EDEX 340 Final
Direct observation strategies used during a functional assessment include all of the following EXCEPT: A) A-B-C data analysis B) anecdotal reports C) scatter plot D) behavior rating scales
A) A-B-C data analysis
Which of the following is considered a prompt fading procedure? A) All of these B) Graduated Guidance C) Most-to-Least prompts D) Time Delay
A) All of these
All basic reinforcement systems have the following elements: A) the student performs the requested response B) All of these C) the teacher presents the antecedent discriminative stimulus D) the appropriate reinforcer is presented to the student
B) All of these
Successful approaches to controlling reinforcing consequences delivered by peers include: A) attending to peer being aggressed while ignoring aggressor B) All of these C) training high status peers in reinforcing appropriate behaviors D) reinforcing peers for withholding attention
B) All of these
Which behavior may serve to gain a teacher's attention? A) taking notes B) banging a pencil C) All of these D) reading quietly
C) All of these
Students frequently engage in inappropriate behaviors when: A) they are internally stimulated B) they are disciplined C) they lack the ability to communicate effectively D) their schedule is interrupted
C) they lack the ability to communicate effectively
A class of stimuli which result in physical pain or discomfort to the student is termed: A) conditioned aversive stimuli B) controlled aversive stimuli C) unconditioned aversive stimuli D) correctional aversive stimuli
C) unconditioned aversive stimuli
________ is a form of time out in which the student is moved to the edge of the activity so that he/she can still observe other students engage in appropriate behavior and receive reinforcement. A) All of these B) Time-out ribbon C) Nonexclusion time-out D) Contingent observation
D) Contingent observation
A procedure which uses a reinforcement strategy to reduce a behavior is: Question options: A) response cost B) time out C) overcorrection D) DRA
D) DRA
During a ________ schedule, if inappropriate behavior is attempted the performance of the inappropriate behavior is ignored and an alternative behavior reinforced or performance of an inappropriate behavior is interrupted and redirected toward the appropriate behavior. A) DRO B) DRL C) DRI D) DRA
D) DRA
Which of the following would NOT be considered a communicative function of inappropriate behavior? A) Lying in the floor instead of sitting in the desk B) Painting finger nails during English class C) Refusing to answer when called upon D) Feeling angry as the result of a request
D) Feeling angry as the result of a request
Indirect strategies for gathering functional assessment information on a student include: A) Anecdotal reports B) ABC descriptive analysis C) Scatter plot analysis D) Interview forms, scales and questionnaires
D) Interview forms, scales and questionnaires
Which of the following is an example of a prompt which increases assistance? A) time delay B) most-to-least prompts C) graduated guidance D) least-to-most prompts
D) least-to-most prompts
Which of the following statements is true of DRO schedules? A) All of these B) requires students receive reinforcement if he/she does not perform the target behavior C) effectiveness depends on the reinforcer selected D) reinforces absence of the behavior
A) All of these
To determine the most effective intervention for a behavior, it is necessary to analyze: A) Consequences and Antecedents B) Antecedents and Behaviors C) Antecedents only D) Behaviors and Consequences
A) Consequences and Antecedents
The Premack Principle is the reinforcement system used most often by teachers. Which of the following is an example of the Premack Principle? A) If you finish all your work, then you may have free time for 10 minutes B) If you are the line leader for today, then you must be quiet during study period C) If you stay outside for 10 more minutes, then you must do your entire math problems D) If you get a drink of water, then you must stay in your seat the rest of the day
A) If you finish all your work, then you may have free time for 10 minutes
A child who wants more juice interrupts her mother who is talking on the phone. As the child's interruptions become louder and more insistent, the mother abruptly ends her call and immediately attends to the child. More than likely, the next time the mother is on the phone and her child wants something... A) The child will interrupt the mother B) All of these C) The child will take care of her own needs because her mother taught her how to do so D) The mother will ignore the child
A) The child will interrupt the mother
A punisher is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT: A) administered immediately following the appropriate behavior B) administered contingently on the production of the inappropriate behavior C) decrease in the future rate or probability of occurrence of the behavior D) administered immediately following the inappropriate behavior
A) administered immediately following the appropriate behavior
A contract should NOT: A) be stated negatively: "if you do not..., then I will..." B) reinforce frequently with small amounts C) reinforce the performance after it occurs D) reinforce small approximations
A) be stated negatively: "if you do not..., then I will..."
