EGR 2800
Each Char occupies
1 byte of memory
Each boolean occupies
1 byte of memory
2 golden rules of OP AMPS
1. no current in and 2. the difference is 0
Hz =
1/sec
What is the Frequency in Hz of a periodic signal with a period of 100 millseconsd?
10
How many times will this code run? For(int i = 100; i<= 1000; i=i+100);
10 times
Using the analogWrite() function, what is the smallest increment that the duty cycle can be changed?
100/256%
Each Int occupies
16 bits or 2 bytes of memory
Arduino Uno R3 board contains how many ATMega microcontrollers?
2
Digital Signals take on how many states?
2 states
a POT has 3 terminals, how many are necessary to adjust the volume of the produced sound
2 terminals
How long will 'delay(30); last?
30 milliseconds
How many transistors are necessary for bidirectional control?
4
The frequency (in Hz) of a PWM signal produced using analogWrite (3,100) is ? ***
490 Hz
Arduion Uno's refrence voltage is ?
5V
Arduino Uno R3 board has how many analog inputs
6
How many BITS do ASCII characters have?
7 bits
How many BITS does a boolens type variable take up in memory?
8
Arduino Uno R3 Microcontroller is
ATMega328P
CPU
Central Processing Unit which is the brains of the computer where most calculations take place
LEDs are ___ ohmic
NOT
prefix for binary
Ob
prefix for Hex
Ox
The speed of a DC motor can be adjusted using
PWM
Duty Cycle (DC) =
T(high)/Period*100% (between 0 and 255)
Serial DB - 9 connectors were largely replaced with
USB ports on PCs and laptops
V avg =
Voltage*(High/period)
Power can be supplied to the Arduino through what?
a USB cable or a barrel jack connector
What is necessary when using an LED?
a current limitimg resistor which sets the current flow
capacitor
a device used to temporarily store energy/low pass filters that filter out high frequency noise from brushes
Microcontroller / System on Chip (SoC)
a single chip computer system containg a processor core memory programmable input/output peripherials
Potentiometer POT
a three terminal resistor with a sliding or roataing contact that forms an adjustable voltage divider
The constrain() function ...
allows enforcing minimum and maximum values for a variable
Analog signals take on how many states?
an infinte number of values within the range
Arduino
an open source electronics platform based in easy to use hardware and software
In order to drive an LED, general purpose input/outputs (GPIO) pins need to be set to ..
be an OUTPUT
As frequency increases, capacitors
become less resistant and more current will flow
\b
bell
Hex is shorthand for
binary
Baud Rate is typically measured in
bits/second
most DC motors are
brush motors
Brused Motors contain
brushes
Which lasts longer Brushed or Brushless motors?
brushless
stepper motors are
brushless motors
in a linear voltage regulator, excess voltage is
burned off as heat
\r
carriage return
Slow Sample
checking the input a few times before accepting a new input
Serial.available() function
checks a recieve buffer for the amount of data
The analogRefrence() function may be used to
chnage the refrence voltage
pinMode(pin,Mode); function
configures the pin specified to either be an INPUT or OUTPUT
constrain(varable, min, max);function
constrains a number to be within a range
Input values are typically
digital or a boolean where 1 is logical high and 0 is a logical low
DAC
digital to analog converter
Brushless motors
do not need brushes becuase the windings are in the stator
long and unsigned long values are used to
extend sixe variable for number storage
Embedded System
general purpose computer ex PC or laptop
GPI/O
general purpose input/output pins that can be configured as inputs or outputs
analogWrite(LED, 100);
gives us a duty cycle of 40% becuase 100 is 40% between 0 and 255
Serial.read() function
grabs data from a buffer
in a linear voltage regulator, the input voltage always
has to be higher than the desired output voltage
ICSP
in circuit serial programmer bootloader alternative
serial.begin(baudrate); function
included in set up () function sets the rate in bits per second (baud) for serial data transmission
A square wave is a signal that
is a periodic digital signal that alternates between high and low
unsigned ints have no
negative values
\n
new line
asynchronous
no shared clock
"void" returns
nothing
The 2 stable switch states
open and closed
Why is the 'reset-state' of GPIO ports on microcontrollers is typicallt input mode?
output devices are not triggered before setup is done
Arduino has a debug LED connected to what pin?
pin 13
A pullup or pulldown resistor us needed to
prevent MCU input from floating
Switch debouncing is usally necessary in user interfaces to
prevent the microcontroller from interperting a single button press as multilple presses
serial.print();
prints data to the serial port as human readable ASCII
serial.println();
prints data to the serial port as human readable ASCII followed by a carriage return character and a newline character
What is an Arduinos "bootloader" program ?
program that allows a user to download programs to the arduino through a generic USB port
Protection Diode
protects against ploarity due to connecting to the wrong power supply
map(function, fromLow, fromHigh, toLow, toHigh); function
re maps a number from one range to another
analogRead(pin) function
reads the value from the specified analog pin
With a servos PWM is used to
set/encode a desired angle
synchrous
shared clock
In this class transistors are used as
switches when employing PWM to drive a motor
\t
tab
Resolution
the accuracy of an ADC. 0% 4% 8% ... 100%
LED current flows in
the arrows direction
Quantization Error
the error when digitalizing an analog value because of the finite resolution
refrence voltage
the max voltage to be expected ot of an arduino and the value that will be mapped to the resolution
The refrence voltage of the ADC defines what ?
the maximum voltage the ADC can handle
What is Quantization?
the process of mapping a small analog range to a discrete digital number
Vfwd - Forward voltage drop
the small voltage drop across the LED
The Arduino Uno board provides analog as well as digital ports; both types of ports can be used as digital input and output (I/O) ports.
true
The bootloader resides on our microcontroller and takes up valuable program space
true
The rotation direction of a DC motor reverses when the applied DC voltage is reversed
true
Transistors can be used as amplifiers
true
When using a pull-up resistor with a switch, the switch has to be connnted to ground?
true
tone() function takes three parameters but not all are required
true
The 2 boolean values
true and flase
inductive loads cause
voltage spikes that can damage the driving circuitry
Output values are
writable and readable
analogWrite(pin,dutycycle(int))
writes a PWM value to a pin, not an actual analog output
servo.write(angle);
writes a value to the servo, controlling the shaft accordingly
