EGEE 101 - 2
If Iraq IS UNABLE TO SUPPLY OIL, thus cutting the supply of Iraqi oil to the US, what percentage of the total oil imports will be lost?
6% Approximately 6% of the US oil is imported from Iraq. This is equivalent to approximately 600,000 barrels of oil per day! This is probably too high now with the problems Iraq is having exporting oil.
Estimate the lifetime of domestic oil supply (how many years?) using following data in 2001. Total US proven reserves of crude oil are 22,446 million barrels. Estimated production (extraction) was 1,915 million barrels per year A) 12 years B) 60 years C) 120 years D) 240 years E) Forever
A) 12 years (22,446/1,915) = 11.72 yrs
The Transportation sector is heavily dependent on petroleum. Approximately how much of the total oil consumed in the United States is solely dedicated to the Transportation sector? A) 2/3 (66%) B) 1/4 (25%) C) 3/4 (75%) D) 1/2 (50%)
A) 2/3 (66%) Feedback: 2/3 of the oil consumed in the United States is used to fuel our vehicles!!! Very little oil is used for electricity (3%), the rest makes fuel oil, petrochemicals, coke, etc. Please also note that oil supplies 97% of our transportation fuel (biomass and methane contribute to the rest).
This question deal with resources and reserves. Resources are the deposits that are known to exist. Reserves are the deposits which are actually being produced. What is required for Resources to be converted to Reserves? A) A rise in oil prices or an advance in technology B) An increase on production by OPEC members C) The NASDAQ market to reach above a value of 2000 points D) Strategic Petroleum reserve to be tapped into
A) A rise in oil prices or an advance in technology Feedback: Correct! At this point, it will be profitable (or otherwise worthwhile) to extract the fossil fuels. At this point, reserves become resources.
A refinery process called cracking creates desirable sized molecules by way of breaking larger molecules into smaller ones: Assuming that one larger molecule is broken into two smaller molecules, what would the chemical composition of the product be if: - The initial large molecule to be cracked was dodecane (C12H26), and - One of the cracked products was propane (C3H8) A) C9H18 B) C3H8 C) C6H14 D) C9H20 E) C12H26
A) C9H18 Feedback: Correct. The alkene formed will have less than the CnHn+2 hydrogens. Otherwise we are creating hydrogens out of "thin air"
What is required by law to be installed to help minimize the effect of a spill or leak from the tank? A) Containment Wall B) Safety Pressure Valve C) Irrigation System D) Fire Extinguishers
A) Containment Wall
Besides the West Coast being in an isolated location for shipment of oil and the fact that consumption growth is faster than capacity growth (which the rest of the nation is also beginning to experience), why is the cost of West Coast gasoline so much higher? A) Environmental regulations force the west coast to use a special reformulated gasoline B) there is more imported gasoline in the west C) more people in the west use super plus unleaded gasoline while people in the east use regular unleaded gasoline D) the price of a dollar in California is not the same as in Pennsylvania
A) Environmental Regulations force the west coast to use a special reformulated gasoline Correct! As environmental regulations increase the need for cleaner gasoline are necessary. In order to make gasoline cleaner, refiners must further process the gasoline, which costs huge amount of money to the refinery and the cost is passed down to the consumer. We must decide if we want a cleaner environment or cheaper gasoline. Hawaii is another location with very high gasoline prices (transportation cost has been included).
In the energy overview, President Bush proposes to use waste wood from saw mills and paper plants as a source of renewable energy. This biomass will be used to generate electricity. A) True B) False
A) FALSE Bush doesn't call for this in his overview.
In the energy overview, President Bush proposes to use natural gas as a source of nuclear energy to help increase national security. A) True B) False
A) FALSE Natural gas is a fossil fuel, not a source of nuclear energy
Formation of crude oil requires a long period of time and some certain conditions. Which do you think is undesirable for the formation at the bottom of the sea/lake? A) Oxygen (O2) B) Water (H2O) C) Sulfur (S) D) Sunlight E) None of the above
A) Oxygen The formation of crude oil occurs with the presence of no or little oxygen because aerobic decay, which requires oxygen should be prevented during the process. Learn more in the lesson.
