Elicited Behaviors
Intense fear will result in a suppression ratio of ______, whereas no fear will result in a suppression ratio of _______.
0; 0.5
The suppression ratio is the number of _______ responses divided by the sum of the __________ and the _________.
CS responses; CS responses; pre-CS responses
Feeling elated while talking on the phone to someone whom you are in love with is an example of the ___-_______. Feeling lovesick after you finally hang up for the night is an example of the ____-_________.
a-process; b-process
The __-_______ is directly elicited by the emotional event; this in turn elicits the ____-_______, the purpose of which is to maintain a relatively balanced internal state known as __________.
a-process; b-process; homeostasis
The _____-______ is directly tied to the presence of the emotional event, whereas the ____-______ is _____ to increase and _______ to decrease.
a-process; b-process; slow; slow
The process of strengthening a conditioned response through repeated pairings of a NS with an US is known as __________.
acquisition
Some dogs that experienced experimental neurosis become _______ while others became ________. Some dogs did not have any neurotic symptoms.
anxious; catatonic
The maximum amount of learning that can take place in a given situation is known as the ________ of learning.
asymptote
In ________, the presence of an established CS interferes with the conditioning of another stimulus.
blocking
In a _________ procedure, the compound stimulus consists of a neutral stimulus and a CS, whereas in an _____________ the compound stimulus consists of two neutral stimuli that differ in salience or intensity.
blocking; overshadowing
A ____________ stimulus consists of the simultaneous presentation of two or more separate stimuli.
compound
In a _________ _________ ________ (CER) paradigm, the level of fear elicited by a CS is indicated by the degree to which the rat's rate of lever pressing for food __________ in the presence of that painful stimulus.
conditioned emotional response; decreases
The CER paradigm is also known as the _________ _________ procedure.
conditioned suppression
During classical conditioning, each pairing of the neutral stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus is called a _________ _______.
conditioning trial
The presentation of a novel stimulus during a period of habituation can sometimes result in ___________ where the habituated response disappears.
dishabituation
The sudden recover of a CR during an extinction procedure when a novel stimulus is introduced is called _________.
disinhibition
Reflexes are ___________ in the sense that they are drawn out by stimuli that precede their occurance.
elicited
When a CS+ and a CS- were made to be similiar and hard to differentiate between, the dog had a nervous breakdown. Pavlov referred to this nervous breakdown as _______ ______, an experimentally produced disorder in which animals exposed to _________ events develop neurotic-like symptoms.
experimental neurosis; unpredictable
The ________ ________ _______ is a fixed sequence of responses that occur in reaction to a specific stimulus.
fixed action pattern
Quickly jerking your hand or foot away from contact with an open flame or sharp object is a reflexive action known as a ________ response. In such cases, the perception of pain generally ________ the response.
flexion; follows
We often fail to _________ to certain stimuli even if they are considered safe because our nervous system tends to "err on the side of caution" to keep ups safe.
habituate
From an evolutionary standpoint, if a stimulus is currently irrelevant or "safe," then we will _________ to it, whereas if a stimulus is potentially dangerous, then we will become ________ to it.
habituate; sensitive
A decrease in the strength of a behavior following repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus is called ___________.
habituation
In general, repeated presentations of a low-intensity stimulus results in ___________, and repeated presentations of a high-intensity stimulus results in ___________.
habituation; sensitization
Learning to ignore the sound of dripping water is an example of __________; becoming increasingly aware of the sound of a jackhammer below your apartment is an example of ___________.
habituation; sensitization
With repeated presentations of the emotional event, the b-process _________ in both _________ and __________.
increases; strength; duration
Conditioning associated with the removal of an US is known as ________ conditioning, whereas conditioning associated with the presentation of an US is known as _________ conditioning.
inhibitory; excitatory
In _______ _______, a familiar stimulus is more difficult to condition as a CS than an unfamiliar stimulus.
latent inhibition
A CR that appears identical to the UR is almost always _______ intense.
less
In general, sensitization is ______ stimulus-specific than habituation.
less
The fact that it has been several months since you've been aware of the sound of the fan in your computer is an example of ________-________ habituation. Such habituation tends to build up _________ and disappear _________.
long-term; slowly; slowly
Once a CR has been extinguised, reacquisition of that response tends to occur ______ rapidly than the original conditioning.
more
In general, a _________ intense US produces better conditioning. Likewise, a _______ intense NS produces better conditioning.
more; more
The opponent-process theory of emotion accounts for why a strong emotional response is often followed by an ________ emotional response.
opposite
Because Jez has a history of getting into trouble, he often catches most of the blame when something goes wrong, even when others are also responsible for what happened. This is most similar to the phenomenon of ___________.
overshadowing
In _________, the most salient member of a compound stimulus is more readily conditioned as a CS and thereby interferes with conditioning of the less salient member.
overshadowing
Latent inhibition __________ the development of conditioned associations to redundant stimuli.
prevents
The a-process is also known as the ______ process, and the b-process is also known as the _______ process.
primary; opponent
In general, conditioning proceeds more ________ during the early trials of a conditioning procedure.
rapidly
A simple, involuntary response to a stimulus is called a ___________.
reflex
Many simple reflexes are activated through a ________ ________ that consists of a _________ neuron, an ____________, and a _________ neuron (in that order).
reflex arc; sensory; interneuron; motor
The generalization of a CR to stimuli that are similar in meaning (as opposed to similar in sound) to a verbal CS is called ___________ generalization.
semantic
An increase in the strength of a behavior following repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus is called _______.
sensitization
A stimulus of intermediate-intensity will initially result in ____________, but it will eventually result in ________.
sensitization; habituation
When one stimulus is conditioned as a CS, another stimulus that was previously associated with that CS (before the conditioning) can now also become a CS. This is called ______.
sensory preconditioning
The specific stimulus that elicits a fixed action patter is called a _____ ________ or a __________.
sign stimulus; releaser
Different species of spiders spin different kinds of webs. Web-spinning of this sort can thus be considered a _________-_________ behavior. Such behaviors used to be called _______, but some researchers dislike this term because it implies that the behavior is more _________ than it actually is.
species-specific; instincts; inflexible
A _______ response is an automatic defensive response to a sudden, unexpected stimulus. The _________ response is an elicited set of movements designed to facilitate attending to a stimulus.
startle; orienting
With repeated sessions of extinction, each time a response spontaneously recovers, it is usually somewhat ______ and extinguishes more _________.
weaker; quickly
