Psychology 110 Chapters 5,6,7 (Exam 2)

Examples of stimulants

- Caffeine - Nicotine - Amphetamines: Meth and bath salts - Cocaine: rapidly absorbed, takes effect almost immediately ^^ acts on dopamine, can rewire the brain, mental and physical deterioration

Stage 3 of sleep

- Deepest stage, least responsive to outside stimulation

Taste aversion

- John Garcia - some organisms prepared to quickly learn to avoid foods that smelled or tasted like something that made them sick

Korsakoff's syndrome

- Long term alcoholics - hallucinations and tendency to repeat the same story - affects their ability to remember

Sleep deprivation experiments

- Participants feel weary, irritable, unable to concentrate, loss of creativity, decline in logical reasoning ability - But no lasting effects - rebound after a few days of regular sleep

Negative punishment

- Removing a desired stimulus to decrease undesired behavior - Ex: taking away kids phone

Stage 2 of sleep

- Slower and more regular wave pattern compared to stage 1 - momentary interruptions of sleep spindles

Value of hypnosis

- controlling pain - reducing smoking - treating psychological disorders - assisting in law enforcement (doesn't hold anymore) - improving athletic performance

Mood patterns

- happier in the morning - happier in seasons with longer days - less happy in seasons where days are shorter

Stage 1 of sleep

- state of transition between wakefulness and sleep - rapid, low amplitude brain waves

Stimulus discrimination

- two stimuli are very distinct from one another - can differentiate between stimuli and give different responses based on what the stimuli is

Analytical learning style

- understanding material best through analyzing various components - focuses on detail - analytical approach - logical reasoning

Shaping

- you want pigeon to learn to know when it presses the button it gets food - give food when it turns toward button - give food when it walks toward button - give food when it raises head toward button - give food when it pushes the button

Positive punishment

-Adding something unpleasant to decrease behavior - Ex: spanking,

Dreams-for-survival theory

-dreams permit information that is critical for our daily survival to be reconsidered and reprocessed during sleep - mechanism to process information

Examples of depressants

alcohol barbituarates: Nembutal, Seconal, phenobarbital ^^induce sleep or reduce stress sense of relaxation altered thinking can be deadly combined with alcohol Rohypnol: Date rate drug

Cognative Learning Theory

an approach to the study of learning that focuses on the thought processes that underlie learning

Reinforcer

any stimulus that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will occur again

Circadian rhythm

biological process that occur regularly on appoximately a 24 hour cycle

During daydreaming,

brain areas that are associated with complex problem solving become activated

Evolutionary theory (explanation of sleep)

energy conservation - restore and replenish brain and body - physical growth and brain development

Narcolepsy

fall asleep anywhere at anytime

Episodic memory

for events that occur in a particular time, place, or context - declarative - Ex: being able to easily remember from when a specific event like a covid announcement

Declarative memory

for factual information

Chunking

grouping information that can be stored in short-term memory

implicit memory

information that you remember unconsciously and effortlessly

The distinction between long- and short-term memory

is supported by the effects of certain kinds of brain damage.

Short-term memory

Holds information for 15 to 25 seconds, stores according to meaning rather than sensory memory

Psychoactive drugs

Influence a person's emotions, perceptions, and behavior

Interference

Information in memory disrupts the recall of other infomration

Proactive interference

Information learned earlier disrupts the recall of newer material

Manifest content of the dream

Information one remembers and reports -Disguises the latent content, dreams can have deeper meaning

Explicit memory

Information that you have to consciously work to remember

Operant conditioning

Learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened based on the consequence

Meditation

learned technique for refocusing attention that brings about an altered state of consciousness - decrease oxygen usage - reduced heart rate and blood pressure - change in brain wave patterns

Latent learning

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

Decay

Loss of information through nonuse

Examples of Hallucinogens

Marijuana MDMA(ecstasy) LSD or acid

Relational learning style

Master material best through exposure to a full unit or phenomenon

Retroactive interference

Material that was learned later disrupts the retrieval of information that was learned earlier

