Final Exam HEIM

major depressive disorder (MDD)

, the feelings of sadness, irritable mood, loss of interest, and other symptoms occur without any evidence of a manic or hypomanic episod

dyskinesia

Abnormal (dys-), involuntary, and spasmodic movements (kinesi/o, kines/o, -kinesia, -kinesis)

Phase I trail

Experimental drug or treatment is tested, usually for safety, dose, and schedule of administration, in a small group of people (20 to 80)

EENT

Eyes, ears, nose, throat

eosinophilia

abnormal inflation (-philia) in the number of eosinophils that accompany allergic conditions such as asthma or in parasitic infections

osteoporosis

abnormal loss of bone density

Septal defects

abnormal openings in the walls (septa) that separate the atria and ventricles

osteopenia

abnormal reduction of bone mass that is caused by inadequate replacement of bone lost through normal processes

dysplasia

abnormality in cellular development

amenorrhea

absence of mensuration

amenorrhea

absense of mental discharge

lymphatic vessels

absorb and transport fat from the small intestine to the general circulation

gender dysphoria

accepting one's assigned sex and the roles that is its public expression

primary syphilis

accompanied by the appearance of a chancre a red, bloodless ulcer on the external genitals

dermis (corium)

accounts for most of the skins mass

multiple sclerosis (MS)

acquired illness affecting the central nervous system (CNS)

ABCDE test

acronym for the top five characteristics associated with skin cancers

antipruritic agents

act against itching or pruritus

statins

act in the liver to block a key enzyme that promotes cholesterol production

Cardiovascular drugs

act on the heart or blood vessels to treat hypertension, angina, heart attack, congestive heart failure, or arrhythmias

astigmatism

an abnormal condition in which light rays cannot come to a single point of focus on the retina because of irregular curvature of the cornea or lens

osteopetrosis

an abnormal condition of stone like

chondromalacia

an abnormal softening of the cartilage

heart murmur

an abnormal, prolonged swishing sound (or bruit) heard between normal beats

apathy

an absence of emotions, interest, and motivation

hydrocele

an accumulation (-cele = swelling, mass) of fluid (hydr/o) in the scrotum

anaphylaxis

an acute hypersensitivity with asthma and shock

mononucleosis

an acute infection caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)

Pneumonia

an acute inflammation of the alveoli, which fill with pus or other wastes in response to infective agents

Delirium tremens (DT)

an acute psychotic reaction to the abrupt withdrawal of alcoholic beverages after long periods of heavy alcohol consumption

diphtheria

an acute, contagious bacterial infection of the upper respiratory tract characterized by sore throat, low fever, and a thick, leathery membrane (a pseudomembrane) covering the throat and tonsils

anatagonist

an agent or substance that slows or prevents another agent's effects

Aplastic anemia

an anemia caused by a failure of the bone marrow to produce any type of blood cell

tamoxifen

an anti estrogen drug used to prevent the recurrence of breast cancer and to treat metastic breast cancer

social phobia

an anxiety disorder in which the person has a significant and persistent fear of doing something foolish, humiliating, or embarrassing while in the presence and under the scrutiny of others

alopecia areata

an autoimmune disease in which the hair falls out in patches without any scarring or inflammation

discography

an x-ray image of the cervical or lumbar intervertebral disk is obtained after an injection of contrast medium into the interior of the disk

subcutaneous tissue

anchors the dermis and the epidermis to the underlying muscle and bone

phencyclidine (PCP)

angel dust; produce a state of central nervous system excitation and distort the perception of reality

glucagon

antagonizes the effects of insulin; stimulates the conversion of glycogen to glucose

adenohypophysis

anterior pituitary gland; upward extension of the pharynx and consists of glandular tissue

anaplasia

anther term fo dedifferentiation

immunoglobulin G [IgG])

antibodies to H. pylori

drug (pharmac/o)

any chemical or biologic substance used in disease prevention or treatment or as a benefit to a body process or function

arrhythmia also called a dysrhythmia

any condition (-ia) of deviation (dys-) from the normal rhythmic (rhythm/o, rrhythm/o) pattern of the heartbeat

cardiomyopathy

any disease (-pathy) of the muscle (my/o) of the heart (cardi/o)

acute coronary syndrome (ACS)

any group of symptoms that are the result of coronary artery obstruction; chest pain is the most common symptom

sinus

any hollow cavity within a bone

gonadotropin

any hormone that stimulates the gonads

mammoplasty

any type of surgical repair to the breasts

lesion

any visible change in tissue caused by injury or disease; sores, wounds, ulcers, tumors etc.

hairline fracture

appears as a thin line on a radiographic image

. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

appears during the first 3 years of life and emerges as both a communication difficulty and deficits in social and play interactions (aut/o = self) and characterizes the typical preference for solitude and social aloofness

external beam radiation (teletherapy)

applied to the tumor from a distant (tele-) source outside the body—namely, a linear accelerator

parathyroid hormone

approved to treat osteoporosis and stimulate new bone growth

spinal cord

approximately 18 inches in length

mediastinum

area between lungs

epiphyseal line or epiphyseal plate

area of cartilage tissue that is constantly being replaced by new bone tissue as the bone grows

Germinal neoplasms

arise from embryonic, or germ, cells in the testes. Approximately 90% of testicular carcinomas are germ cell (germinal) cancers

primary lesions

arise from normal skin as the result of a pathological process; include macule, vesicles, cysts etc.

primary tumor

arises from within the brain tissue

three major types of blood vessels (angi/o, vas/o)

arteries, veins, capillaries

ad lib

as desired

p.r.n., prn

as needed

extension

as the limb straightens

anti platelet drugs

aspirin, reduce the tendency of platelets to stick together

A1c blood test

assess glucose control by measuring the levels of glycosylated hemoglobin in serum

fasting blood sugar (FBS) test

assesses blood glucose levels after 8- to 10- hour period of fasting to diagnose both diabetes and prediabetic conditions

gonioscope

assesses the angle of the anterior chamber

bones

assist the body in movement by serving as points of attachment for muscles

"lub"

associated with closure of the tricuspid and mitral valves at the beginning of systole

Essential hypertension

associated with obesity, a sedentary lifestyle, increased sodium intake, smoking, hypercholesterolemia (-emia = blood condition; hyper- = excessive; cholesterol/o = cholesterol)

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

associated with persistent, intrusive ideas or with ritual behaviors that must be repeated to ensure a feeling of security and well-being

midbrain

associated with vision, hearing, motor control, sleep and wake cycles, alertness, and regulation of body temperature

neuroglia examples

astrocyte, oligodendrocyte (also called the oligodendroglial), microglia (microglial cell), and ependymal cells

xiphoid process

at the end of sternum; cartilage rather than bone

tinea pedis

athletes's foot; affects the skin between the toes

immunotherapy

attempts to use immune cells and antibodies to fight tumor cells.

-philia

attraction for

dysplastic

atypical cells and potentially cancerous

diabetic retinopathy

blood vessels of the retina may be destroyed, resulting in visual loss and blindness

cyanosis

bluish discoloration of the skin

apex

blunt point created by the lower part of heart that lies just above the fifth rib

corpus

body of the uterus

immunity

body's ability to protect (immun/o) itself from foreign microorganisms, such as bacteria, parasites, and viruses

osteocytes

bone cells

compression

bone collapses; vertebrae

greenstick

bone is partially broken; often in forearm

comminuted

bone splintered and crushed into several pieces

Osteocarcinoma and osteosarcoma

both malignant (carcin/o) tumors (-oma) of the bone

myelomeningocele

both the spinal cord (myel/o) and the meninges may protrude

central nervous system

brain and spinal cord

Hemianopsia

brain damage (often from stroke) during which damage to nerve cells in one cerebral cortex (right or left) will cause loss of vision in the opposite visual field (VF)

irreversible coma

brain death; breathing is not spontaneous and an electroencephalogram (EEG) reading is flat

meningiomas

brain tumor that form from meninges

gliomas

brain tumor that form from neuroglia; two types: astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas

orthopedics

branch of medicine concerned with preserving and restoring the function of skeletal system

-clast

break

sternum (stern/o)

breastbone, the bone running down the middle of the anterior rib cage

fracture (fx)

broken bone

colles

broken wrist; distal radius

ecchymoses

bruises, or large purpura

pleural effusion

buildup of fluid between the ribs and the lungs

diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

buildup of ketoacids that further alters the body metabolic balance

causalgia

burning (caus/o) pain (-algia) experienced as a result of a peripheral nerve injury

p.o,po

by mouth

hypoparathyroidism

calcium remains in the bones and is unable to enter the bloodstream (hypocalcemia)

white blood cell count

calculates the number of leukocytes per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood

complete blood count (CBC)

calculating the number of each type of blood cell, hemoglobin, and hematocrit, as well as other red blood cell values, in a blood sample

atrial fibrillation

can be treated with beta-blocker

stimulants

can be used to inhibit hyperactive behaviors

tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA)

can dissolve clots in the coronary arteries after a myocardial infraction, thus reopening the pathway for blood flow

antiarrhytmics

can reverse abnormal heart rhythms by slowing the response of the heart muscle to nervous stimulation or by slowing the rate at which nervous system impulses are carried through the heart

laser therapy

can treat smaller veins

glioma

cancer in the connective tissue in the brain

carcinogens

cancer-causing agents

multiple myeloma

cancerous plasma cells—activated B lymphocytes—invade the bone marrow and destroy bone tissue

coma

cannot be aroused, but complete recovery is still a possibility

path of lymph drainage from the left upper quadrant of the body

capillaries --> left subclavian vein at jugular junction --> veins --> thoracic duct

path of lymph drainage from the right upper quadrant of the body

capillaries --> vessels --> right lymphatic duct --> right subclavian vein

caps

capsule

digoxin

cardiac glycoside, can control arrhythmias by slowing the heart rate and is used to treat congestive heart failure by increasing the force of contraction of the heart

defibrillation

cardioversion;application of an electrical shock, through the chest wall, to the myocardium, which effectively and briefly stops activity so that a normal rhythm can then take over.

Afferent (sensory)

carry (-ferent) impulses to (af-) the brain and spinal cord from special receptors in all parts of the body

Arteries

carry blood containing oxygen and nutrients away from the heart to the body; large, strong vessels with elastic walls

blood vessels

carry carbon dioxide (CO2) and waste products (deoxygenated blood) to the lungs and kidneys to be eliminated

globulins

categorized as alpha, beta, and gamma—serve as defense mechanisms of the immune system

Testicular neoplasms

categorized as either germinal or nongerminal

catheter-assisted procedures

catheter (thin tube) is inserted into an enlarged vein

Gonorrhea

caused by Gonococci bacteria and results in inflammation of the genital tract mucosa

hordeolum, or stye

caused by a bacterial infection of the sebaceous glands of the eyelid

gout or gouty arthritis

caused by a defect in the metabolism of uric acid, causing the acid to accumulate in the blood, joints, and soft tissues near the joints

lyme disease

caused by deer tick-borne bacteria

toxic delirium

caused by exposure to certain poisonous substance or by the overuse or abrupt withdrawal from certain drugs or other substance

hyperinsulinism

caused by insulin-secreting tumor in the islets of Langerhans or by exceeding a prescribed dose of the hormone

chlamydia.

caused by the bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis, is currently believed to be the most prevalent STI i

T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV)

causes a form of leukemia in adults

luteinizing hormone (LH)

causes the mature follicle to rupture and release its ovum

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

causes the secretion of the sex hormones, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone

anaplastic

cell has reverted to its embryonic type in which it no longer is capable of differentiation or specialization

Hematopoietic stem cells

cells in the bone marrow that give rise to all types of red blood cells

Schwann cells

cells that perform supporting and connecting functions in the peripheral nervous system

parietal lobe

centers for language and general sensory functions

Lymphocytes

central to the body's response to foreign substances

ciliary body

changes the size and shape of the lens by contracting and relaxing

evolving

changing in size, shape or color

inflammatory tumor

characteristic features of inflammation—redness, swelling, and heat

Whooping cough, or pertussis,

characterized by a severe hacking cough, followed by a high-pitched intake of air that sounds like a "whoop."; highly contagious, bacterial upper respiratory infection (URI)

borderline personality disorder

characterized by an instability of self-image, personal relationships and mood

bipolar disorders

characterized by both depressive phases and mania

generalized anxiety disorder (GAD

characterized by chronic anxiety, exaggerated worry, and tension, even when little or nothing is present to provoke it

dementia

characterized by confusion, disorientation, deterioration of intellectual capacity, loss of function, and impairment of memory and judgmen

malignant tumor

characterized by continues and often fast growth; invasive

Schizophrenia

characterized by disturbed thinking and disorganized speech.

mania

characterized by extreme excitement, hyperactive elation, and agitation

papillary cells

characterized by fingerlike or nipplelike projections; bladder cancer (commonly found)

psychotic disorder

characterized by gross impairment of reality testing

antisocial personality disorder

characterized by lack of loyalty to or concern for others and a lack of moral standards

purpura

characterized by multiple pinpoint hemorrhages and/or diffuse petechiae (sing., petechia) indicating hemorrhaging beneath the skin and mucous membranes

anorexia nervosa

characterized by prolonged refusal to eat and a fear of becoming obese; without (an-) appetite (-orexia)

panic disorder

characterized by recurrent, unexpected panic attacks, which are discrete periods of intense fear that abruptly occur and reach their peak within 10 minutes with no apparent cause in the immediate environment

dependent personality disorder

characterized by submissive and passive behavior, a strong need for reassurance and fears of abandonment and helplessness

Sexual sadism

characterized by the infliction of physical or psychologic pain or humiliation on a consenting or nonconsenting partner to achieve sexual excitement.

zygomatic bones

cheekbones

thorax

chest

Angina pectoris

chest pain attributable to ischemia (a lack of blood and thus a lack of oxygen supply and waste removal) of the heart muscle

varicella

chickenpox

diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis vaccine (DTaP)

childhood vaccine that prevents diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis

osteitis deformans (paget disease)

chronic bone disorder that results in enlarged, deformed bones attributable to excessive breakdown and formation of bone tissue

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

chronic bronchitis or emphysema (-ema = condition); can be caused by smoking or repeated infection of the lungs

systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

chronic inflammatory disease of the connective tissue that affects the skin, joints, kidneys, NS, and mucous membrane

polymyositis

chronic inflammatory myopathy, believed to be an auto immune disorder

acromegaly

chronic metabolic disorder that involves the gradual enlargement of the bones of the face, jaw, and extremities

rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

chronic, progressive autoimmune disease that leads to inflammation of the moveable joints and surrounding tissues

scleroderma

chronic, progressive autoimmune disorder of the connective tissue

hydrocephalus

circulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain or spinal cord is disrupted, the fluid (hydr/o) can accumulate in the ventricles of the brain (cephal/o = head)