A backwards chaining procedure is used to teach a student to remove her coat. Instruction has involved: A) beginning with the last step first for instruction B) using a combination of the above three methods C) beginning with the first step only for instruction D) presenting the whole task on each occasion
A) beginning with the last step first for instruction
When using ________ for fading prompts, the teacher begins with a level of prompting that virtually assures that the student will produce the appropriate response. A) decreasing assistance B) graduated guidance C) increasing assistance D) time delay
A) decreasing assistance
Reinforcing on-task behavior to decrease off-task behavior is an example of: A) differential reinforcement of incompatible behaviors B) differential reinforcement of low rates of behavior C) noncontingent Reinforcement D) differential reinforcement of alternative behaviors
A) differential reinforcement of incompatible behaviors
Thinning a schedule of reinforcement should result in all of the following EXCEPT: A) lower, more variable levels of responding B) maintenance of the behavior over longer periods of time C) removal of teacher as a necessary behavior monitor D) decreasing expectation of reinforcement
A) lower, more variable levels of responding
Which of the following is considered a form of an aversive stimulus? A) overcorrection B) response cost C) noncontingent reinforcement D) time-out ribbon
A) overcorrection
When parents or teachers react to inappropriate behavior by offering a student various items or activities until the inappropriate behavior stops, they risk maintaining the inappropriate behavior with: A) positive reinforcement B) punishment C) negative reinforcement D) extinction
A) positive reinforcement
When using a planned ignoring procedure, the teacher should: A) reinforce other students' appropriate behaviors B) comment on the inappropriate behavior C) None of these D) use stern glances and shake her/his head "no"
A) reinforce other students' appropriate behaviors
The best way to determine whether something is reinforcing to a student is to use: A) reinforcer sampling B) systematic predicting C) caregiver guesses D) selective sampling
A) reinforcer sampling
A procedure described as the use of differential reinforcement of successive approximations of a target behavior is called: A) shaping B) chaining C) modeling D) fading
A) shaping
During this procedure the prompt is presented in combination with the discriminative stimulus. A) simultaneous prompting B) All of these C) least-to-most D) time delay
A) simultaneous prompting
Which of the following is not a condition examined during a functional analysis? A) sleep B) play C) attention D) demand
A) sleep
Spontaneous recovery refers to: A) the possible reappearance of an extinguished behavior B) a student's return to the classroom after time out C) getting well after a serious illness D) None of these
A) the possible reappearance of an extinguished behavior
During A-B-C descriptive analysis, data should be collected for a minimum of: A) 3 days B) 5 days C) 9 days D) 10 days
B) 5 days
A functional analysis is conducted in order to: A) clarify uncertain results from a functional assessment B) All of these C) serves as an initial step in developing a hypothesis of a function D) verify a hypothesis form a functional hypothesis
B) All of these
Individuals are MOST likely to satiate on: A) VR schedules B) CRF schedules C) FR schedules D) FI schedules
B) CRF schedules
What schedule of reinforcement should be used when initially using DRA with a new behavior? A) Variable ratio: 1 (VR: 1) B) Continuous reinforcement schedule (CRF) C) Fixed ratio: 2 (FR: 2) D) Fixed interval: 2 (FI: 2)
B) Continuous reinforcement schedule (CRF)
Functional communication training (FCT) is the teaching of an appropriate communication form to reduce an inappropriate behavior which serves a communicative intent. This is an example of which behavior reduction procedure? A) DRL B) DRA C) DRI D) DRO
B) DRA
What kind of prompt is being used in the following example: "Miss Elkhart physically demonstrates for Brandon how to open the microwave oven?" A) Visual Prompt B) Modeling C) Physical Guidance D) Verbal Prompt
B) Modeling
Negative reinforcement is abbreviated as: A) NR B) SR- C) NR- D) SR2
B) SR-
How do generalization objectives differ from acquisition objectives? A) The conditions under which the behavior to be performed differs. B) The conditions under which the behavior to be performed differs and Differences in the criteria defined for performance only C) Differences in behavior targeted for change D) Differences in the criteria defined for performance
B) The conditions under which the behavior to be performed differs and Differences in the criteria defined for performance only
A student acquires a sequence of behaviors, all of which must be done in order to gain a reinforcer. He has learned: A) a backward chain B) a behavioral chain C) a fading procedure D) a forward chain
B) a behavioral chain
The stimuli that occasion or signal the opportunity to perform a behavior are known as: A) consequences B) antecedents C) preceding variables D) behaviors
B) antecedents
Ignoring disruptive behavior is a procedure known as: A) overcorrection B) extinction C) response cost D) time out
B) extinction
A driver is taught to push the accelerator when the traffic light turns green. While at work, she opens the dishwasher door, only when the light turns green. This is an example of: A) behavioral persistence B) response generalization C) stimulus generalization D) response maintenance
B) response generalization