Consolidation

Memories become fixed and stable in long term memory

As part of a behavior modification program, Kendra and her partner each agree to praise the other if she completes her assigned household chores by the end of the day. Such praise is an example of:

positive reinforcement

Reinforcers that satisfy a biological need are called _____ reinforcers.

primary

Four steps of hynosis

STEP 1: Person is made comfortable in a quiet environment STEP 2: Hypnotist explains what is going to happen STEP 3: Person is asked to concentrate on a specific object or image STEP 4: Hypnotist makes suggestions that the person interprets as being produced by hypnosis

Primary reinforcers

Satisfy biological needs and works naturally - Ex: food, sex

Omar experienced a dissociative fugue state. He suddenly snapped out of it in front of a pet-supplies display in a Boise, Idaho discount store; he had no memory whatsoever of his previous life in Greensboro, North Carolina. Omar's amnesia is best described as:

retrogade.

seasonal affective disorder

severe depression which increases during the winter and decreases during the rest of the year

The levels-of-processing approach

suggests that thinking about material leads to better memory than maintenance rehearsal.

Primacy effect

tendency to remember words at the beginning of a list especially well

Recency effect

tendency to remember words at the end of a list especially well

The schedules of reinforcement that yield the highest response rates are

variable-ratio and fixed-ratio schedules

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

a stimulus that naturally brings about a particular response without having been learned

Hypnosis

a trancelike state of heightened susceptibility to the suggestions of others - susceptibility varies

Source amnesia

occurs when an individual has a memory for some material but cannot recall where he or she encountered it

Cue-dependent forgetting

occurs when there are insufficient retrieval cues to rekindle information that is in memory

Thorndike's law of effect

responses that lead to satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated

Social cognitive approach

- Albert Bandura - learning through imitation - bobo doll study(kids put in room with doll and imitate what the researcher did)

The Skinner Box

- B. F. Skinner - Chamber with highly controlled environment, used to study operant conditioning with lab animals

Activation-synthesis theory

- Brain produces random electrical energy during REM sleep that stimulates memories stored in the brain

How long do most people sleep per night

7 to 8 hours

How long is a typical sleep cycle, in which a sleeper progresses through some or all of the sleep stages?

90 minutes

Habituation

A decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated presentations

Behavior modification

A formalized technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones.

Conditioned Stimuls (CS)

A once-neutral stimuls that has been paired with an unconditioned stimuls

Unconditioned response (UCR)

A response that is natural and needs no training

Anya pulled all-nighters both last night and the night before. Tonight, finally, she anticipates going to bed at her usual time. Which of the following alternatives most accurately describes and identifies what Anya is likely to experience?

Anya will spend a greater proportion of her sleep time than usual in the REM stage. This phenomenon is called rebound.

Stimulants

Drugs that have an arousal effect on the central nervous system - cause a rise in heart rate, blood pressure, and muscular tension

Narcotics

Drugs that increase relaxation and relieve pain and anxiety

Depressants

Drugs that slow down the nervous system

Memory

Encode, storage, retrieval

Semantic memory

For general knowledge, facts about the world and rules of logic - declarative

Procedural memory

For skills and habits - non declarative - Ex: walking, riding a bike

Anterograde amnesia

Memory is lost for events that follow an injury - not being able to remember new memories that are just made

Retrogade amnesia

Memory is lost for occurrences prior to a certain event, but not for new events - Not being able to remember old events that happened in the past

Semantic networks

Mental representations of clusters of interconnected information - spreading activation - one memory triggers another and another and so on

Examples of Narcotics

Morphine Heroin Methadone: used to help people get off of Heroin

Variable-Ratio schedule

Occurs after a varying number of responses, rather than after a fixed number

Extinction

Occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and disappears

Priming

Occurs when exposure to a word or concept later makes it easier to recall related information

Schemas

Organized bodies of information stored in memory that bias the way new information is: - interpreted - stored - recalled

Amygdala

Part of the brain's limbic system, it is involved with memories involving emotion - EMOTION

Hippocampus

Part of the brain's limbic system, it plays a central role in making memories consolidated

Autobiographical memory

Recollection of our own life experiences - we forget things in the past because it doesn't fit our current personality

What is the impact of temporary sleep deprivation on people? Can this impact be reversed?