Cardiogenic shock

circulatory failure that deprives the body access to adequate oxygen and nutrition

Amphetamines

class of drugs known as stimulants, a group that includes nicotine and caffeine; sometimes prescribed for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

antidiarrheal drug

decreases the rapid movement of the walls of the colon

dermis

deeper, dense layer of connective tissue

spina bifida occulta

defect is hidden because the cavity's contents do not protrude through the opening

Dyspnea on exertion (DOE)

early symptom of emphysema

varicose veins (varicosities)

eased with elevation of the legs, and wearing elastic stockings is often sufficient treatment for uncomplicated cases

Hallucinogenic drugs—methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)

ecstasy; produce a state of central nervous system excitation and distort the perception of reality

nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID)

educes fever, inflammation, and pain from minor injuries or infection without exposure to steroidal hormones, such as cortisone; nonnarcotic anaigesic

electrophoresis

electric current to separate immunoglobulins from other plasma proteins and identifies the abnormal hemoglobin

nervous impulses

electrical discharges

gyri

elevated folds or ridges of nerve cells on the cerebral cortex

fetus

embryo 6-8 weeks into pregnancy

mesenchymal tissue

embryonic tissue; where sarcomas commonly arise

transducer

emits short pulses of high-frequency sound waves that are transmitted into the body

conversion disorder

emotional conflict is repressed and changed into a loss or alteration of physical functioning

biventricular pacemaker

enables the ventricles to beat in synchrony to help more blood move through the heart

epidermoid cells

enchanted in the respiratory tract

thoracic cavity

enclosed by rib cage and diaphragm and houses the heart and lungs

distal epiphysis

end farther away from the midline

Progestins

endocrine drugs used as part of hormone replacement therapies and as oral contraceptives

menstruation, or menses

endometrial lining that has built up in preparation for pregnancy is shed; on average every 28 days

bronchoscopy

endoscopic examination of the bronchi with a fiberoptic or rigid endoscope; procedure is used for visual diagnosis, biopsy, or collect secretions

personality disorders

enduring, pervasive, inflexible, and maladaptive patterns of perceiving and thinking about the world and ones relationship with it

radiation

energy that travels and spreads out as it goes

phagocytes

engulfing and destroying harmful microorganisms over their lifespan of 6 to 24 hours

thiazolidinediones,

enhance glucose uptake

hypertrophy

enlargement of the right ventricles

goiter

enlargement of the thyroid

varicocele

enlargement of the veins of the spermatic cord; affects the left spermatic cord more often than the right,

laparoscopic approach

entails several 1-inch incisions with a larger one made for the actual removal of the prostate from the body

intracapsular extraction

entire lens is excised

sympathomimetic hormones

epinephrine and norepinephrine

paroxysmal atrial fibrillation

episodes periodically and episodically occur

tinea capitis

infection of the scalp

comedones

inflamed sebum plugs

Encephalitis

inflammation (-itis) of the brain

cervicitis

inflammation (-itis) of the lower necklike portion of the uterus that protrudes into the vaginal cavity

Pericarditis

inflammation (-itis) of the pericardium

dacryoadenitis

inflammation in a lacrimal or tear (dacry/o) gland (aden/o)

dacryocystitis

inflammation in the lacrimal sac

polyneuritis

inflammation involving a number (poly-) of related neurons

bursitis

inflammation of a bursa

tendinitis

inflammation of a tendon

Phlebitis

inflammation of a vein (phleb/o)

Thrombophlebitis

inflammation of a vein related to a thrombus

osteitis

inflammation of bone

osteochondritis

inflammation of both the bone and cartilage

diskitis

inflammation of intervertebral disk

polyarthritis

inflammation of multiple joints

myositis

inflammation of muscle

arthritis

inflammation of the articular cartilage of any joint

osteomyelitis

inflammation of the bone and bone marrow

conjunctivitis

inflammation of the conjunctiva (conjunctiv/o)

endometritis

inflammation of the endometrium

epididymitis

inflammation of the epididymis—the elongated cordlike structure located along the posterior border of the testis

blepharitis.

inflammation of the eye lid

bacterial endocarditis

inflammation of the inner (endo-) lining of the heart (Fig. A) that occurs when microorganisms infect the endocardial surface

vaginitis

inflammation of the vagina

vulvitis

inflammation of the vulva

vulvovaginitis

inflammation of the vulva and vagina

Meningitis

inflammatory condition (-itis) of the meninges; symptoms include -- severe headache, fever, and neck stiffness, or nuchal rigidity

ankylosing spondylitis

inflammatory disease that can cause some of the vertebrae to fuse together

nuclear medicine

involves radiologic imaging but relies on radioactive substances that are placed within the body or added to laboratory specimens

needle biospy

involves removing living skin cells by rotating a hallow needle within the underlying cellular layers

aspiration biopsy

involves suctioning tissue from a fluid-filed lesion through a fine needle into a syringe

chemabrasion

involves the application of chemicals that remove surface layers of skin cells

dislocation

involves the displacement of a body part from its normal position

ventilation/perfusion scanning (VPS)

involves the injection in inhalation of radioactive material to study its distribution in the lung

fluorescein angiography

involves the injection of dye to assess the retinal vessels; can sometimes detect diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and retinal detachment

Embolism

involves the movement of a clot from a site outside of the brain, through the bloodstream, and to the neurovasculature ; most originate in the heart

abduction

involves the movement of a limb away from the midline of the body

adduction

involves the movement of a limb toward the midline of the body

inhalation administration

involves the patient inhaling a vapor or gas through the nose or mouth

hypochondriasis; illness anxiety disorder

involves the preoccupation with the fear of having a serious medical condition

Fibrocystic breast disease

involves the presence of numerous small sacs of fluid (cysts) surrounded by dense strands of fibrous tissue

stereotaxic radiosurgery

involves the use of an instrument that helps target the precise location of a tumor and then delivers a focused beam of radiation (a gamma knife) to destroy the abnormal growth

diagnostic radiography

involves the visualization of the body structures using radiation from external sources

first degree burn

involving the epidermis only

vas deferens

a narrow tube on each side that carries sperm from the epididymis toward the urethra; extends into the abdominal cavity, over the ureters, and behind the urinary bladder

pyloric stenosis

a narrowing of the muscular ring—the pyloric sphincter—that separates the stomach from the first portion of the small intestine

hydrocelectomy

a needle and syringe are used to aspirate or remove (-ectomy) the fluid-filled (hydr/o) swelling or mass (-cele)

myeloma

a neoplasm composed of cells normally found in bone marrow

Tourette syndrome

a neurologic condition that appears to be associated with an excess of, or hypersensitivity to, dopamine; facial grimacing/tics/involuntary arm/shoulder movements

Type 2 diabetes

a non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; latent autoimmune diabetes in adults

Kaposi sarcoma

a rare cutaneous malignancy until its appearance in association with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

mesothelioma

a rare form of lung cancer caused by asbestos

electrocardiogram (ECG)

a record of the electrical activity of the heart

barium enema (BE)

a rectal administration of barium sulfate that enables radiographic detection of obstructions and tumors of the large intestine

relapse

a recurrence of the tumor after treatement

disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

a reduction in blood clotting factors attributable to their use and depletion during the excessive clotting

Bronchiectasis

a respiratory disorder characterized by chronic, abnormal dilation of the bronchi; typically caused by bacterial infection in the lower lobes of the lungs

allergy

a response of the immune system to a harmless substance

Ischemic stroke

a result of an obstruction within a blood vessel supplying blood to the brain

bone head

a rounded bone end that is separated from the bone by a neck

sebaceous cyst

a sebum-filled cyst most often found on the scalp, vulva, and scrotom

nonmelanoma skin cancer

a second type of skin cancer

Radioimmunoassay (RIA) studies

a test that combines radioactive chemicals and antibodies to determine the presence of certain proteins in the blood

sputum culture

a test to detect and identify bacteria or fungi that are infecting the lungs or breathing passages

myometrium,

a thick muscular middle layer of the uterus

keratosis

a thickened, rough lesion of the epidermis associated with aging or skin damage

choroid layer

a thin membrane with a rich supply of blood vessels

Carcinoma in situ

a third early sign of possible malignancy that can be seen only on the cellular level.

video-assisted thorascope (VATS)

a thorascope equipped with a camera magnifies the area of the interest to project it on a video monitor

Fibrin

a threadlike protein, traps red blood cells to form a meshlike, gel fibrin clot

calcitonin

a thyroid hormone that treats osteoporosis by increasing blood calcium and promoting bone deposition

Vasoconstriction

a tightening or narrowing (constriction) of a blood vessel (vas/o)

insulin pump

a tiny cannula is injected into the hip to deliver fast acting insulin under the skin

endoscopic ultrasound

a transducer on the tip of a lighted scope can offer gastroenterologists and pulmonologists detailed, highly accurate internal images

physical therapy

a treatment plan that uses exercises, temperature, and manipulation to improve function and mobility and to pain relief

NED

a treatment report that means "no evidence of disease"

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

a true/false self-report questionnaire that is used to evaluate personality

solid tumor

a tumor made up of a mass of cells

osteosarcoma

a tumor of bone and connective tissue

osteofibroma

a tumor of the bone and fibrous tissue

chondroma

a tumor of the cartilage

sarcoma

a tumor of the connective tissue or flesh

radiation

a type of carcinogen that can take many forms: x-ray, sunlight, atomic explosions and radioactive substances

emphysema

a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); the alveolar walls lose their elasticity, become hyperinflated, and eventually rupture

Coarctation of the aorta

a type of congenital abnormality characterized by a narrowing of an artery

atrial flutter

a type of dysrhythmia characterized by rapid, but regular, contractions of the atria

x-ray

a type of electromagnetic radiation

Natural killer (NK) cells

a type of lymphocyte that nonspecifically attacks tumor cells and virally infected cells by releasing cytokines

aldosterone

a type of mineralocorticoid; increases the amount of electrolyte sodium and decreases the amount of the electrolyte potassium in the blood

left ventricular assist device

a type of pump implanted with a flexible tube to the left ventricle

amphetamines

a type of stimulant used to prevent narcolepsy, to suppress appetite, and also to calm hyperkinetic children

Leukemia

a variety of malignant white (leuk/o) blood cell diseases (-emia = blood disorder); involve the replacement of normal bone marrow with proliferating leukocytes and their stem cells

anxiety

a varying degree of uneasiness, apprehension or dread

leukorrhea

a white or yellowish pus-filled discharge from the vagina

nulligravida

a woman who has had zero pregnancys

multigravida

a woman who have more than one pregnancy

primigravida

a woman who is pregnant for the first time

jaundice

a yellowish discoloration of the skin

suprapubic prostatectomy

abdominal incision above (supra-) the symphysis pubis

hydrothorax

abnormal accumulation of fluid between the lungs and the chest wall

edema

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the tissue spaces

mutations

abnormal changes in DNA

aspermia

abnormal condition (-ia) of the sperm (sperm/o) characterized by a lack (a-) of formation or emission of semen

Palsy

abnormal condition characterized by paralysis

preeclampsia

abnormal condition of pregnancy characterized by high blood pressure, large quantities of protein in the urine (proteinuria), and swelling of the legs and feet (edema)

exostosis

abnormal condition of the bones

dyscrasias

abnormal conditions of the blood or bone marrow

osteonecrosis

abnormal death of bone tissue

dystrophy

abnormal development

neoplasm

abnormal growth of new tissue that may be malignant or benign

nostrils, or nares

the entrances to the respiratory passageway through which air travels to and from the lungs

sexual masochism

the essential feature is the need to experience emotional or physical pain to become sexually aroused

pulmonary parenchyma

the essential parts of the system that are responsible for respiration

ovulation

the expulsion of the ovum from the ovary

adnexae uteri

the fallopian tubes, the ovaries, and the supporting ligaments

sympathy

the feeling of being sorry for someone, to feel bad with them

total hip replacement (THR)

the femoral head and acetabulum are replaced with prostheses that are cemented into the bone

interstitial fluid

the fluid surrounding the body's cells

Blood pressure

the force that the circulating blood exerts against the walls of the blood vessels

bronchodilators

the foremost category of respiratory drugs; used to treat respiratory disorders; open the air passage or bronchial tubes

neovascularization

the formation (-ation) of new (neo-) blood vessels (vascul/o)

Spermatogenesis

the formation (-genesis) and development of sperm cells

histogenesis

the formation and differentiation of tissue from undifferentiated cells

hematopoiesis

the formation of blood cells

Atherosclerosis

the formation of fatty plaque (ather/o) deposits along the inner lining of the coronary arteries

wet AMD

the formation of new and fragile vessels that leak blood

pulmonary fibrosis

the formation of scar tissue in the connective tissue of the lungs

temporal lobe

the functions of hearing, taste, smell, and balance; some areas of memory and learning

ovary

the gamete-producing organ of the female reproductive system

diaphragm

the heart rests on this and is rotated to the left of the body's midline

sinoatrial (SA) node

the heart's pacemaker; located in the right atrial wall near the superior vena cava

acromion

the highest point extending from the scapula

sonogram or echogram

the image produced by a ultrasound

Ultrasound technology

the imaging of deep body structures with the help of high-frequency sound (son/o) waves

male erectile disorder

the inability to attain or maintain an adequate erection not attributable to physical cause

orchitis

the inflammation of one or both testes, occurs in adolescence and adulthood; associated with mumps

bone marrow transplant

the infusion of healthy bone marrow from a compatible donor to stimulate a recipient's blood cell production

amniotic cavity,

the inner membranous layer and is called the amnion of the embryo

rectal administration

the insertion of a suppository or solution into the rectum

superego

the internalization in the personality of societal and parental rules; internalized conscience

arthrocentesis

the joint space is punctured with a surgical needle and synovial fluid is removed for analysis

age-related macular degeneration (AMD)

the leading cause of blindness in older adults and is the progressive deterioration of the macula of the retina and the choroid layer of the eye

extension

the lengthening or straightening of a limb, increasing the angle

onycholysis

the loosening (-lysis) of the nail plate with separation of from the nail bed

sodium bicarbonate

the major active ingredient in Alka-Seiltzer

calcium phosphate

the major calcium salt in bones

radiology

the medical speciality concerned with the study of radiography and other imaging modalities and with the interpretation of images of the human body for diagnosing disease

cognition

the mental processes of thinking, perception, reasoning, and judgment

cryptorchidism

the most common congenital testicular condition; when one or both of the testes fails to descend

duchenne muscular dystrophy

the most common form; muscles appear to enlarge as fat replaces functional muscle cells

eczema

the most common inflammatory disorder of the skin

Basal cell carcinoma

the most commonly occurring malignant skin condition

fibroids, or leiomyomas

the most commonly occurring pelvic tumor

narcotics or opiods

the most potent analgesics

pulmonary function tests (PFTs)

used to measure the ventilation mechanics of the lung - airway function, lung volume, and capacity of the lungs to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide efficiently

orchiopexy

used to mobilize and attach a testis (orchi/o), securing it in place (-pexy = surgical fixation) to prevent its retraction

