan in this case?

transgender

A person with normal color vision is labeled a ________.

trichromat

Erikson labeled the first stage of psychosocial development in his theory of personality development as the stage of __________.

trust versus mistrust

People with __________ find it difficult to surrender control or share power.

type A personality traits

Bobbie spilled water accidentally on her father's computer, but contrary to Bobbie's expectations, they did not get grounded. Their father acknowledged that it was a mistake and assured Bobbie that he still loved her, despite the unfortunate incident. Bobbie's father's response is an example of _____.

unconditional positive regard

Professor Schwiesow has four students in her class unexpectedly pop balloons resulting in a startle response in most students. In this situation the sound of the popping balloon would be considered a/n _____________.

unconditioned stimulus

According to the psychoanalytic perspective, which part of the mind contains primitive instincts such as sex and aggression?

unconscious

Which term refers to the degree to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure?

validity

Ashton works as a server at a local restaurant and he knows that the more tables that he waits on, the better the likelihood of more tips. This schedule is a__________.

variable-ratio schedule

If you were having trouble with balance, it would most likely be a problem with your ______________ system.

vestibular

Philippe Pinel was one of the first to:

view psychological disorders as diseases of the mind and encouraged humane treatment.

Dreams experienced during REM tend to be

vivid

Colby was a person with bipolar disorder in 1500 AD. When he was sent to an asylum inside a monastery, what kind of care could he expect?

warehousing

The situation in which a child carries out tasks with the help of someone who is more skilled, frequently an adult who represents the culture in which the child develops, is called __________________.

zone of proximal development

A(n) _______ expresses the strength and direction (positive or negative) of the relationship between two variables.

correlation coefficient

During a severe panic attack, the amount of this specific stress hormone found in saliva will increase.

cortisol

The ability to generate novel and useful solutions to problems is also known as ________.

creativity

Kyra, a history major, likes to talk with her grandfather often. She calls him her human dictionary because he knows the meaning of almost every word she asks him about. She is also surprised at how well versed he is in domestic and international current affairs and how easily he can talk about historical events. In this scenario, Kyra's grandfather is best displaying _________.

crystallized intelligence

David was experiencing a lot of stress because he was experiencing some pain in his right foot, the weather was poor, and he owed money to a friend. These types of stress are considered ___________.

daily hassles

The loudness of a sound is expressed in _____.

decibels (dB)

Delmar believes that he has been sent to earth to save mankind. He believes that women are evil and that any male who speaks to a female is doomed to be a slave. He often tells people of his grand plan to save males from the influence of females. Nothing one says or does can convince him that his ideas are absurd. Delmar's behavior best exemplifies _________.

delusions

The electroencephalograph is a method of ________.

detecting brain waves by means of measuring the current between electrodes placed on the scalp

The Atkinson-Shiffrin model of stages of memory intends to _________.

determine whether and for how long information is retained in memory

Which model of psychological disorders accounts for biological differences in individuals and explains why some people develop certain types of psychological disorders under stress while others do not?

diathesis-stress model

During a guided meditation session, Rachel was asked to picture a green valley under a clear blue sky. She was asked to "feel" the wind against her face and "hear" the birds chirping around her. Although none of these stimuli were actually present, Rachel was conscious of them. This scenario illustrates an aspect of consciousness called _____.

direct inner awareness

Jane has episodes where she cannot remember what she did or where she was. She has found clothes in her closet that do not belong to her. When she goes to see the doctor, she introduces herself as Suzy. Jane is most likely to be diagnosed with:

dissociative identity disorder.