Check all of the following ways to modify a vehicle in order to increase fuel efficiency (miles per gallon): A) Replace The Gasoline Engine with a Diesel Engine B) Decrease Drag (wind resistance) C) Decrease Mass D) Reusing or Otherwise Recycling Braking Energy E) Decrease Rolling Resistances and Friction in The Vehicle F) Operating with Proper Tire Pressures
A) Replace The Gasoline Engine with a Diesel Engine B) Decrease Drag (wind resistance) D) Reusing or Otherwise Recycling Braking Energy E) Decrease Rolling Resistances and Friction in The Vehicle F) Operating with Proper Tire Pressures Feedback: Proper tire pressure aids in the ease of operation, thus saves energy. This about trying to ride your bike with two flat tires versus riding it with two fully inflated tires.
As shown in the following graph, natural gas prices spiked in 2001. What triggered this? A) Rolling blackouts in California B) Fall of NASDAQ to record levels C) Collapse of Enron D) Appointment of former Governor Ridge to the Office of Homeland Security
A) Rolling blackouts in California Feedback: Correct! The lack of electricity in CA caused an increase in natural gas usage (as both an alternative energy source and to generate supplemental electricity). This increase in demand resulted in a spike in Natural gas price.
Check all that apply: If you were searching for a crude oil reserve, which of the following would "clue you in" that oil may be near? A) Source Rock B) Structural Traps C) A Seep D) Reservoir Rock E) Faults & Folds F) A Lake
A) Source Rock Feedback: Organic material will collect on the bottom of the ocean (or swamp or other wet area). This layer it collects on top of is typically called the source rock. This is a good sign that crude will be near. B) Structural Traps Feedback: These provide a barrier and prevent crude from migrating. Thus, this is a good place to look for crude oil. C) A Seep Feedback: A seep indicates that oil is near the surface! D) Reservoir Rock Feedback: Reservoir rock is the permeable rock where oil resides... this is found between a structural trap and the source rock E) Faults & Folds Feedback: These form structural barriers (also are areas of high pressure and temperature underground). Thus, crude oil and other fossil fuels are likely to be near.
Again in the effort to broaden the US's energy sources (thus not being as dependent on foreign energy sources), President Bush proposes to provide tax incentives for using renewable energy sources such as wind generated electricity (providing a 1.7 cent per kWhr tax credit). A) True B) False
A) TRUE
Diesel engines do NOT contain spark plugs. A) True B) False
A) TRUE
In the energy overview, President Bush proposed the authorization by congress for exploration and development of ANWR (Artic National Wildlife Refuge) resources, providing there is no significant adverse impacts. A) True B) False
A) TRUE
Why do jet airplanes fly at high altitudes (on the order of 30,000 feet or greater!)? A) To take advantage of low density air, thus allowing the plane to travel more efficiently B) To get away from the amount of air traffic (more jets are flying these days!) C) 30,000 feet isn't that high, some jet are capable of flying at 50,000 feet D) To take advantage of the natural temperature gradient of the Earth (temperature drops approximately 2o Celsius per kilometer)
A) To take advantage of low density air, thus allowing the plane to travel more efficiently Feedback: Correct! Flying through air of lower density allows the plane to experience less "resistance" of drag. You can think of this as stirring a cup of honey with a spoon as opposed to stirring a cup of water. The thinner or less dense material (water in this case) is easier to move the spoon through. Likewise, at higher altitudes its easier to move a jet plane through the air. As a result, planes can fly faster and further distances.