Computed tomography (CT) of the brain

used to produce an image that provides detailed cross sections of brain tissue

diuretics

used to reduce blood volume by stimulating the kidney to remove water and salt through urine

tube thoracostomy

used to remove air, fluid, or pus continuously from the chest

erosion

wearing away or loss of epidermal tissue

ovary

weighs approximately 3 grams and has a puckered, uneven appearance

hypochromic

iron-deficiency anemia; lacking (hypo-) in color (chrom/o)

border

irregualr (outer edges are uneven)

permanent or persistent AF

irregular heartbeats continue indefinitely

poikilocytosis

irregularly shaped blood cells form; sometimes happens in anemia

right and left subclavian veins

lie under (sub-) the clavicle bone

oligomenorrhea

light, scarce, or scanty (olig/o) menstrual flow

brachytherapy

limits exposure by directly implanting seeds of radioactive material into tumor or into the cavity of a tumor; short distance

parietal pericardium

lines the heart's outer fibrous coat

endocardium

lines the interior of the heart

Interneurons

link the sensory and motor nerves by transmitting signals between them

lipoprotein electrophoresis

lipoproteins (which are combinations of fat and protein) are physically separated in a blood sample

auscultation

listening for body breath sounds through a stethoscope

vitiligo

localized loss of skin pigment (depigmentation); autoimmune disease; characterized by milk-white patches surrounded by areas of normal pigmentation

Immunohistochemistry (IHC)

localizes antigens or proteins in tissues using marked antibodies to assess the presence and amount of specific molecules in both normal and tumor cells

meibomian glands or sebaceous glands

located along the margin of the eyelid

pulmonary valve

located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery

spleen (splen/o)

located in the left upper quadrant (LUQ) of the abdominal cavity

pharyngeal tonsils, or adenoids (adenoid/o)

located in the nasopharynx

palatine tonsils

located in the oropharynx; made up of protective lymphatic tissue

lingual tonsils

located on the tongue (lingu/o)

hyperglycemia

long-term effects of high levels of blood glucose

aphasia

loosing the ability to speak

sarcopenia

loss of muscle mass and strength associated with aging

Parkinson disease

loss of neurons in the midbrain and inadequate production of the neurotransmitter dopamine; most well known symptom is muscle tremor

bronchioles and alveoli

lower airway structures contained within the lungs, which reside within the chest (thorac/o, pector/o).

angiotensin II receptor antagonists

lower blood pressure by preventing angiotensin from acting on receptors in blood vessels

sulfonylureas

lower glucose levels by stimulating insulin production

mandibular bone

lower jaw

bronchogenic carcinoma

lung cancer that arises from the bronchi

supine

lying on the back with the face up

nerves

macroscopic bundles of neurons that carry electrical messages all over the body

hormonal agents

made by body's endocrine system

steroids

made from lipid cholesterol

ankle joint

made up tibia, fibula, and talus

colposcope

magnifying device to examine the vulva, cervix, and vagina

hilum

main bronchi, the blood vessels, and nerves enter the lungs through a depression in the middle of the organs' inside surface called this

homeostatis

maintaining (-stasis) the stability or sameness (home/o) of the body's internal environment

contusion

major head injury that results in the bruising of brain tissue caused by movement of the brain inside the skull after blunt trauma

thalamus

major sensory relay station, filtering and then directing impulses to the cerebral cortex; adjusts or contributes to levels of consciousness or awarenes

maxillary bones

make up the massive upper jaw bones

plasma

makes up the liquid that blood is suspended in; carries the cellular elements of the blood through the circulation and transports nutrients and wastes to and from the body's tissues

Choriocarcinoma

malignant neoplasm (-oma) of the uterus that arises from the chorionic (chori/o) membrane, or placenta

osteogenic sarcoma

malignant tumor arising from bone

Osteocarcinoma

malignant tumor arising from osteoblasts and primarily occurring in children and adolescents

catatonic behavior

marked by a decrease in reactivity to the environment

polymyalgia rheumatica

marked by aching and morning stiffness in multiple sites of proximal joints and by muscle pain

paranoid personality disorder

marked by feeling of suspicion and distrust

Narcissistic personality disorder

marked by the patients grandiose sense of self-importance that includes fantasies of success and power

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)

marked by the presence of excessive numbers of immature and mature granulocytes in the bone marrow and bloodstream

viril/o

masculine or manly

examples of en bloc resection

mastectomy, colectomy, and gastrectomy

sputum

material expelled from the chest by coughing or clearing the throat

emboli

material that circulates in the bloodstream; break off from vegetations

battery-powered pump

may be used to regulate continuous administration of IV drugs

anti ulcer drug

may promote healing by blocking the secretion of histamine which stimulates the secretion of gastric acid from the lining of the stomach

Low-molecular-weight heparin

more easily administered, self-injected on a daily basis, and requires no monitoring of the patient's blood-clotting ability—a distinct advantage over regular heparin

addition

more severe than tolerance and occurring as a physical and psychological dependence

Prostate cancer

most common cancer in men

Pheochromocytoma

most common disorder of the adrenal medulla; a benign vascular tumor that causes hypersecretion of the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine

mastitis

most common disorder of the breasts; inflammation of the breast (mast/o)

invasive ductal carcinoma

most common form for woman in US

Refractive error

most common visual problem

Adam's apple

most prominent cartilaginous framework of larynx

stratum corneum (squamous epithelium)

most superficial layer of epidermis; thin, flat, scalelike cells

cerebral angiography

motion pictures are taken of the brain's vascular system after contrast dye is injected into the femoral artery in the thigh

abduction

movement away from the midline of the body

adduction

moving the limb back toward the midline of the body

tetany

muscles and nerves weaken, leading to constant muscle contractions

necrosis

myocardial tissue death

bone scan

obtained by injecting a radioactive phosphate substance into the area under examination and measuring the substances uptake with a special scanning device

bone scan

obtained by injecting a radioactive phosphate substance, call radionuclide into the area under examination and then measuring the substances uptake with a special scanning device

oblique view

obtained by placing the patient at an angle that is neither perpendicular nor parallel to the x-ray beam

Bone marrow biopsy (bx)

obtaining a core of bone marrow from the bone cavity with a needle

epistaxis

occasional nosebleed

Doppler ultrasound

occlusion itself can be detected using sound waves to follow blood flow in the carotid and intracranial arteries

posterior chamber

occupies all of the internal space behind the lens

Premature atrial contractions (PACs)

occur earlier than expected in the heart's conduction sequence and originate outside of the sinoatrial (SA) node

synergism

occur when a combination of drugs working together causes an effect that is greater than the same of the individual effects

Autoimmune diseases

occur when this recognition and tolerance fail and the body's own antigens are interpreted as invading or enemy cells

spermatogenesis

occurs in seminiferous tubules

Phimosis

occurs when a boy (usually age 4 years or older) with an uncircumcised penis cannot retract his foreskin (prepuce) behind the head of his penis

atrioventricular block (heart block)

occurs when a delay or interruption occurs in the conduction of the electrical impulse between the atria and the ventricles

Hemorrhagic stroke

occurs when a weakened blood vessel ruptures, causing bleeding in the brain

pulmonary edema

occurs when abnormal amounts of fluid accumulate in the alveoli, bronchioles, and interstitial spaces of the lungs

resistance

occurs when no beneficial response occurs and the drug is unable to control the disease process

Hemolytic anemia

occurs when red blood cells are destroyed at a rate faster than the bone marrow can replace them

mitral valve prolapse (MVP)

occurs when the cusps, or flaps, of the mitral valve become enlarged and protrude into the left atrium during systole

Meconium aspiration syndrome

occurs when the fetus' lungs become blocked by meconium (first stools)

Sickle cell crisis

occurs when the sickle cells begin to block capillaries; erythrocytes are unable to get oxygen to tissues, which causes tissue injury or death that is accompanied by severe pain

systolic CHF

occurs with left ventricular failure (less blood pumped from the heart)

diastolic CHF

occurs with right ventricular failure (less blood is pumped into the heart)

Cluster A

odd or eccentric personality disorders

seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

often develops as winter begins and subsides with the arrival of spring weather

Nodular cells

often seen in malignant lymphomas when the lymph node involvement is extensive

sebum

oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands; helps lubricate the skin and hair and prevents excessive water loss from skin

impact

one bone fragment is driven into another; head of femur or humerous

epididymis

one of a pair of comma-shaped, tightly coiled tubes above each testis in which sperm cells continue to mature until they are either conveyed

Papanicolaou test (Pap smear)

one of the most common forms of exfoliative cytology; collects cervical cells and is a screening test for cancer or precancerous conditions

malignant melanoma

one type of skin cancer which are cancerous growths composed of melanocytes

Gender identity

one's inner sense of maleness or femaleness

blind spot

only area of the retina that is not sensitive to light; also known as the optic disc

pulmonary artery

only artery through which oxygen-poor blood flows

glottis

opening between the vocal cords

foramen magnum

opening of the occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes

aperture

opening, in the interventricular septum

cranial nerves

originate at the base of the brain and carry signals to and from the structures of the head and neck and the thoracic and abdominal cavities

sarcomas

originate in connective tissues such as bone, fat, muscle, cartilage, bone marrow, and lymphatic tissue

cartilage (chondr/o)

osseous tissue without the calcium sals; what the bones of the embryo begins

400-500

out of the 1 million at birth only this many sex cells will develop

neurilemma

outer cell membrane of a Schwann cell

epidermis

outer, avascular (without blood vessels) layer

intraocular pressure (IOP)

outflow of the aqueous humor is blocked

in vitro fertilization (IVF)

ova and sperm are combined in a glass laboratory dish

Dermoid cysts

ovarian tumors that contain different kinds of tissue, including fatty material, hair, teeth, bits of bone, and cartilage

gonads

ovaries

pelvic cavity

ovaries and other major organs of the female reproductive system are located here

estrogen

ovaries secrete

glans penis

overlap of erectile tissue at the tip of the organ forms the slightly bulging structure

venules

oxygen-poor (deoxygenated) and waste-filled blood then travels to small veins called ____

patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

oxygenated blood is allowed to flow from the aorta into the pulmonary artery through a small passageway or duct, the ductus arteriosus, which normally closes after birth

dysmenorrhea

painful menstral discharge

pustules

papule that are filled with pus; often caused from infection & inflammation of a hair follicle or swear pore

reproductive history

para (1) full term, (2) preterm, (3) aborted, and (4) living biological children

Quadriplegia and tetraplegia

paralysis of all four limbs

Paraplegia

paralysis of legs and lower portion of body

Hemiplegia

paralysis of one side of the body

Bell palsy

paralysis of the seventh cranial nerve—a nerve concerned with facial movement and the sensation of taste

percussion

part of a physical examination that involves tapping different parts of the body with fingers, hands, or small instruments to evaluate the size, density, and borders of various structures and to detect the presense of fluid

Lymphocytes (B cells and T cells)

part of adaptive immunity

parietal pleura

part of the membrane lying next to the chest wall

amblyopia

partial loss of vision (ambly/o = dull, dim)

remission

partial or complete disappearance of the signs of the diseas

Alzheimer disease (AD)

progressive neurologic condition; characterized by a gradual decline in mental ability

polypoid

projection-like growths that extend outward from a base

Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)

proliferation of immature lymphocytes

estrogen

promoting the development of reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics and initiating the menstrual cycle

exocrine gland

prostate gland; secretes an alkaline substance that, as part of the seminal fluid, helps protect the sperm from urethral and vaginal acidity and enhances sperm motility

perineal

prostate is removed through an incision between the anus and scrotum (the perineum)

Spina bifida cystica

protective coverings of the spinal cord—the meninges—may push through the defective closure of the cavity

Albumin

protein in plasma; helps maintain the proper balance of water between the capillaries and the tissues

Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)

proteins that stimulate the production of granulocytes

bone processes

protuberances; areas that extend out from the bone and serve as attachment points for muscles, tendons, and ligaments

thallium (Tl) scans

provide information about myocardial infarction

supportive psychotherapy

provides support and encouragement to people who are facing difficult life transitions or events

Voyeurism

psychosexual disorder in which sexual excitement and gratification is attained by secretly watching people who are undressing, naked, or engaging in sexual activity

pubis

pubic bone

pulmonary embolism (PE)

pulmonary artery clot (thrombus) arising from a peripheral vein and lodging in the pulmonary vasculature

ventricles

pump blood from the heart, through the arteries, and back to the body's tissues

Pericardiocentesis

puncture and remove (-centesis) the fluid from the sac surrounding (peri-) the heart (cardi/o)

exudates

pus filled material

pulse oximetry

quick and easy way to assess breathing by measuring the oxygen saturation of arterial blood with a simple in office decide

fractionation

radiation is believed in small, repeated doses rather than in fewer large doses

radiation therapy

radiation oncology; use of radiation to treat cancer

intercavitary therapy

radioactive material into cavity of a tumor

interstitial therapy

radioactive material into tumor

radionuclide scans

radioactive substances that are intravenously injected can detect tumors and metastase

chest x-rays (CXR)

radiographic pictures used to diagnose chronic bronchitis, pneumonia, pneumothorax, and pulmonary absccess

radionuclides

radioisotopes; an unstable form of an element

multiple-gated acquisition (MUGA) scanning

radionuclide method used to assess cardiac function

barium sulfate

radiopaque metallic powder used as a contrast medium in diagnostic studies of the GI tract

ventricular fibrillation (VF)

rapid contraction of the ventricles reflects a complete lack of organized electrical activity

oxytocia

rapid labor and delivery

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

rare degenerative disorder of the nervous system;a progressive loss of motor neuronsHuntington disease

testosterone

responsible for the maturation of secondary sex characteristics in males

epiglottis

rests above the glottis; closes over the larynx to prevent material from entering the lungs during swallowing and eating/drinking

secondary tumor

result of cancerous cells having spread from another site in the body

hyperparathyroidism

resulting from high levels of circulating PRH leads to excessive amounts of calcium in the bloodstream or hypercalcemia

primary open-angle glaucoma [POAG]

results in damage to the retina and optic nerve with a loss of vision

CF sweat test

reveal elevated levels of sodium and chloride when the disease is present

dedifferentiation

revert to more primitive, embryonic form that lacks differentiation or specialization