Primary reinforcers include all of the following EXCEPT: A) juice B) stickers C) cookies D) raisins
B) stickers
Facilitation of transfer and maintenance of behaviors to reinforcement contingencies in the natural environment may be facilitated by: A) training students to avoid interfering reinforcers available B) teaching students to recognize reinforcement when given C) avoiding behaviors that are subject to trapping D) training in a single natural environment
B) teaching students to recognize reinforcement when given
Confirmation of the reinforcing properties of a stimulus lies in: A) the schedule B) the effect on behavior C) the teacher D) the stimulus
B) the effect on behavior
Reinforcers that are exchangeable for some reinforcer of value to students is known as: A) tactile reinforcers B) token reinforcers C) activity reinforcers D) proprioceptive reinforcers
B) token reinforcers
Which procedure is NOT necessarily the best to use for promoting generalization? A) Delaying the delivery of reinforcers B) Intermittent reinforcement C) A continuous schedule of reinforcement D) Use of a thin schedule of reinforcement
C) A continuous schedule of reinforcement
Which of the following designs is often used during a functional analysis? A) ABAB design B) multielement design C) ABAB design and multielement design D) None of these
C) ABAB design and multielement design
Effective use of teacher praise requires that: A) praise should specify the behavior being reinforced B) praise be delivered contingent on performance of the target behavior C) All of these D) praise should be sincere with the teacher varying tone and content
C) All of these
When selecting an incompatible or alternative behavior to use in a differential reinforcement procedure: A) it is better if the behavior is already in the student's repertoire B) the alternative behavior should be one that can be reinforced frequently C) All of these D) the functional intent of the behavior should be analyzed
C) All of these
Which of the following terms is NOT associated with positive reinforcement? A) Increases B) Presentation C) Decreases D) Contingent
C) Decreases
When a teacher starts with the first link in a chain, teaches it until it is mastered, and then goes on to the next link, he is using what instructional technique? A) Backward chaining B) Behavioral chaining C) Forward chaining D) Total task presentation
C) Forward chaining
Which of the following would be a good example of a rule with specificity? A) Be a good citizen B) Keep your hands to yourself C) Raise your hand before speaking D) All of these
C) Raise your hand before speaking
The symbol for positive reinforcement is: A) SR- B) SD C) SR+ D) SR
C) SR+
Systematically waiting before delivering a prompt allowing a student to respond before prompting is a procedure known as: A) Stimulus shaping B) Graduated Guidance C) Time Delay D) Forward Chaining
C) Time Delay
Generally, how many conditions are used when the function of a behavior is initially to be identified through a functional analysis? A) Three B) One C) Two D) Four
C) Two
What kind of prompt is being used in the following example: Mr. Kelly posts the homework assignment directions on the board for his math class? A) Modeling B) Physical Guidance C) Visual prompt D) Verbal Prompt
C) Visual prompt
A task analysis should be used when A) the needs exists to systematically introduce various prompts B) All of these C) a teacher wants a student to acquire a complex behavioral chain D) a teacher wants to decrease a student's inappropriate behaviors
C) a teacher wants a student to acquire a complex behavioral chain
An "operational definition": A) describes the setting events B) defines the condition for behavioral occurrence C) clearly states the form of the behavior D) identifies the criterion of a behavior
C) clearly states the form of the behavior
The schedule of reinforcement having a one-to-one ratio is: A) variable B) interval C) continuous D) intermittent
C) continuous
During a functional analysis condition a student is presented with a difficult task and begins to scream. The teacher quickly removes the task and the student stops screaming. Which of the following might be the function of his behavior? A) None of these B) self-stimulation C) escape D) attention
C) escape
Gradual removing of prompts is known as: A) All of these B) shaping C) fading D) backward chaining
C) fading
Components of a chain are acquired in sequential order. This is known as: A) backward chaining B) total task presentation C) forward chaining D) behavioral chaining
C) forward chaining
The process of systematically manipulating antecedents and consequences to determine their effect on occasioning and maintaining the target behavior is: A) enhanced functioning B) setting events C) functional analysis D) intervention
C) functional analysis
By making prompts used as "weak" as possible, the teacher has: A) done nothing to affect the instructional program B) increased the amount of time a prompt will be needed C) guarded against delay of development of stimulus control D) increased the power of Sdeltas present
C) guarded against delay of development of stimulus control
This schedule of reinforcement leads to increased maintenance of the behavior. A) None of these B) noncontingent C) intermittent D) CRF
C) intermittent
Graduated guidance is a fading procedure that: A) begins with whatever prompt level is necessary for performance of behavior B) increases the amount of assistance within a trial C) is used to fade physical prompts D) is concerned with the time the prompt is given
C) is used to fade physical prompts