True or False: The United States imports oil from the United Kingdom? A) True B) False
A) True This is TRUE - You import some of our North Sea crude. Unfortunately these fields are going to run out of the extractable portion of the crude oil (about 30% of the in ground oil can be extracted) in the next 15 years or so.
How many gallons of crude i! s there in a barrel? A) Depends on the size of the barrel B) 42 US Gallons C) 50 Imperial gallons
B) 42 US Gallons Correct. When first found, oil had to be transported to market in wagons over rough roads. There was spillage and losses from evaporation in the Summer so out of about 50 gallons only 42 reached the market. Now we no longer use barrels but it is still the measure of volume used.
In United States refineries, typically about what percentage of a barrel of crude oil is converted into gasoline? A) 30% B) 50% C) 70% D) 10%
B) 50% Correct! Approximately 50% (45-50% usually) of each barrel of crude goes directly into making gasoline. Think about the daily US consumption of crude (approx 175,000 barrels of crude per day)and realize that the US has an amazing demand for gasoline! The other 50% of the barrel of crude goes into producing coke, asphalt, heating oil, diesel, jet fuel, kerosene, and light fractions such as butane, propane, and methane. This is an average and will change according to season and perhaps crude quality changes.
Green atoms are carbon and blue atoms are hydrogen in this image. A) Aromatic Ring B) Alkane (paraffin) C) Biomarker D) Alkene
B) Alkane (paraffin) Correct, the molecule displayed is an alkane CnH2n+2.
Oil and natural gas are naturally occurring chemicals made up of what? A) Witch Hazel and Sage Grass B) Carbon and Hydrogen C) Plants and Animals D) Water and Carbon Dioxide
B) Carbon and Hydrogen Feedback: Fossil fuels are considered hydrocarbons (made up of mainly hydrogen and carbon). When combusted (addition of oxygen) the main products are carbon dioxide (from the carbon) and water (from the hydrogen).
Which Group was the first to discover underground deposits of oil and gas? A) Romans B) Chinese C) U.S. D) British
B) Chinese Correct. They were using natural gas well before Christ was born
Select all of the advantages of driving gasoline powered vehicles: A) Very large domestic fuel supply (50 years worth of supply) B) Existing infrastructure C) Existing technology D) Public acceptance
B) Existing infrastructure Feedback: There is a huge existing infrastructure for gasoline powered vehicles. Nearly everywhere there are gas stations, repair shops, etc. C) Existing technology Feedback: Gasoline technology is available... look at the number of gasoline powered car manufactures! D) Public acceptance Feedback: ! Public acceptance is great! Almost every single person owns a vehicle!!!
An electric vehicle has zero emissions. Thus, it is pollution free. A) True B) False
B) FALSE
According to the current US Energy Overview, President Bush proposes decreases in funding for energy efficiency programs and consumer conservation programs A) True B) False
B) FALSE According to the current US Energy Overview, President Bush proposes increases in funding for energy efficiency programs and consumer conservation programs
The bulk of the government subsidies for energy development go to the oil and natural gas industry. A) True B) False
B) FALSE Although oil & natural gas provide approximately 40% of the total energy, it receives very few government subsidies to help keep cost down. In 1992 it received only 12% of the government energy subsidies.
According to the current US Energy Overview, President Bush proposes to decrease the use of alternative and renewable energy sources such as wind, solar, biomass, and geothermal energy and provides additional funds for the safe closure of nuclear energy generating facilities A) True B) False
B) FALSE This is a false statement... The current plan is to expand the use of renewable and alternative energy sources along with the safe expansion of nuclear energy
According to the current US Energy Overview, President Bush does not discuss any proposals to provide temporary income tax credits for the purchase of new hybrid electric and fuel cell vehicles A) True B) False
B) FALSE Bush speaks about giving an incentive to buy a higher efficiency vehicle (hybrid electric or fuel cell). This is done to help off set the additional cost of these vehicles
The highest quality crude oil has which color? A) Greenish-Black B) Honey C) Dark Brown D) Black
B) Honey
The main reason for the United States to have Strategic Petroleum Reserve is what? A) The main use for it is to hold large quantities of oil and when the world's oil supply is used up, the US will sell it at a premium price to pay off the national debt B) It is a supply of oil that can run the country for 90 days in case of a national emergency and imported oil supplies are cut off C) To power the SUV's that are beginning to overrun our highways. D) To balance out the price of gasoline and fuel oil if the price gets to high
B) It is a supply of oil that can run the country for 90 days in case of a national emergency and imported oil supplies are cut off Correct. And this is what it should be used for, not price adjustments like we saw recently.