United States Pharmacopeia (USP)

reviews commercially available drugs and continually reappraises their effectiveness, safety, and purity

red bone marrow

rich in blood and both mature and immature blood cells

papillary layer

ridges of which form our fingerprints and footprints

bacilli

rod-shaped bacteria

hair follicle

root and shaft embedded within a saclike structure

condyle

rounded, knuckle like joint

dysphoria

sad, hopeless felling characterized by depression

dysphoria

sadness, hopelessness, and worry

vitrectomy

saline solution replaces the vitreous humor in which blood and scar tissue have accumulated

lymphoma

sarcoma in the lymphatic system

oropharynx

second section of pharynx; lies just behind the mouth (or/o)

B cells

secrete antibodies, which are special proteins that not only destroy viral antigens but also remain in the blood

ovaries and testes and outer region of the adrenal glands (cortex)

secrete steroid hormones

alpha cells

secrete the hormone glucagon

Thyrotropin, or thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

secreted by anterior PG to stimulate thyroid gland and thyroxine secretion

androgens

secreted by male gonads

adrenal medulla

secretes two important nonsteroidal hormones known as catecholamines: (1) epinephrine, also called adrenaline, and (2) norepinephrine, also called noradrenaline

erythrocyte sedimentation rate

sed rate or ERS; a measure of the rate at which erythrocytes blood specimen settled at the bottom of a test tube

photopsia

see bright flashes of light (phot/o)

psychiatry

seeks to understand and describe human behavior and to treat impaired mental and/or emotional functioning

Neutrophils

segmented, mature white blood cells and are therefore sometimes referred to as segs; neutral granules that do not intensely stain with either acidic or basic dye but show up only as a pale color

photophobia

sensitivity to light

phonophobia

sensitivity to sound

apheresis

separation of blood components by spinning them at high speeds in a centrifuge

Abruptio placentae

separation, or tearing away, of a normally implanted placenta from the uterine wall and often results in severe hemorrhage

serum creatine phosphokinase test

serum creatine kinase (CK); measure the levels of CPK in the blood serum

pulse points.

several spots where the pulse can be felt

CIN III

severe dysplasia to carcinoma in situ

growth hormone (GH)

somatotropin hormone (STH) affects the growth of the skeletal muscles and the long bones of the body

allogeneic marrow transplant

someone else donated the marrow

Acquired hemolytic anemia

sometimes caused by an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies develop and attack antigens on the red blood cell membrane

gestational diabetes

sometimes develops during pregnancy because of the overall hormonal change during that time

hysterosonogram.

sonographic (son/o) image (-gram) of the uterus (hyster/o)

stethoscope

sounds can be detected through the chest (steth/o) using an audio-examination instrument (-scope)

pleural cavity

space between the folds of the pleura

melanocytes

special cells distributed throughout the basal layer of the epidermis that contains the pigment melanin

antibodies

special proteins (immunoglobulins) in response to harmful pathogens

Duke staging system

specifically used for staging colon cancer, including hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (HNPCC)

dysphasia.

speech impairment of slur words

erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR or sed rate)

speed with which the erythrocytes fall down out of the plasma

testis, or testicle

sperm cells are produced within this organ

compound fracture

splits open the skin which allows more opportunity for infection

digital image communication (DICOM)

standard protocol for transmitting between imaging devices—such as CT scans and PACS workstation

Astrocytes

star-shaped extensions; largest and most numerous of the neuroglia; largest and most numerous of the neuroglia; transport water and salt from capillaries

morbidity

state of being unwell or disease

ankylosis

stiffness of a joint attributable to the abnormal adhesion or fusion of the bones of a joint

meglitinides

stimulate the beta cells in the pancreas to produce insulin

androgen (andr/o = male; -gen = producing, forming) and testosterone,

stimulate the development of male characteristics

oxytocin (OT, OCT)

stimulates contractions in the uterus during labor and childbirth

gastrin

stimulates gastric secretions

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

stimulates growth of the ova in female and sperm in male

secretin

stimulates pancreatic enzymes

prostaglandins

stimulates the contraction of smooth muscle, influence the inflammatory response, and are involved in gastrointestinal and vascular functions

thymosin

stimulates the development of the immune system and production of lymphocytes

parathyroid hormone (PTH), or parathormone

stimulates the release of calcium from bone tissue to increase the level of calcium in the blood

gastric adenocarcinoma

stomach cancer

autologous bone marrow transplant

stored marrow from the patients own body is rein fused with needed

orth/o

straight

Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

stroke;occurs when the normal supply of blood to the brain is interrupted

purgatives

strong

gamma rays

strongest; capable of penetrating several centimeters of soft tissue and one; have greater diagnostic value

congenital heart disease

structural or functional abnormalities of the heart that are present from birth

diagnostic radiologist

studies and interprets the x-ray images of the patients

oral administration

the drug is taken by mouth; slower and requires that the drug is able to withstand the digestive system

excretion

the drug's elimination from the body

umbilical cord

connects the placenta and embryo

presbyopia

farsightedness caused by old age

endarterectomy,

fatty deposits are surgically removed from the innermost lining of the artery

ovum

female sex cell

pyrexia

fever

tendons

fibrous connective tissues that connect muscles to bones

ligaments

fibrous tissue that connect bones to other bones

fascia

fibrous tissue which contains the muscles blood, lymph and nerve supply

pulmonary angiography

filming of the blood vessels in the lung after the injection of a contrast medium into the pulmonary artery or right side of the heart

Eclampsia

final and most severe phase of preeclampsia

Rales or crackles

fine crackling sounds heard during inhalation, caused by excess bronchial tube secretions in the alveoli

cilia

fine hairs lining the nasal cavity along with mucous membrane

digital rectal examination (DRE)

finger palpation of the prostate gland through the rectum

cervical (cervic/o) vertebrae

first seven vertebrae

metacarpals

five bones in the palm of the hand

delusions

fixed believes that are not easy to change in light of conflicting evidence

receptors

hormones interact with target tissues by binding to these on the surface of or within the tissues cells

whitehead

a closed comedones that forms when the pore is completely blocked

cyst

a closed, thick-walled sac that contains fluid or semisolid material

pneumothorax

a collection of air in the pleural space

crust

a collection of dried serum and cellular debris

Croup

a common acute viral infection in children, characterized by obstruction of the larynx; symptoms include a harsh, barking cough; and stridor

Kidney disease (diabetic nephropathy)

a common compilation of high levels of blood glucose

atrial fibrillation (AF)

a common condition in older people; 350-600 bpm; Electrical impulses randomly move throughout the atria

erythema infectiosum (fifth disease)

a common exanthematous viral disease

Colposcopy

a common follow-up procedure for abnormal Pap smears

proximal fifth metatarsal

a common fracture site

carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)

a common repetitive motion injury; median nerve is squeezed or constricted by a wrist ligament as the nerve passes between that ligament and the bones and tendons of the wrist

Diabetic retinopathy

a complication of diabetes mellitus affecting the blood vessels of the retina

kleptomania

a compulsion to steal things

Positron emission tomography (PET)

a computerized imaging technique that shows the chemical activity of the brain and offers excellent visualization of the extent of tissue damage

polycythemia (also known as polycythemia vera)

a condition characterized by a significant increase in the numbers of RBCs

exophthalmos

a condition characterized by an abnormal profusion of the eyeballs caused by increased deposits of fat in the tissues at the back of the eye socket

Raynaud disease

a condition characterized by intermittent attacks of ischemia that cause constriction and vasospasm in the arterioles in the fingers and toes

Nystagmus

a condition characterized by repetitive, rhythmic eye movements of one or both eyes and is usually caused by brain tumors or diseases of the inner ear

anemia

a condition in which insufficient iron is present in the blood

hydrarthrosis

a condition in which synovial fluid collects abnormally in the joint

Endometriosis

a condition in which the endometrial tissue that lines the uterus proliferates and is transferred to sites outside the uterine cavity

congestive heart failure (CHF)

a condition in which the heart is unable to pump the amount of blood needed to meet the body's metabolic needs

Placenta previa

a condition in which the placenta has developed in the lower portion of the uterus and covers the cervical opening

Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

a condition marked by inflexibility, preoccupation with perfection, restricted emotional expression, and a need for control and order.

thyrotoxicosis, or Graves disease

a condition of abnormally high or toxic levels of thyroid activity

hemothorax

a condition of blood in the chest or pleural cavity

panhypopituitarism

a condition of deficiency of all pituitary hormones

hypothyroidism

a condition of deficient activity of the thyroid gland

mood disorder

a condition of intense, abnormal mood that dominates a patient's entire mental life for an extended period

Azoospermia

a condition of no living sperm in the semen

pyothorax

a condition of pus in the chest or pleural cavity

spondyloisthesis

a condition resulting from the partial forward dislocation of one vertebra over the one beneath it

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)

a condition that is caused by excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland , leading to abnormal retention of water

transposition of the great vessels

a condition that occurs when the pulmonary artery arises from the left ventricle and the aorta from the right ventricle

cretinism

a congenital condition associated with severe hypothyroidism

Hypospadias

a congenital disorder in which the external opening of the urethra—the urinary meatus—is on the undersurface of the peni

Tetralogy of Fallot

a congenital malformation of the heart consisting of four (tetra-) distinct defects: stenosis, aperture, shifting, hypertrophy

scabies

a contagious dermatitis caused by penetration of the stratum corneum

meniscus

a crescent-shaped fibrocartilaginous structure in the knee that divides the joint cavity and acts as a protective cushion

Hypochromic anemia

a decreased concentration of hemoglobin in the red blood cells

neutropenia

a deficiency (-penia) of neutrophils in the blood

pancytopenia

a deficiency of all types of blood cells

achondroplasia

a deficiency or lack of the growth of cartilage at the epiphyses of the long bones and skulll (results in dwarfism)

reticular layer

a dense network of fibrous tissue

ophthalmoscope

a device consisting of a light, a mirror, and lenses of varying strengths; used to visually exam the eye

discography (diskography)

a diagnostic imaging procedure in which x-ray image of the cervical or lumbar intervertebral disk is obtained after the injection of contrast medium into the interior of the disk

scintigraphy

a diagnostic nuclear medicine test that uses radiopharmaceuticals and gamma cameras to create images

bronchography

a diagnostic procedure during which an x-ray image is taken of the bronchial tubes after the administration of iodized oil through the trachea

Cholangiography

a diagnostic procedure used to outline the major blle ducts either by intravenous injection or directly into the duct

hysterosalpingography (HSG)

a diagnostic test that involves the radiographic imaging (-graphy) of the uterus (hyster/o) and fallopian tubes (salping/o) after the injection of contrast dye

Pap (Papanicolaou) smear

a diagnostic tool for detecting abnormal changes in the cells of the cervix

remission

a disappearance of the signs of disease

tinea barbae

a disease of bearded portions of the neck and face

leukemia

a disease of blood-forming organs in which bone marrow is replaced by proliferating leukocytes and their precursors

Hemochromatosis

a disorder in which excessive amounts of iron are deposited throughout the body

Granulocytosis

a disorder in which the number of granulocytes—basophils, eosinophils, or neutrophils—is abnormally high

Sadomasochism

a disorder that includes elements of both sadism and masochism

Exhibitionism,

a disorder that primarily occurs in men, involves the compulsive need to expose one's genitals to unsuspecting strangers

Fibrillation

a disturbance of the heart's rhythm, during which very rapid, disorganized, and ineffectual contractions of the atria or ventricles occur

antidote

a drug that counteracts the unwanted effects of another drug

Myelin

a fatty substance formed by Schwann cells; insulates the axon while also helping to transmit the electrical impulse

zoophobia

a fear of animals and insects

acrophobia

a fear of being in high places

agoraphobia

a fear of leaving home or another safe place

claustrophobia

a fear of small, enclosed places

ganglion

a fluid-filled cyst arising from the joint capsule or tendon in the wrist

revision arthroplasty

a follow-up surgery to replace a worn-out joint replacement

digital radiography

a form of x-ray imaging in which digital sensors are used instead of traditional photographic film

onychomycosis

a fungal infection of the nails that may develop from the use of artificial fingernails

pneumatic retinopexy

a gas bubble is injected into the vitreous chamber to put pressure on the area of retinal tear until the retina is reattached

Reactive airway disease

a general term for conditions that involve wheezing and allergic reactions; not a synonym for asthma

Sickle cell anemia

a genetic disorder characterized by hemolysis and the production of abnormally shaped erythrocytes by abnormal hemoglobin, hemoglobin S (HbS)