All of the following are procedures designed to reduce inappropriate behaviors EXCEPT: A) None of these B) noncontingent reinforcement C) negative reinforcement D) DRO
C) negative reinforcement
The characteristic by which behavior continues for an undeterminate amount of time once reinforcement is withheld is known as: A) orneriness B) All of these C) resistance to extinction D) behavioral continuity
C) resistance to extinction
Which of the following is NOT considered a secondary reinforcer? A) Paycheck B) A gold star C) Verbal praise D) A nap
D) A nap
Continuous reinforcement schedules are most useful during which phase of learning? A) Generalization B) All of these C) Fluency D) Acquisition
D) Acquisition
A behavior that lends itself to trapping includes: A) social skills B) communication skills C) grooming skills D) All of these
D) All of these
To establish effective instructional practices the following should be present: A) clear lesson plans B) engaging teacher characteristics C) brisk instruction D) All of these
D) All of these
Use of an extinction procedure may result in:: A) spontaneous recovery B) initial increase in behavior C) induced aggression D) All of these
D) All of these
When a discriminative stimulus has been presented and a response has failed to occur, a teacher may use: A) modeling B) a prompt C) an instruction D) All of these
D) All of these
When structuring the physical arrangement of the classroom one must consider: A) delineation of work areas B) observation of all students C) physical spacing of students D) All of these
D) All of these
Which of the following IS a characteristic of a FR schedule of reinforcement? A) Behaviors occur at a relatively low rate B) All of these C) The length of intervals affects the rate of responding D) As the schedule ratio increases, the student will often stop responding for a period of time following delivery of the reinforcer.
D) As the schedule ratio increases, the student will often stop responding for a period of time following delivery of the reinforcer.
Which of the following is considered a setting event? A) None of these B) Hunger C) Classroom noise or temperature level D) Classroom noise or temperature level and Hunger
D) Classroom noise or temperature level and Hunger
What kind of prompt is being used in the following example: "Miss Clark holds Melissa's hand to cross the street?" A) Visual Prompt B) Modeling C) Verbal Prompt D) Physical Guidance
D) Physical Guidance
________ reinforcers are natural, unlearned, or unconditioned. A) Variable B) Secondary C) Tertiary D) Primary
D) Primary
________ is a naturally occurring phenomenon. A) Contingency contracting B) Time out C) Response cost D) Reinforcement
D) Reinforcement
________ is a naturally occurring phenomenon. A) Response cost B) Time out C) Contingency contracting D) Reinforcement
D) Reinforcement
________ refers to the tendency of a learned behavior to occur after programmed contingencies have been withdrawn. A) Acquisition B) Response generalization C) Stimulus generalization D) Response maintenance
D) Response maintenance
________ occurs when a response that has been trained in a specific setting with a specific instructor occurs in a different setting or with a different instructor. A) Acquisition B) Response maintenance C) Response Generalization D) Stimulus generalization
D) Stimulus generalization
When a teacher requires a student to perform all the steps in sequence until the entire task is mastered, she is using what instructional technique? A) Behavioral chaining B) Forward chaining C) Backward chaining D) Total task presentation
D) Total task presentation
At the initiation of an extinction procedure one should expect the behavior will: A) disappear B) decrease C) remain stable D) increase
D) increase
Every time the teacher asks a question, an overly eager student raises and waves his hands in front of her. In order to get him to stop this behavior, the teacher calls on him for the answer. The probability of the student raising and waving his hands again is: A) decreased B) increased or decreased C) not likely D) increased
D) increased
A positive reinforcer is a consequence stimulus which: A) maintains rate of a behavior, is delivered contingently and immediately following a desired behavior B) decreases a behavior, is delivered contingently and immediately following a behavior. C) maintains constant rates, and is delivered consequently D) increases the future rate, is delivered contingently and immediately following a desired behavior
D) increases the future rate, is delivered contingently and immediately following a desired behavior
The design associated with sequential modification is: A) alternating treatment design B) reversal design C) changing conditions design D) multiple baseline design
D) multiple baseline design
The process of trapping a behavior is used when teaching generalization under conditions of: A) sequential modification B) train and hope C) None of these D) natural maintaining contingencies
D) natural maintaining contingencies
When structuring classroom time which of the following is appropriate: A) picture schedule B) None of these C) use of timer D) picture schedule and use of timer
D) picture schedule and use of timer
When prompting is used by the teacher: A) the prompt is delivered following a ten second interval B) reinforcers are not to be used C) the "heaviest" prompt is always used D) reinforcement occurs as if prompts had not been used
D) reinforcement occurs as if prompts had not been used
Teachers often miss the function of a behavior because they are preoccupied with a behavior's: A) frequency B) latency C) rate D) topography
D) topography