People who participate in sleep deprivation experiments, in which they are kept awake for as long as 200 hours, show no lasting effects. It is no fun--they feel weary and irritably, cannot concentrate, and show a loss of creativity, even after only minor deprivation. They also show a decline in logical reasoning ability. However, after being allowed to sleep normally, they bounce back quickly and are able to perform at predeprivation levels after just a few days. In short, as far as we know, most people suffer no permanent consequences of such temporary sleep deprivation. But--and this is an important but--a lack of sleep can make us feel edgy, slow our reaction time, and lower our performance on academic and physical tasks. In addition, we put ourselves and others at risk when we carry out routine activities, such as driving, when we are very sleepy.

Memory traces

Physical changes that take place int he brain when new material is learned

Engram

Physical memory trace in the brain that correpsonds to a memory

Reinforcement

Process by which a stimulus increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated

Addictive drugs

Produce a biological or psychological dependence on the user - withdrawals and cravings - psychological dependence: people believe that they need the drug

Hallucinogens

Produce hallucinations, or change in the perceptual process

Fixed-Interval schedule

Provides reinforcement for a response only after a fixed time period has elapsed

Rebound effect

REM-deprived sleepers spend significantly more time in REM sleep than they normally would

REM sleep

Rapid eye movement sleep - 20 percent of adult's sleeping time - increased heart rate, blood pressure and breathing rate - eye movements - experience of dreaming more likely

Iconic memory

Reflects information from the visual system - sensory - Sperling's sensory memory study

Unconscious wish fulfillment theory

Sigmund Freud's theory that dreams represent unconscious wishes that dreamers desire to see fulfilled

Stimulus generalization

Stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus produce the same response

Retrieval cues

Stimulus that allows us to more easily recall information that is in long-term memory

Punishment

Stimulus that decreases the probability that a previous behavior will occur again

Long-term memory

Stores information on a relatively permanent basis - sometimes difficult to retrieve information

Secondary reinforcers

a stimulus that becomes reinforcing because of its association with a primary reinforcer - Ex: money, grades in school

Negative reinforcers

Unpleasant stimulus whose removal leads to an increase in the probability that a preceding response will be repeated - Ex: If you make good grades, then I will take away a chore for you

Working memory

a memory system that holds information temporarily while actively manipulating and rehearsing that information

Conditioned response

a response that, after conditioning, follows a previously neutral stimulus

Positive reinforcers

a stimulus added to the environment that brings about an increase in a preceding response - Ex: paying kid money for good grades

Long-term potentiation

certain neural pathways become easily excited while a new response is being learned

Insomnia

chronic, trouble falling or staying asleep

As a child, Tim loved salami sandwiches but was not particularly fond of dill pickles. However, his mother would always serve the pickles with salami sandwiches. Now, the sight of even an empty dill pickle jar makes his mouth water. In the context of classical conditioning, the pickle jar is a(n) ________ and salami is a(n) ________.

conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

controls circadian rhythms

Ewan is convinced that a woman across the bar is "sending signals." A learning theorist would term such signals:

discriminative stimuli

Long-term potentiation refers to the process whereby

neural pathways become activated more easily as learning occurs.

Unlike stimulants, depressants cause

neurons to fire more slowly.

Night terrors

not a nightmare, scarier, terrifying and make heart rate rise

Fixed-Ratio schedule

reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses

Rehearsal

repetition of information that has entered short-term memory - allows transfer of information into long-term memory

The "date-rape drug" is ____________; it is a _________.

rohypnol; depressant

altered state of consciousness

sleeping, drugging, dreaming, hypnosis

Neutral stimuls (NS)

stimulus that does not produce a reflexive response (initially the bell)

Sensory memory

the initial, momentary storage of information, lasting only an instant

Spontaneous recovery

the reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest and with no further conditioning

Rehearsal refers to the

the repetition of information that has entered short-term memory

sleep apnea

throat closes as person is sleeping, body jerks them awake so the person does not suffocate. - sudden infant death syndrome

Variable-Interval schedule

time between reinforcements varies around some average rather than being fixed