Huntington disease

a genetically transmitted degenerative disorder; characterized by excessive, involuntary, dancelike movements

seminoma

a germinal tumor that forms in the seminiferous (semin/i) tubules

pleural friction rub

a grating sound that occurs as one layer of the pleural membrane slides over the other during breathing

tolerance

a greater amount of the substance must be consumed to achieve intoxication

fissure

a groove sore

tricuspid valve

connects the right atrium and the right ventricle

parasympathetic system

conserves and restores the body's resources and acts as a counterbalance

anterior chamber of eye

consists of anterior chambers and posterior chambers

Hemoglobin (hemoglobin/o)

consists of heme—the pigmented, iron-containing portion of the molecule—and globin, a protein chain

cardiovascular system

consists of the heart (cardi/o, coron/o) and a closed network of blood vessels (vascul/o) that carry blood throughout the body

lower respiratory tract

consists of the windpipe or trachea (trache/o), all segments of the bronchial tree, and the lungs (pulmon/o, pneum/o, pneumon/o)

bronchopneumonia

consolidation primarily occurs in the terminal bronchioles, affecting a smaller area and resulting in milder symptoms

stenosis

constriction of the pulmonary artery

anterior chamber

contain a clear, watery fluid, called aqueous humor

granulocytes

contain cytoplasmic granules

necrotic tumor

contains dead tissue

Snellen chart

contains letters of decreasing size, is often used to measure visual sharpness

Type O

contains neither A nor B antigens

pons

contains reflex centers for certain cranial nerve reflexes; controls eye and facial movement; helps regulate breathing

instinct

contains the basic inborn urges (hunger, thirst, sex)

diencephalon

contains the thalamus and the hypothalamus

Wheezes

continuous whistling sounds caused by air being forced through narrowed air passages

cholecystokinin

contracts the gallbladder

pyelography

contrast dye may be injected through a vein (intravenous pylogram (IVP)) or introduced through the urethra and bladder for direct injection into the ureter (retrograde pyelogram)

contrast agent

contrast medium; a substance, either radiopaque or radiolucent that is introduced into the body to cause structures to appear lighter or darker

glucocorticoids

control blood pressure and glucose levels; secreted by adrenal cortex

Voluntary activities

controlled by somatic nervous system

hypothalamus

controls anterior pituitary gland which secretes seven different hormones

medulla oblongata

controls the muscles of respiration, slows the heart when it is beating too rapidly, and participates in the constriction and dilation of the blood vessels

eye (ocul/o, ophthalm/o, optic/o, opt/o)

converts the energy of light into electrical nerve impulses and transmits those signals to the brain where they are interpreted as sight

cornea

convex, transparent structure through which light passes to other parts of the eye

hemoptysis

coughing up blood from the bronchial tubes and lungs

flat bones

cover soft body parts and include the shoulder blades, ribs, and pelvic bones

crackles

cracking sounds heard during inspiration when the alveoli are filled with secretions

intermittent claudication

cramplike pain in the calf muscles caused by exercise and relieved by rest

lymphoscintigraphy

creates scintigrams after the subcutaneous injection of a radiotracer and is helpful in detecting lymphatic tumors and evaluating lymphedema

tubal ligation

cutting, burning, or tying off (ligation) of the fallopian tubes, which prevents ova from entering the fallopian tubes and prevents sperm from reaching an egg

Rods

cylindrical cells that enable the detection of low-intensity light

Alzheimer disease

damage to neurons in the brain disrupts the neurons' ability to function properly

tertiary syphilis

damage to the central nervous and cardiovascular systems may occur,

color

dark black or have multiple coles

necrosis

death of lung tissue

beta-blockers

decrease muscular tone in blood vessels (leading to vasodilation), slow the heart rate, decrease the output of the heart, and reduce blood pressure by blocking the action of epinephrine at receptor sites in the heart muscle and blood vessels

cardiac muscle

found in the heart, striated, and not consciously controlled

long bones

found in the legs and arms

Macrophages

found in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow, and their job is to destroy worn out red blood cells

short bones

found in the writs and ankles

carpals

four bones in wrist

q.I.d, qid

four times per day

parathyroid glands

four tiny structures attached to the posterior wall of the thyroid gland

sacrum

fourth portion of vertebrae; curved and triangular

pathological fractures (spontaneous fractures)

fractures as a response to deterioration or progressive weakening from pathological conditions

medullary tumor

frequently encountered in the breast or thyroid gland; larger, soft and fleshy

fimbriae

fringelike projections on the outer end of each fallopian tube catch the egg

optic disk

from which the optic nerve arises and the macula lutea arrise

androgens

hormones that are normally produced by the testes and andrenal glands

cardiac catheterization (cath)

involves guiding a flexible catheter via a vein or artery into the heart to detect blood flow and pressure

cephalic version

normal, head is turned toward the cervix

estrogen

normally produced by ovaries

PSA

normally should measure no higher than 4 mg/L,

structures of the upper respiratory tract

nose, pharynx, pharyngeal tonsils, or adenoids, palatine tonsils, epiglottis, larynx, and trachea

benign tumor

not cancerous

type 2 diabes

not insulin-dependent and may take oral antidiabetic drugs

analgesic

not sensitive to pain

NPO

nothing by mouth

semilunar valves (SL)

the pulmonary and the aortic valve together

progressive disease (PD)

the tumor has an increased in size

stable disease (SD)

the tumor is neither shrinking nor growing

pubis symphysis

the two pubic bones anteriorly join at the midline to form the cartilaginous joint

toxicity

the unwanted and potentially dangerous effects of some drugs

mediastinoscopy

the use of an endoscope to examine the mediastinum visually through an incision just above the breast bone

chemotherapy

the use of drugs to destroy microorganisms, parasites, or malignant cells within the body

echocardiography (ECHO)

the use of high-frequency sound waves to show the structure and movement of the heart

Fetishism

the use of inanimate object such as clothing to arouse erotic feelings

Thrombolytic therapy

the use of pharmacologic agents (drugs) to break up or dissolve blood clots

Fluoroscopy

the use of x-ray beams and a fluorescent screen to produce real-time video images

total abdominal hysterectomy (TAH)

the uterus and cervix are removed through an abdominal incision

total vaginal hysterectomy (TVH)

the uterus is removed through the vagina

arthoscopy

the viewing of a joint with an instrument called an endoscope

mutinous

tumor filled with thick sticky mucus

ACE inhibitors

treats Congestive heart failure (CHF)

serous

tumor filled with watery fluid resembling serum

TNM:

tumor, nodes, and metastases

oncogenic viruses

tumor-producing viruses

atrioventricular (AV) valves

tricuspid and bicuspid valve together

Stem cells

unspecialized cells that become specialized when they mature

aura

unusual sensory sensation before the onset of a seizer

appendicular skeleton

upper and lower extremities plus shoulder girdle and the pelvic girdle

humerus

upper arm bone

base

upper boarder of the heart that lies just below the second rib

manubrium

upper part of the sternum

right lung has three lobes

upper, middle lower

nasopharynx

uppermost section of pharynx; located just posterior to the nasal cavity

transurethral incision of the prostate (TUIP)

urethra is widened by means of small incisions in the bladder neck and prostate gland; used when prostate gland is less enlarged

nonspecific urethritis (NSU)

urethritis not caused by an STI

fulguration

use electric sparks generated by a high frequency current to remove tumors

laser therapy

used for glaucoma; creating a hole in the iris (iridotomy) to improve aqueous humor outflow

corticosteroids

used for management of lupus

Alpha-fetoprotein test

used for testicular and liver cancers

debunking procedure

used if the tumor is attached to a vital organ and cannot be completely removed

adrenal corticosteroids, or glucocorticoids,

used in the treatment of inflammation, arthritis, cancer, and gastrointestinal, skin, respiratory, and blood disorders

antiandrogen drug

used in the treatment of prostate cancer because they interfere with androgen production or prevent their binding

narcotics

used to alleviate severe pain because they can cause dependence

glucose pen

used to deliver boluses of insulin

ionizing radiation therapy (RT), or radiotherapy

used to destroy tumor cells (radi/o = rays) by delivering a maximum dose of ionizing radiation to tumor tissue; radiation oncology

thallium-20

used to detect head and neck tumors, brain abnormalities appear as an increased accumulation of radioactivity

Absolute neutrophil count (ANC)

used to detect neutropenia by multiplying the total WBC count by the number of neutrophils present in the blood

gamma camera

used to detect scintiscanner and generates an image that helps map the distribution and rate of absorption

antinuclear antibody (ANA) test

used to detect the presence of an antibody present in the serum of a patient with systemic lupus erythematous and other autoimmune disease

Beta-hCG test

used to detect the presence of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in serumAlpha-fetoprotein test

oral glucose tolerance test (GTT)

used to diagnose both prediabetes and gestational diabetes

myelograms

used to diagnose injury to the spinal cord caused by trauma or disease

computed tomography (CT)

used to diagnose lesions that are difficult to assess with conventional radiography

cathartic agent

used to either relieve constipation or promote defecation for diagnostic or treatment procedures

Scintillation scanning

used to evaluate nodules of the thyroid gland

antibiotic

used to fight live disease-producing organisms

tonometer

used to measure intraocular pressure in a procedure called tonometry

polymorphonuclear

(poly- = many; morph/o = shape, form; nucle/o = nucleus; -ar = pertaining to)

sideropenia

(sider/o = iron; -penia = deficiency)

herniated disk

"slipped disk"; occurs when a tear in a disk causes portion of the disk to bulge out into the spinal canal and irritate the spinal nerves

corpus luteum

"yellow body."; ovarian follicles that is matured and ruptured

pleomorphic

(-ic = pertaining to; ple/o = many or more; morph/o = shape or form

needle biopsy

(1) by removing a thin core of tissue from an organ or mass using a large-bore needle (core-needle biopsy) or by extracting; or (2) by aspirating free cells from a fluid-filled cavity or from inside a solid tumor mass using a fine needle (fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy)

brainstem

(1) medulla oblongata or medulla, (2) pons (pont/o), and (3) midbrain

dysphagia

(dys- = difficulty; -phagia = swallowing condition)

hypercapnia

(hyper- = excessive; capn/o = carbon dioxide)

pleurisy

(pleuritis) an inflammation of the pleura; caused by bacterial or viral infections

anemia

-emia = blood condition; an- = no or without

peripheral nervous system

12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves

c

200 or more cone-shaped lobules that contain tiny coiled tubes

menopause

30-40 years after first menstration; marked by decreased estrogen production, which gradually causes ovulation and menstruation to become less frequent

retropubic approach

6-inch incision below the umbilicus allows the removal of the prostate gland, along with pelvic lymph node dissection

type A blood

A antigens are found on the erythrocyte membrane

prepuce

A fold of skin covering the tip of the penis

xanthelasma

A raised yellowish plaque on the eyelid, caused by a lipid disorder

laparoscopy, or peritoneoscop

A small incision is made in the abdominal wall (lapar/o) for insertion of a laparoscope, or peritoneoscope, to inspect the abdominal cavity for tumors

paranasal sinuses (sinus/o)

Air-filled cavities in the bones near the nose

antihemophilic factor VIII or factor IX

Approximately 80% of those with hemophilia have an absence or a deficiency of the

Days 13 and 14

As the estrogen content in the blood increases, the pituitary gland is stimulated to secrete luteinizing hormone (LH), causing the mature follicle to eject the ovum. Ovulation often occurs on day 14.

Alkylating agents

Attack DNA molecules, causing strand breaks

Type B blood

B antigens are found on the erythrocyte membrane

Antimitotics

Block mitosis (division or replication) in cells

Molecularly targeted therapy

Blocks the function of growth factors, their receptors, and signaling pathways in tumor cells

Myelosuppression

Bone marrow (myel/o) depression (-suppression = to stop)

protein marker tests

CA-125 test and the CEA test, which detects carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) associated with colorectal and other gastrointestinal tumors

Lumbar puncture (LP) (spinal tap)

CSF is withdrawn from the spinal cavity using a needle directed into the subarachnoid space

vagus nerve

Cranial nerve X; reaches the larynx, trachea, bronchi, aorta, esophagus, and stomach and is the only cranial nerve that leaves the head and neck region

vegetations

Cauliflower-like lesions that form on the endocardium or valve surface

Thrombocytopenia

Deficiency of platelets or thrombocytes (-penia = deficiency; thromb/o = clot; cyt/o = cell)

slit-lamp microscopy

Diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and retinal detachment can sometimes be identified

neuropathies

Diseases (-pathy) of the peripheral nerves (neur/o); can effect sensory, motor, or autonomic functions

Xerostomia

Dryness of the mouth (-ia = condition; xer/o = dry; stom/o = mouth)

Days 1 to 5

During each month in which an ovum is not fertilized, menstruation occurs, and patches of dead cells, torn tissue, and blood from torn arteries are shed from the endometrium and discharged from the uterus through the vagina

cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)

Dysplasia that is observed on a biopsy of the cervix

ENT

Ears, nose, throat

Phase II trial

Experimental drug or treatment is tested for risks to a specific population and disease among a larger group of people (200 to 300).

Phase III

Experimental drug or treatment is tested in a more definitive trial for risks vs. benefits in a larger group of people (100s or 1000s).

erythropoietin (EPO)

Erythrocytes are produced in response to the kidney's secretion of the hormone

neurons

Fibers exiting from microscopic nerve cells

transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)

Gradual occlusion of a blood vessel may be signaled by the occurrence of temporary neurologic disturbances

HEENT

Head, Eyes, Ears, Nose, Throat

Infertility

Inability to contribute to conception

Pneumonitis:

Inflammation (-itis) in the lungs (pneumon/o)

Mucositis

Inflammation and ulceration of mucous membranes (mucos/o)

Antimetabolites

Inhibit synthesis of DNA components, or block DNA replication

Phase IV

Large studies are conducted after the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved a drug for marketing. These trials are designed to monitor safety and to identify new indications, if possible.

right lymphatic duct

Lymph from the right upper quadrant of the body and the right side of the head drains into _______

purified protein derivative (PPD)

Mantoux skin test; can indicate exposure to tuberculosis

agranulocytes

Monocytes and lymphocytes

granulocytes

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

secondary tumors

New types of tumors originating at a site separate from the primary tumor, including sarcomas, carcinomas, or leukemias arising from damaged tissue

Days 6 to 12

Now the cells of the uterine lining reproduce, and the endometrium undergoes a period of repair. At the same time, another ovarian follicle—containing a maturing ovum—is developing, and the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is causing estrogen production to increase toward its peak level.