Which of the following would be an example of a biomarker? A) Tire tracks at a crime scene B) A Porphrin ring found in a crude oil C) Metals such as nickel or vanadium found in crude oil D) Live plants found in crude oil reservoirs
B) Porphrin ring found in a crude oil Feedback: A porphrin ring directly connects the crude oil to plant material where the porphrin ring was originated. This is the definition of a biomarker... a material which links fossil fuels to organic matter
The process of "Desalination" involves what? A) Process of removing sulfur and nitrogen from a crude oil B) Removing the salt water from the crude oil C) Separating the light ends from the heavier components in the crude D) Separation of gasoline from the crude
B) Removing the salt water from the crude oil Correct! Crude oil in the ground is typically found along with a reservoir of salt water. When extracted both the crude & brine (salt water) are extracted. This needs to be removed prior to refining in order to prevent corrosion of the material (plus water doesn't burn very well). Why is there salt water?
As of 2008, the top 5 world oil producers were China, Iran, Russia, Saudi Arabia, and United States (in alphabetical order). Where do you think U.S. ranks? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) >22
C) 3 US is the 3rd largest oil producer in 2006. Saudi Arabia was the 1st. There is oil in many locations around the world although the high quality crudes are not as well dispersed. The MiddleEast now produces almost 30 % of the World crude oil supply.
Most cargo boats (ships) use what type of fuel to power their engines? A) Gasoline B) Natural Gas C) Diesel or fuel oil D) Nuclear
C) Diesel or fuel oil Correct! Diesel fuel contains a higher energy content per unit mass (such as BTU's/lb) than gasoline. Do you know why? This allows for more efficient operation (plus a diesel engine operates differently and more efficiently than an internal combustion engine). In addition, diesel engine technology is well established, thus making it a good choice to power large boats. Some vessels will also use heavier fuel oil (it is cheaper).
What is OPEC's view on why oil prices are so high? A) Exporting taxes placed on the oil by OPEC B) Their manipulation of the oil supply to stabilize the price market. C) Taxes placed on the oil by the nations consuming the oil. D) OPEC's price fixing in order to bring in more money.
C) Taxes placed on the oil by the nations consuming the oil. Correct! TAXES placed on the oil (or gasoline) by the United States is why we see higher gaso! line prices at the pump. Just be glad we are not paying what countries like the United Kingdom is paying!
How much of the proven oil reserves are under OPEC's control? A) about half B) all of them C) about three quarters D) about a quarter
C) about three quaters Feedback: Correct. OPEC controls about 3 quarters (~78%) of all the proven oil reserves. This is maybe why we spent 60 billion dollars in the middle east to protect 30 billion dollars worth of oil. Our involvement in the Persian Gulf War (and other wars) can come down to basically oil. Maybe we shouldn't relay so heavily on imported oil (over 60% of the oil we use is imported), just imagine the amount of money the government can save.
The carbon content of a typical crude oil will range between: A) 30% to 40% B) 50% to 80% C) 10% to 30% D) 80% to 90%
D - Crude ranges from 84% carbon to 89% carbon. The remaining is Hydrogen 10-15% and small amounts of sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen
How much of the world's crude oil supplies are produced by OPEC? A) 10% B) OPEC is a car manufacturer based out of Austria C) 75% D) 40%
D) 40%
98% of all transportation fuel is produced from petroleum. What percentage of petroleum is used to produce transportation fuels? A) 30% B) 98% C) 10% D) 50%
D) 50% Correct! Of all the petroleum refined in the US half goes towards producing transportation fuels. Other products include lube oils, heating oils, feedstocks for plastics industry, etc.