Alopecia

Partial or complete hair loss

Antibiotics

Promote breakage of the DNA strands, preventing their replication

thyroid carcinoma (thyrocarcinoma)

Radioactive iodine uptake and the performance of a thyroid scan can help establish the diagnosis of

projective (personality) tests

Rorschach inkblots test and the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) use ambiguous or unstructured stimuli to bring out associations and sometimes uncover emotional conflict

Epilepsy

a group of disorders that involve an abnormal discharge of electrical activity from the nerve cells of the cerebral cortex

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis

Samples of CSF are examined to measure protein, glucose, red and white blood cells, and other chemical contents

lactiferous ducts

Small tubular structures—the lactiferous ducts—extend from the milk-secreting cells, slightly expanding into lactiferous sinuses as they converge in a spoke-like fashion toward the nipple

multidetector CT (MDCT) scanners

State-of-the-art scanners are now 64, 128, 256, and 320 slices

muscular dystrophy (MD)

a group of inherited disorder characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of muscle fibers without involvement of the NS

two types of lymphotes

T cells and B cells

pneumoconiosis

a group of occupational-related restrictive lung disease characterized by inflammation, infection, and bronchitis

Partial thromboplastin time (PTT)

a test that assesses defects in the coagulation pathway

paraphilia

a group of psychiatric disorders in which sexual urges are expressed in ways that are socially prohibited and/or biologically undesirable

polyp

a growth extended from the surface of the mucous membrane

pilonidal cyst

a hair-containing cyst found in the sacral region of the back

sperm

a head, a cylindrical midpiece, and an elongated tail region

Hemophilia

a hereditary bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency in one of the factors necessary for the blood to clot

angiography

an x-ray image is taken after the injection of a contrast dye into one of the blood vessels

bicuspid valve

connects the left atrium and the left ventricle

multiple endocrine neoplasia

a hereditary disorder characterized by a number of adenomas and carcinomas that can occur throughout the endocrine system

stridor

a high-pitched sound on inspiration

percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography

The contrast material for this procedure may also be delivered through (per-) the skin (cutane/o) or through the liver (hepat/o)

chorion

The outermost layer of the membranes surrounding the embryo; gives rise to the placenta

visceral pleura

The portion of the pleura closest to the lungs

left lung has two lobes

To accommodate for the space that the heart takes up in the chest cavity

TNM staging system and the Gleason scoring system

Two scoring systems are used to determine how aggressive the prostate cancer is

labia minora

Two smaller folds of tissue

V/Q scan

VPS creates these images; (V = ventilation; Q = rate of blood flow or blood volume).

occipital lobe

Visual images are registered; visual association areas

petechiae

When emboli come to rest in small vessels, pinpoint hemorrhages

H and H

When hemoglobin and hematocrit are measured together, it is called this

Days 15 to 28

With the ovum moving through the fallopian tubes for possible fertilization, the uterine lining again begins to prepare for pregnancy. LH triggers the corpus luteum to secrete an increased level of progesterone, and, in response, the uterine lining becomes thicker and develops a greater blood supply. When fertilization does not occur, secretions from the corpus luteum diminish, progesterone levels drop, endometrial cells die, and the reproductive cycle repeats with the onset of menstrual bleeding

rotation

a circular movement around an axis

Analgesics

a class of drugs that relieves pain

Lymph (lymph/o)

a clear, watery liquid that flows through the thin-walled lymphatic vasculature

corpus callosum

a band of nerves at the base of the fissure that connect the two hemispheres of the brain

cardiac pacemaker

a battery-powered device that initiates the heartbeat

flexion

a bending movement around a joint; angle is decreased

osteochondroma

a benign growth projecting outward from the cartilaginous surface of a bone

seborrheic keratosis

a benign lesion that is dark in color and results from an overgrowth of the upper epidermis

hemangioma

a benign tumor made of a bundle of blood vessels

verruca or wart

a benign tumor of the epidermial layer of the skin

gastric adenoma

a benign tumor of the glandular epithelial cells that line the stomach

Cushing disease

a benign tumor of the pituitary; which causes hyper secretion of ACTH which then stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce excess cortisol

ilium

a blade-shaped section of the hip on each side of the pelvic girdle

coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

a blood vessel is grafted onto one of the coronary arteries to bypass the area of occlusion

inversion

a body part involves turning inward

olecranon

a bony process on the medical lower arm

anal fissure

a break in the skin lining the anal canal

eczematous dermatitis

a breakdown of the epidermis, with eruption of erythematous, pruritic vesciles

diaphragm (phren/o)

a broad band of muscle that separates the chest and abdomen

Squamous cell carcinoma

a cancerous (carcin/o) tumor (-oma) that arises from the squamous epithelial cells of the epidermis and is most often found in sun-damaged skin previously affected by actinic keratosis

adenocarcioma

a cancerous tumor of the epithelium that originates in glandular tissue

disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD)

a category of otherwise unrelated drugs that work together to slow the progression of the disease

hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HST)

a cell in the bone marrow that gives rise to all types of red blood cells

blepharoptosis

a change in elasticity or shape of the eyelid caused by neuromuscular problems

Cervical dysplasia

a change in the size, shape, and/or appearance of the cells that form cervical tissue; often caused by HPV

diethylstilbestrol (DES)

a chemical carcinogen; synthetic estrogen that was given to pregnant women who had previous miscarriages or premature deliveries; was show to cause cancer in children in utero

ionization

a chemical process during which the energy of an x-ray beam causes the neutral particles of the substance to become charged particles called ions

retinoblastoma

a childhood cancer arising from immature cells in the retina, the light-sensitive surface at the back of the interior of the eye

neuroblastoma

a childhood cancer arising from immature tissues in the autonomic nervous system or adrenal medulla

myasthenia gravis (MG)

a chronic autoimmune disorder in which the motor neurons fail to transmit impulses to the muscles to cause contraction

Herpes genitalis

a chronic infection caused by the type II herpes simplex virus (HSV II)

psoriasis

a chronic inflammatory autoimmune skin disorder in which thick, scaly lesions form because of an excessive growth rate of epithelial cells

Vulvodynia

a chronic pain with no identifiable cause that affects the vulvar area

Dysthymia, or persistent depressive disorder

a chronic psychiatric illness involving a low level of depression for a period of at least 2 years

Asthma

a chronic, intermittent inflammatory disorder in which the bronchi in the lungs become obstructed by swelling (bronchial edema), constriction, and increased mucous production

lens (phac/o, phak/o)

a highly elastic, transparent structure behind the iris; Contraction or relaxation of the ciliary body changes the shape and size

aspiration

a hollow needle is inserted to withdraw the lens tissue

arthrodesis

a joint is fused to provide stability

arthroscopy

a joint is visualized using an endoscope inserted through a small incision

actinic keratosis

a keratosis caused by overexposure to ultraviolet light

radioimmunoassay studies (RIA)

a laboratory measure that assesses hormone levels in plasma

White matter

a large bundle of myelinated axons; surrounds the core of the spinal cord

thoracic duct

a large lymphatic vessel that drains lymph from the lower body and the left side of the head

patch

a large macule, greater than 1 centimeter in diameter

tuberosity or tubercle

a large protuberance on a bone where muscles or tendons attach

keloid

a lesion that results from excessive collagen formation in the skin during tissue repair after a trauma or surgical incision

diffuse tumor growth

a less encouraging sign

unconscious

a level of mental functioning that is beyond our awareness

Cooley anemia

a life-threatening disease in which both physical and mental growth may be retarded

laryngoscopy

a lighted, flexible endoscope is passed from the mouth or nose into the throat to visualize the larynx or voice box

aneurysm

a localized weakness in its wall

psychotherapy

a long term, intense interaction between a psychiatrist and a patient during which the patient freely shares thoughts and associations with the analyst

arachnoid membrane

a loosely attached weblike covering

amnesia

a loss of memory

oligospermia

a low sperm count

Endometrial carcinoma

a malignant (carcin/o) tumor (-oma) of the endometrium, or the inner lining of the uterus

synoviosarcoma

a malignant neoplasm arising in the synovial membrane of the joints and in synovial cells of bursar and tendons

Ovarian carcinoma

a malignant neoplasm of the ovaries; serous (clear fluid) and mucinous (thick, pasty fluid) cystic adenocarcinomas

tumor or neoplasm

a mass or growth that arises from normal tissue

prothrombin time (PT)

a measure of blood clotting ability excluding factor VIII

red blood cell (RBC) count

a measure of the number of erythrocytes per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood

serum calcium (Ca)

a measurement of the level of calcium in serum

pharmacologist

a medical physician or professional who hold a doctorate degree and specializes in pharmacology

psychiatrist

a medical physician who specializes in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental disorders

pleura

a membrane that enfolds both lungs and lines the chest wall

cyclothymia

a mild form of bipolar disorder involving several recurring (cycl/o) periods of depression and hypomania (-thymia = mood), although not significant enough to meet the criteria

sedative

a mildly hypnotic drug that relaxes without necessarily producing sleep

vaccination

a modified toxin (tox/o = poison) or antigen capable of inducing antibody production against a specific disease that may be encountered in the future

film badge

a monitoring device used to detect radiation exposure

eversion

a movement that involves turning a body part outward

conjunctiva

a mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the eye

carcinogenesis

a mutation of genetic material in normal cells that lead to uncontrolled cell division

fissure

a narrow and deep slitlike opening

aortic valve

connects the left ventricle and the aorta

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)

a nonsurgical intervention for the treatment of CAD; a balloon-tipped catheter and a meshlike device called a stent are threaded into a coronary artery to dilate the clogged vessel

Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)

a nuclear imaging technique that is similar to PET scanning. It involves the injection of a more stable radioactive substance than the substance used in PET scanning and uses different detectors

thyroid scan

a nuclear medicine technique used to visualize the shape, size and position of the thyroid gland by passing a scanning device over the neck after a radioactive substance has been given to the patient

radiculitis

a painful disorder in which the nerve root (radicul/o) of a spinal nerve becomes inflamed

spinal stenosis

a painful, abnormal narrowing of the lumbar spinal canal

palatine tonsils

a pair of small rounded masses of lymph tissue, lie just beyond the base of the tongue, on each side of the throat

supination

a palm that faces up

pronation

a palm that is down

Basophilia

a pathologic condition associated with certain types of leukemia in which an overgrowth occurs in the number of immature basophilic leukocytes in the blood

prone

a patient who is in a recumbent position; laying face down

External respiration

a person inhales and air travels down the trachea into the lungs; oxygen enters the tiny capillaries that surround the alveoli

psychologist

a person who has earned a masters or doctorate degree in psychology (not medical) and will typically specialize in a partiular field of application

psychosis

a person with significantly unable to appraise the external world accurately

narcissism

a pervasive interest in the self with no empathy for others

cone

a photoreceptor cell in the retina that transforms light energy into a nerve impulse; responsible for color and central vision

rod

a photoreceptor cell of the retina that is essential for vision in dim light and for peripheral vision

radiation oncologist

a physician who has completed special training in the use of ionizing radiation to treat cancer

orthopedist

a physician who treats bone, joints, and muscles conditions in children and adults

oncogenes

a piece of DNA whose activation is associated with the conversion of normal cells into cancerous cells

patch test

a piece of gauze or filtered paper containing an allergen extract is applied to the skin to see whether is produces a reaction

Holter monitor

a portable electrocardiographic device that can be worn to provide an extended recording of the heart's electrical activity

scrotum

a pouch of skin suspended between the thighs

packed cells

a preparation of red blood cells separated from liquid plasma

laser photocoagulation and cryotherapy

a procedure during which a freezer burn is used to create scar tissue that seals holes in the eye's innermost layer

Endometrial biopsy (EMB)

a procedure during which a tissue sample is taken from the endometrial lining of the uterus

lumpectomy

a procedure during which the tumor and immediate surrounding tissue are removed while preserving the remaining breast tissue

Bone marrow aspiration

a procedure that uses suction produced by a syringe to collect the sample

mitral commissurotomy

a procedure, during which the mitral valve is divided at the juncture of its cusps to treat stenosis

reflex arc

a process that is mediated through the spinal cord

cataract

a progressive, abnormal condition of the lens characterized by a loss of transparency

Mood

a prolonged emotional state that dominates the personality and colors a person's view of the world

prostate-specific antigen (PSA)

a protein produced by the prostate; identify prostate cancer by checking for elevated levels of PSA in the blood

bulimia

a psychiatric disorder marked by the insatiable craving for food and recurrent episodes of binge eating (rapid food consumption), often followed by purging (such as self-induced vomiting and misuse of laxatives or enemas), depression, and deprivation.

pulmonary abscess

a pus-filled lesion in the lung, usually caused by the aspiration of bacteria

sciatica

a radiculopathy that affects the sciatic nerve root in the back

Myelography

a radiographic imaging of the spinal cord after the injection of an iodine-based contrast agent into the subarachnoid space surrounding the spinal cord

Hysterosalpingography

a radiographic procedure used to assess irregularities of the uterus and fallopian tubes

nuclear medicine physician

a radiologist who is skilled in the use of radioactive substances that are used to diagnose and treat disease

retinal detachment

a separation in the layers of the retina

syphilis

a sexually transmitted disease caused by a spirochete, which is a spiral-shaped bacterium

fossa

a shallow cavity either in or on a bone

Albuterol

a short-acting beta agonist (SABA) used to treat acute symptoms of asthma

staging laparotomy

a significant wider incision is made in the abdomen to enable the surgeon to explode the abdominal cavity to determine the extent of the spread of a malignant disease

zygote

a single cell with a complete set of chromosomes

proton stereotactic radiosurgery, or PSRS (also called stereotaxic radiosurgery)

a single large dose of radiation is delivered from several different angles under highly precise (stereotactic) guidance to treat small intracranial or arteriovenous abnormalities; gamma knifer surgery

bradycardia

a slowing (brady-) of the heart's (cardi/o) normal rate

chalazion

a small localized swelling, or granuloma, caused by chronic inflammation of the lid's sebaceous glands

atrioventricular (AV) node

a small mass of cardiac muscle tissue located in the right atrium near the ventricle (ventricul/o)

skin biopsy

a small piece of living tissue from a lesion is removed for miscroscopic examination to look for cancer cells

scratch test

a small quantity of a solution contains an allergy-causing substance is placed on a lightly scratched area of the skin to assess sensitivity

poly

a small tumor like growth projecting from the surface of any mucous membrane

clitoris

a small, rounded organ that is situated near the anterior folds of the labia minora

papule

a small, solid raised skin lesion that is less than 1 centimeter in diameter

wheal

a smooth, edematous (swollen), irregularly shaped, solid elevation of the skin

corn

a smooth, thick mass that develops from the epidermis of the feet and toes and demonstrates a hard, whitish core

meibomian glands

a special kind of sebaceous gland at the rim of the eyelids and are responsible for the supply of meibum, an oily substance that prevents evaporation of the eye's tear film

ophthalmologist

a specialist (-ist) in the study (log/o) and treatment of disorders of the eye (ophthalm/o)

delirium

a state of agitated excitement; Symptoms include confused and disorganized thinking, incoherent speech, difficulty paying attention, disorientation, and memory impairment

dissociation

a state of uncomfortable feelings that are separated from their real object

cryosurgery

a subfreezing temperature is used to destroy the malignant tumor

erythropoietin

a substance that stimulates the production of red blood cells (RBCs)

obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)

a sudden cessation (a-) of breathing (-pnea) during sleep

dissociative amnesia

a sudden inability to recall important personal information that is too extensive to be explained by ordinary forgetfulness occurs

Acute leukemia

a sudden onset, a rapid progression, and large numbers of undifferentiated, immature leukocytes in the blood

episiotomy

a surgical incision (-tomy) in the perineum to surgically enlarge the space in which the baby is delivered

thoracotomy

a surgical incision into the chest

cesarean section (C-section)

a surgical incision is made across the belly just above the pubic area

dermabrasion

a surgical procedure for removing scars

diskectomy

a surgical procedure to remove herniated disk material that is pressing on a nerve root or the spinal cord

intradermal injection

a suspected allergen is injected into the skin to assess sensitivity

continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS)

a system that continuously senses and records blood glucose levels

neoplasms

a term that describes any abnormal growth or formation (-plasm) of new (neo-) tissue whether benign or malignant

Rheumatic heart disease

a term that describes damage caused to the heart muscle and heart valves by rheumatic fever

additive

actions one in which the combination of two or more drugs taken together is equal to the sumo f the effects of each

sublingual nitroglycerin

acts as a vasodilator; increases coronary blood flow, lowering blood pressure to decrease the work of the heart

bacteriostatic antibiotic

actually kill rather than inhibit

Hyaline membrane disease (HMD)

acute lung disorder often associated with prematurity and low birth weight; caused by a lack of surfactant

visceral pericardium

adheres to the heart's surface

oxytocin

administered after labor to promote uterine contractions

sublingual nitroglycerin

administrated to dilate coronary blood vessels, slow the heart rate, and put more force into the hearts contractions

two regions of the adrenal glands

adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla

dysplastic cells

adult cells that are abnormal in size, shape and organization

cystic fibrosis (CF)

affects the cells that line the respiratory tract and causes chronic airway obstruction, infection, bronchiectasis, and sometimes respiratory failure

tinea unguium

affects the nails using scraping from the skin lesions helps diagnose the type of fungal growth

p.c., pc

after a meal

parturition

after child birth

parturition

after childbirth when the placenta is expelled from the uterus

tropical antiseptic

agents act against infection or sepsis

Antianxiety

agents lessen tension, agitation, and anxiety, especially those associated with panic attacks

expectorants

agents that help expel mucus

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC)

aggressive cancer that forms in the tissues of the lungs; rapid spread; treatment with chemo and radiation

Antinauseants, also called antiemetics

aid in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by inner ear disturbances

Electrocardiography

aids in the diagnosis of rhythmic irregularities of the heart by recording (-graphy) the heart's (cardi/o) electrical (electr/o) activity

cannabis drugs

all of the substances containing psychoactive ingredients from the flowering tops of hemp plants

laminectomy

allows the surgeon to better see the herniated disk

Doppler ultrasound

allows visualization of a moving structure; so blood can be observed as it flows through the vessels

Ophthalmoscopy

allows visualization of changes to the optic disk, is one of several procedures used to diagnose glaucoma

electromagnetic radiation

alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma rays

sexual dysfunction

alterations in the sexual response cycle that do not have a physical cause

Anemia

an abnormal blood condition (-emia) marked by a reduction in or loss of the number of red blood cells

tardive dyskinesia (TD)

an abnormal condition characterized by involuntary, repetitive muscle movements

Type I diabetes

an autoimmune disease; Little or no insulin is produced in the body because the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans that secrete the hormone have been decreased in number by an abnormal autoimmune process; insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

premature ventricular contractions (PVCs)

an electrical impulse, arising from a place other than the SA node, causes the ventricles to contract before the normal time

Fear

an emotional reaction to a specific object or situation

creatine phosphokinase (CPK)

an enzyme found in the heart, brain, and skeletal muscles

euphoria

an exaggerated felling of well-being

cocaine

an extract from the leaves of the coca plant, is also a central nervous system stimulant.; brief but intense feeling of euphoria

radiograph

an image of the internal structures of the body obtained by passing x-ray beams through the body and allowing the radiation to act on a specially sensitized detector

endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS)

an imagining procedure performed during bronchoscopy

reticulocyte

an immature red blood cell that especially appears during the regeneration of lost blood

antibody

an immunoglobin with a specific amino acid sequence that causes it to interact only with the antigen that brought about its synthesis

fibrosis,

an increase in connective tissue in normal tissues, along with loss of surface lining cells and blood vessel damage

tachycardia

an increase in the heart rate

Human papilloma virus (HPV)

an infection of the skin and mucous membranes, usually shows up as a genital wart

virus

an infectious agent that uses the host's genetic material to make copies of itself

tuberculosis (TB)

an infectious disease caused by inhalation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis—rod-shaped bacteria, or bacilli (sing., bacillus), that invade the lungs

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

an inflammation and infection of any number of organs in the pelvic region—including the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and cervix

endocervicitis

an inflammation of the inner (endo-) lining of the cervix (cervic/o)

Rheumatic fever

an inflammatory disease that potentially involves all of the layers of the heart and often follows an untreated streptococcal infection of the upper respiratory tract

spondylitis or rachitis

an inflammatory disorder of the vertebral column

Allergic rhinitis

an inflammatory response that causes a runny nose, sneezing, and other symptoms related to the nose (rhin/o)

albinism

an inherited deficiency or absence of pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes caused by an abnormal production of melanin

dopamine

an inhibitory effect on movement

sprain

an injury to a ligament when the joint is scarred through a range of motion (ROM) greater than tis normal range without dislocation or fracture

slit lamp

an instrument that combines a microscope and a light source, allowing magnified examination of the interior of the eye

spirometer

an instrument that measures and records the volume of inhaled and exhaled air

entropion

an inversion (en- = in, within) of the eyelid, in which the eyelashes actually rub against the eye

pyromania

an obsession with fire and a compulsion to set fires

blackhead

an open comedones that develops when the pore is only partially obstructed

ulcer

an open sore on the skin or mucous membrane that is deeper than an erosion

genitourinary (GU)

an organ system made up of the organs related to the production and excretion of urine, and reproduction

Hair (pil/o, trich/o)

an outgrowth from the skin of flexible, keratinized fibers

transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)

an outpatient procedure that uses sound waves to create an image of the prostate gland (trans- means across)

Ectropion

an outward (ec- = out, outside) sagging, or eversion, of the eyelid

macula lutea

an oval spot at the center of the retina

Antihistamines

an relieve the symptoms of anaphylaxis, and some are also used to prevent motion sickness since they have strong antiemetic properties

compulsion

an uncontrollable urge to perform an act repeatedly

Idiosyncrasy

an unexpected and uncommon side effect that develops in an individual patient after the administration of a drug

Computed tomography (CT)

an x-ray beam encircles the body while projecting through it; the beam is then detected by multiple sensors in a CT scanner

CT

an x-ray beam is used with a computer to provide a cross-sectional images

sexual aversion disorder

aversion to or avoidance of genital sexual contact with a partner

external rotation

away from the center of the body

carbon dioxide (capn/o

back to the lungs for expiration.

gangrene

bacterial invasion and the subsequent decomposition of necrotic tissue; an event hat interrupts the blood supply

Treatment Options for Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)

balloon angioplasty (angi/o = artery; -plasty = surgical repair), atherectomy (ather/o = plaque; -ectomy = removal), and embolic protection devices, which are filters that capture embolic debris during stenting

utero-ovarian ligaments.

bands of fibrous tissues, connect uterus and ovaries

muscles

bands of strong tissue that are responsible for movement

types of contrast media

barium (Ba) sulfate, iodine, and nitrogen gas

cuticle

base of each nail

grading

based on the microscopic appearance of the tumor cells

decubitus ulcer (deuce)

bedsore, which is an open sore over a bony prominence caused by an external pressure source

a.c., ac

before meal

carcinomas

begin in the epithelial tissue that lines external and internal body surfaces

Impulse conduction

begins when the receptors of our sensory (or afferent) neurons detect (sense) a change in the environment

flexion

bending motion at joint

subcutaneous (SC)

beneath the dermis, spongy porous layer with a rich blood supply and a wealth of fat-producing cells

adenomas

benign tumors that arise from epithelial cells

Antidysrhythmic medications

beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and digoxin; convert fibrillation to a normal sinus rhythm

protein

bind with receptors on the plasma membrane of the target tissue cells

anthracosis

black lung disease, caused by the inspiration and accumulation of coal dust in lungs

dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB)

bleeding more than usual

cerebral hemorrhage,

bleeding within the brain from a ruptured cerebral blood vessel

Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)

block neurotransmitter reuptake at nerve endings

tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

block neurotransmitters by blocking their reuptake from synapses between nerve cells

cerebral aneurysm,

blood building up in the spaces surrounding her brain

thrombus

blood clot

deep vein thrombosis

blood clot, or thrombus, is formed in a large vein

coagulation

blood clotting

veins

blood comes from venues to this and carry it back to the heart

Rh positive

blood contains this antigen

hematuria.

blood in the urine

thrombotic stroke

clot or fatty deposits narrow and eventually block, or occlude, the vessel opening

talipes

clubfoot, foot is twisted out of shape or position

floaters

clumps of vitreous humor that look like black spots in the field of vision; signs of renal detachment

irregular bones

clustered into groups; also called the sesamoid bones

islets of Langerhans

clusters of cells scattered throughout the pancreas that form the endocrine portion of the gland

Rhonchi (sing., rhonchus)

coarse, loud rumbling sounds similar to snoring; caused by congestion and inflammation in the larger bronchi

systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

collagen in connective tissue throughout the body becomes chronically inflamed, affecting tendons, ligaments, bones, and cartilage

atelectasis

collapsed lung; the collapse of part or the entire lung; without (a-) complete (tele/o) expansion (-ectasis)

clavicle

collarbone

abscess

collection of pus in a confined space

Doppler flow studies

color-flow imaging; can record blood flow velocity, as well as detect obstructions caused by atherosclerotic plaques

CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA)

combines CT scanning and angiography and is used to examine the pulmonary circulation to air the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism

CT-PET fusion imaging

combines the anatomic details of a CT scan with the molecular metabolic information of a PET scan

guaiac

comes from the name of the paper surface used in the test, which contains a chemical compound that is extracted from the resin of Guaiacum trees

follicular tumor cells

common in thyroid gland cancer and can form glandular sacs of their own

hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD)

common viral illness in children caused by enterovirus

Bone scintigraphy

commonly called a bone scan

lung scintigraphy

commonly called a lung scan

Spinal nerves

communicate with the chest, abdomen, and extremities, making sensation and movement possible

radiocurable

completely eradicated by radiation therapy

neonatology

concentrates on the care of newborns

estrogen receptors (ERs)

concentration in tumor cells of patients with breast cancer is used more to guide treatment choices than to diagnose

fibromyalgia

condition characterized by diffuse pain and areas that are increasingly sensitive to touch (tender points)

erythema

condition of redness (erythem/o, erythemat/o) of the skin caused by dilation and congestion of the capillaries

Efferent (motor)

conduct impulses away (ef-) from the brain and spinal cord toward the muscles and glands

Valves (valvul/o, valv/o)

connect the upper and lower chambers of the heart and keep blood flowing in one direction

spondylosis

degenerative osteoarthritis of the spine; involves degenerative changes to the intervertebral disks accompanied by the formation of osteophytes

osteoarthritis

degernative arthritis or degenerative joint disease is caused by wear and tear on the joints and produces a narrowing of the joint space attributable to a loss of cartilage

Aphasia and dysphasia

degrees of speech impairments

repression

deliberately "forgetting" unacceptable thoughts, feelings, impulses, or memories

transdermal patches

deliver drugs directly into the systemic circulation through the skin and are used for pain relief, birth control, hormone replacement, and nicotine delivery for smoking cessation therapy

exocrine glands

deliver their secretions through ducts

radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFA)

delivers radiofrequency energy to destroy tissue that causes arrhythmias

Internal respiration

delivery of that oxygen from the capillaries into tissue cells all over the body and the uptake of carbon dioxide, which is sent back to the lungs and exhaled

colleagen

dense connective tissue strands

radiopaque

dense substances that absorb most of the x-ray beams aimed at it

scirrhous tumor

densely packed and overgrown with fibrous tissue; common in breast and stomach cancers

sedatives and hypnotics

depress the CNS to help promote drowsiness and sleep

general anesthetic

depresses the activity of the central nervous system and produces a loss of consciousness to block pain perception

alcoholism

depresses the functions of the central nervous system, damage mucosal lining of stomach, cause inflammation or the esophagus

sulci

depressions or grooves on the cerebral cortex

mixed-tissue tumors

derived from several different types of cells capable of differentiating into both epithelial and connective tissue

Pulmonary circulation

describes the blood's route from the heart through the lungs (pulmon/o)—where it is oxygenated (ox/o = oxygen)—and back to the heart

macrophages

destroy old red blood cells and platelets in a process called hemolysis (in the spleen)

Cryogenic surgery

destroys cancerous cells using extreme cold

cauterization

destroys the tumor by burning it

electromyography (EMG)

determine the severity of nerve impingement and rule out possible peripheral neuropathy or other problems

melanin

determines the darkness of a persons skin

antiglobulin test (Coombs test)

determines the presence of antibodies in infants of Rh-negative women or in patients with autoimmune hemolytic anemia

squamous cell carcinoma

develop from the lining of the bronchial passages; better prognosis

stable angina

develops during exertion and resolves at rest

silicosis

develops from the accumulation of silica or glass dust in the lungs

withdrawal state

develops with the abrupt removal (withdrawal) of the substance being abused

CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure)

device used to deliver air into the airway

chest x-ray (CXR) image

diagnostic for pneumonia

play therapy

during which children use toys to express feelings they cannot directly communicate.

bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)

diagnostic procedure during which the bronchoscope is passed through the mouth or nose into the lung and fluid is put into a small part of the lung and then recollected for examination

echocardiography

diagnostic sonography of the heart and blood vessels

inspiration,

diaphragm contracts and descends; enlarges the area in the thoracic cavity, which decreases internal air pressure allowing air to flow into the lungs

dyspnea

difficult breathing

Dystocia

difficult labor and delivery

erectile dysfunction (impotence) (ED)

difficulty achieving or maintaining an erection

dyspnea

difficulty breathing

sensory aphasia

difficulty understanding language and may easily pronounce words but may not use them appropriately

calcium channel blockers

dilate the blood vessels, lowering blood pressure

intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)

direct injection of sperm into harvested ova

encephalopathy

disease (-pathy) of the brain (encephal/o)

sarcoidosis

disease caused by small areas of inflammation; most common in the lungs (pulmonary sarcoidosis)

radiculopathy

disease that affects the nerve root of spinal nerves

myelopathy

disease that affects the spinal cord

Cluster C

disorders characterized by anxiety and fear

hysterosalpingogram

displays an outline of the organs, revealing their size, shape, and position

ligation and stripping procedure

distended vein is tied off (ligated) and removed

chronic bronchitis

distinguished by the excessive production of mucus and a recurrent cough; slow, progressive and continuous onset of the disease

interatrial septum

divides the right and left atria

interventricular septum

divides the right and left ventricles

endocrinologist

doctors who specialize in the endocrine system

simple fracture

does not rupture the skin

diplopia,

double (dipl/o) vision (-opia)