What type of oil spill containment (clean-up effort) equipment? A) Skimming B) Absorbent Pads C) Burning of The Spill D) Boom Type Barrier
D) Boom Type Barrier Correct. The boom type device is used to contain the oil, thus preventing it from further spreading in the water. this device consists of an above water barrier and a "skirt" which provides an underwater barrier. This is very useful in calm waters, not so useful in rough or choppy waters
In a typical distillation column: the light ends come off from the top. At the top of the column, what is the temperature relative to the rest of the column? A) Highest B) The temperature is even throughout the column C) Medium D) Coolest
D) Coolest Correct. A heater is placed at the bottom of the column. The compounds with the lowest boiling points evaporate and travel up (vapor has a lower density than a liquid, thus rise). As the vapor rises, it cools (heat is supplied at the bottom). Eventually it is cooled sufficiently to convert back to a liquid. At this point the compounds are taken out of the column. Thus at the top of the column, the lightest components are taken off.
What is the name of the tax imposed upon vehicles which do not meet specified fuel economy targets? A) Fuel Economy Tax B) Gas Hog Tax C) There is no such tax D) Gas Guzzler Tax
D) Gas Guzzler Tax Correct. Depending on the specific fuel economy of the vehicle, a tax is assigned. For example, vehicles that fall into the 21.5 to 22.4 mpg range are taxed an addition $1000 onto the manufacture's retail price.
Which of the following regions has the largest petroleum reserves? A) Africa B) North America C) Eastern Europe and former USSR D) Middle East
D) Middle East Feedback: Correct! The smallest area has the largest petroleum reserves. Now can you imagine why the United States is so involved in the Persian Gulf / Middle East area?
Why is the Alaskan pipeline not straight? A) Pleasing to the eye B) So the wildlife does not run into it C) To make it harder to shoot at or bomb. D) To allow for expansion
D) To allow for expansion Correct! Remember the oil out of the ground is warm
Which South American country is a member of OPEC? A) Chile B) Honduras C) Brazil D) Venezuela
D) Venezuela
Primary production (or the natural lift of the well) may produce 10-15% of the total reserve. Afterwards a technique called secondary production is used. This involves what? A) More wells B) Bigger diameter wells to be drilled C) Capping the well and moving to a different area in order to drill a new well D) Water or steam injection
D) Water or steam injection Feedback: Correct! Many times the brine produced from the extraction will be separated and injected back into the well. The saltwater produced by the well or other water (such as municipal (drinking) water) can be pumped down into the reservoir. The oil being less dense than the water floats on top and is thus forced into the well bore of the production pipe. Utilizing water flooding perhaps an additional 10 % can be obtained.
Which of the following techniques are NOT used to find crude oil reserves? A) Satellites B) Radar C) Gravity Meters D) Magnetometer E) Dynomometers
E) Dynomometers These are used to measure the horsepower/performance produced by an engine.
TRUE/FALSE: Gasoline prices are not dependent on crude oil costs
FALSE
Burning hydrogen in air is pollution free A) True B) False
False
True or False A low quality crude oil will have a low viscosity, while a high quality crude oil will have a high viscosity. A) True B) False
False Low quality = high viscosity High quality = low viscosity
True or False: A paraffinic hydrocarbon (straight chain) typically has more hydrogen atoms than does a branched hydrocarbon with the same number of carbon atoms.
False. There are CH3 structures but they are balanced with the CH structures and so the average of the non-chain ends is CH2. Same as a straight chain.
Does PA have a high or low State Tax on Gasoline?
HIGH