Cluster B

dramatic and emotional personality disorders; antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic

radiopharmaceutical (pharmaceut/o = drug), or a labeled compound

drug containing the radionuclide

antipyretic

drug fights against (anti-) fever (pyret/o)

receptor

drug moves across cell membrane in a process called transport

sublingual administration

drugs are dissolved under the tongue rather than swallowed; faster route and bypasses the digestive tract

antiviral antibiotic

drugs do the same against viruses, such as the herpes virus and human immunodeficiency virus

Anticoagulant and antiplatelet

drugs that affect blood clotting

opioids

drugs that are derived from the opium poppy; depress CNS; morphine, codeine, and heroin

radiosensitizers

drugs that increase the tumor's sensitivity to x-rays

controlled substances

drugs that produce dependence and have a potential for abuse or addition

xerophthalmia

dry eye; a lack of adequate tear production and eye lubrication

xerostomia

dry mouth

endocrine glands

ductless; secrete chemicals directly into the bloodstream

three meningeal layers

dura mater, arachnoid, pia

estrogens

estradiol and estrone, are responsible for the expression of female sexual characteristics and for maintaining the proper sequence in the female reproductive cycle

cranial bones

ethmoid, frontal, occipital, parietal, sphenoid, and temporal

antipsychotics

euroleptic drugs, is the medical intervention of choice

thyroid gland

euthyroid; secretes thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and calcitonin

Apgar score

evaluates five factors that may indicate a need for immediate intervention once baby is born; heart rate, respiration, muscle tone, color, and response to skin stimulation

q2h

every 2 hours

qhs

every bedtime

qPM

every evening

q.h., qh

every hour

qAM

every morning

mild tranquilizers

ex. benzodiazepines; control minor anxiety symptoms

intrathecal injection

ex. chemotherapy; drug is delivered into the space underlying the membranes, or meninges that surround the spinal cord and brain

major tranquilizers

ex. phenothiazines; control more severe behavior disturbances and disorders

Cytogenetic analysis

examines chromosomes for breaks, translocations, or deletions of DNA

moles or nevi

example of dysplastic cells

patella

examples of an irregular bone

hypoglycemia

excess secretion of insulin lowers the blood glucose level; insulin shock

adrenal virlism

excess secretion of the androgens by the inner layer of the adrenal cortex

Phobic disorders

excessive and unreasonable fear (-phobia) of a particular object or situation

hypersecreton

excessive production

polydipsia

excessive thirst

menometrorrhagia

excessive uterine bleeding that occurs both during and between menstrual periods

paranoia

excessive, delusional suspicions of harassment or persecution

photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) and laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK)

excimer laser is used to reshape the cornea and thus correct the refractory error

polyuria

excretion of excessive quantities of urine

hypothalamus

exerts control over virtually all of the internal organs; maintain the body's water balance, regulates body temperature and sleep cycles

expiration

exhalation—breathing out

hydrocephalus

exhibits an enlarged head (cephal/o), an abnormally small face, and eyes that appear to be depressed within their sockets; caused by a interference in cerebrospinal fluid flow

ulcerating tumor

exhibits an exposed surface from the death of overlying tissue

id

exists entirely within the unconscious; instict; motivates all behavior; governed by the please principle

sweat glands

exocrine glands that produce a transparent watery liquid that travels through a duct to the surface of the skin

diastolic pressure

expected blood pressure range 60 to 90 mm Hg

systolic pressure

expected blood pressure range is 100 to 140 mm Hg

sessile polypoid tumor

extends from a broad base

pedunculated polypoid tumor

extends from a stalk or stem

vulva

external structures of the female reproductive system

perineum

external, diamond-shaped area observed between the scrotum and anus

blue babies

extreme cyanosis (cyan/o = blue) and hypoxia (hypo- = deficient; ox/o = oxygen; -ia = condition); anoxia is an absence (an-) of oxygen in tissues

miotics

eye drops; to improve drainage of aqueous humor and to decrease its production

external structures of the eye

eyelids (blephar/o, palpebr/o), eyebrows, and eyelashes

Contraindications

factors in the patients condition that make the use of a drug dangerous and ill advised

cor pulmonale

failure of the right side of the heart to pump sufficiently to the lungs, which causes the right ventricle to enlarge

syncope

fainting; a temporary loss or cutting off of consciousness attributable to diminished blood flow to the brain

macule

flat, circumscribed lesion less than a centimeter in diameter

negative symptoms

flatness of affect and unwillingness to initiate purposeful activities; a behavior or feeling that is normally present but is absent or diminished in mental illness

pleural effusion

fluid accumulating between the lining of the lungs and chest cavity

peripheral edema

fluid backs up into other parts of the body, causing swelling of the abdominal organs and of the extremities

pericardial fluid

fluid between the visceral and parietal pericardium; allowing the layers of the pericardium to move without friction

ventricles

fluid filled spaces in the brain

surfactant

fluid in the pleural cavity that helps keep the lungs inflated and lubricates the lungs as they expand and contract during respiration

culdocentesis

fluid is removed through a needle inserted through the vagina into the cul-de-sac (culd/o)

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

fluid that circulates within ventricles; as well as the fluid around the brain and spinal cord,

lobar pneumonia

fluid, blood cells, and other debris consolidate, or solidify, within the alveoli of one or more lobes

infiltrate

fluid-filled area seen in chest x-ray that is the sign of pneumonia

transudates

fluids from congestive heart failure, pulmonary embolism, or cirrhosis

exudates

fluids from tumors or infections

Cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT)

focus of CBT is on the difficulties the patient is experiencing with thinking, behaving, and communicating in his life now, rather than on early childhood experiences

social psychology

focused on social interactions and their influence on an individuals behavior

Staging

focuses on the extent of metastasis, or spread, rather than on microscopic appearance

generic

for legal and scientific purpose; name that is easier to recognize

continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

for patients with serious sleep apnea; used to relieve airway obstruction

ulna

forearm

palatine bones

form part of the hard palate of the mouth

Alveolar tumor cells

form patterns that resemble small, microscopic sacs (alveol/o); commonly found in tumors of muscle, bone, fat, and cartilage

interstitial (Leydig) cells

form the connective and supportive tissue (stroma) of the testes; manufacture testosterone

temporal bones

form the lower sides and base of the cranium

Thrombosis

formation of a clot or the accumulation of hardened fatty deposits within a blood vessel; most frequent cause of stroke

hematopoiesis

formation of all types of blood cells in the bone

Atherosclerosis

formation of fatty plaque (ather/o) that hardens (-sclerosis) the arterial wall,

blood-brain barrier (BBB)

formed by astrocytes; protective barrier between the blood and brain cells

rib cage

formed by the thoracic vertebra, sternum & ribs, and costal cartilages

proteins

formed from amino acids

temporomandibular joint

formed from the mandible and temporal bone together

sphenoid

forms part of the floor and walls of the eye sockets, extending to form part of the base of the skull

frontal bone

forms the forehead and roof over the eye sockets

acetabulum

forms the hip socket for the head of the femurs

third degree burn

full thickness, all layers of the skin have been injured

ovaries and testes

function as glands because they secrete hormones

pancreas

functions as both endocrine gland and digestive organ

immunoglobulins (Ig)

gamma globulins; protect the body from antigens—substances capable of eliciting an immune response

vitreous humor

gelatin-like substance (vitre/o = glassy) that also helps preserve the eyeball's shape

osteogenesis imperfecta (OI)

genetic disorder characterized by bones that easily break, often from little to no apparent cause

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

genetic material

dyspareunia

genital pain associated with sexual intercourse

Nonseminomatous germ cell tumors (NSGCTs)

germ cell tumors that contain embryonal stem cells; (1) embryonal carcinoma, (2) yolk sac tumor, (3) choriocarcinoma, and (4) teratoma.

Ovarian cysts

globular sacs filled with fluid or semisolid material that develop in or on the ovaries

palliative care

goal is to relieve as many symptoms as possible including pain

Antidepressants

gradually return a patient to a more even state with less persistent and less severe depressive symptoms

Basophils

granules stain dark blue or purple in response to basic (bas/o) or alkaline dye, are the least numerous of the white blood cells; active in fighting parasitic infections

diameter

greater than 6 miilimeters

callus

grown on the weight-bearing areas of the feet and on the palmar surface of the hands

ankylosing

grown together

stool guaiac test

guaiac fecal occult blood test (gFOBT), which detects the presence of blood in feces (occult = hidden, not visible).

hirsutism

hair growth on the face and body

Ependyma

hairlike processes, or cilia, that help the fluid to circulate

osseous tissue

hard connective tissue that bone is made of

keratin

hard, water-repellent protein

autologous bone marrow transplant (ABMT)

harvesting of one's own healthy bone marrow, which is then stored for reintroduction later

Type AB

has both A and B antigens

right and left bronchial tubes

have a muscular wall surrounded by cartilage rings

selective estrogen-receptor modulators (SERMs)

have estrogen-like effects on bone; cause an increase bone mineral density

grade I tumors

have the highest survival rate and patients with subsequent grades have poorer survival rates

Pernicious

having a harmful effect or being destructive

Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)

he average volume, or size, of a single red blood cell

acrosome

head of the sperm which contains the nucleus; carrier of genetic information

cephalgia

head pain

Chronic glaucoma

headaches, blurred vision, and eye pain may be present, in addition to the loss of peripheral vision

chiropractors

health care professional that focuses on disorders of the musculoskeletal and nervous sytem

myocardial infarction

heart attack

acute myocardial infarction

heart attack; (1) the coronary artery becomes blocked by plaque; (2) the artery ruptures or a blood clot develops, causing thrombotic occlusion; (3) blood flow decreases (ischemia); and (4) death (necrosis) of part of the myocardium occurs

thoracic cavity

heart lies in the _____; behind the breastbone in the mediastinum

extracorporeal circulation

heart-lung machine is used to divert blood from the heart and lungs to be artificially oxygenated outside (extra-) of the body (corpor/o) and then returned to an artery

Inflammation

heat, redness, pain, and swelling, helps contain the infection and promote a return to normal by stimulating the arrival of white blood cells to the injured site

menorrhagia

heavy menstral bleeding

electroencephalography (EEG)

help detect abnormal electrical discharges from the brain and to locate the specific area from which they originate

Oligodendrocytes

help hold nerve fibers together; produce myelin to form sheaths that surround the brain and spinal cord

lymphocytes

help mediate the body's immune response

monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)

help neurotransmitters work longer by blocking their natural inhibitor, the enzyme monoamine oxidase

insulin-producing beta cells

help regulate blood glucose levels

intramuscular (IM) injection

helps avoid skin irritation and is useful for large volumes of long-acting drugs

epinephrine

helps body response to stress by elevating the blood pressure, increasing heart rate, dilating the bronchial passages increase respiration and making more glucose available to the cells

insulin

helps glucose to be picked up by the body's cells and it promotes the conversion of glucose to glycogen

pharmacy technician

helps licensed pharmacists provide medications and other health care products to customers

cerebellum

helps maintain balance and posture; perform coordinated and smoothly executed movements

aqueous humor (aque/o = water)

helps maintain the shape of the eyeball and nourish the iris, lens, and cornea

occupational therapy

helps patients perform fine-motor functions and improve their ability to perform activities of daily living

Antiosteoporosis drugs

helps prevent abnormal loss of bone density and increase calcium deposition in bone

Erythroblastosis fetalis

hemolytic disease in the newborn (HDN) caused by a blood group (Rh factor) incompatibility between the mother and the fetus

meningocele

herniation (-cele) of the meninges (mening/o)

Secondary hypertension

high blood pressure that is a consequence of another condition, such as renal disease, endocrine disorders, or neurologic disorders

hypertension

high blood pressure; blood pressure greater than 140/90

placenta

highly vascular organ that serves as a bridge to the maternal circulation for the exchange of nutrients and wastes

sella turcica

holds pituitary gland

bone depression

hollows; open regions that serve as connections between bones or nerves

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

hormone made by the hypothalamus that causes the pituitary gland to release follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

hormone secreted by placenta; chemical component present in the urine of a pregnant woman; promotes the continued secretion of estrogen and progesterone

progesterone

hormone that stimulates growth of the endometrial lining of the uterus to support the fertilized ovum should pregnancy occur

target tissues and organs

hormones affect these specific tissues

cushing syndrome

hyper secretion of cortisol from the adrenal cortex may reflect the effect of excessive levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), also called adrenocorticotropin, on its target organ—the adrenal gland—or it may be caused by a tumor of the adrenal cortex

gigantism

hyper secretion of growth hormone before puberty; a condition characterized by excessive size and stature

hyperopia

hypermetropia and farsightedness, the rays of light entering the eye are brought into focus at a point behind the retina, which causes the perceived image to appear blurred

Addison disease

hypo function of the adrenal cortex; all three categories of adrenal steroids—mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens—are deficient

diabetes insipidus (DI)

hypo secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH); kidney fails to reabsorb needed salts and water

pituitary dwarfism

hypo secretion of growth hormone; body is properly proportional but growth is stunted and height typically does not exceed 4 feet

tenosynovitis

if the inflmmation of a tendon involves synovial membrane

igital subtraction angiography (DSA)

images of blood vessels filled with contrast medium; and computer is used to subtract those from images in which contrasts was not used to form a composite x-ray

mammography

imaging technique specifically used for the early detection of cancer of the breast

plantar flexion

imitates the action of stepping on the gas while driving

osteoblasts

immature bone cells; small; produce the bony tissue that replaces cartilage during ossification

Myeloblasts

immature bone marrow cells, give rise to granulocytes

oocyte

immature ovum

sutures

immovable joints between the bones of skull

ectopic pregnancy

implantation outside of the uterus

sedative-hypnotics (or sedatives and hypnotics)

important medical uses (hypn/o = sleep)

largest clusters of lymph nodes are found

in the neck (cervical), in the armpit (axillary), between the lungs (mediastinal), and in the groin (inguinal)

teratoma

in the testes is malignant

shave biopsy

incising the lesion with a cut that is parallel to the skin

vasectomy

incision is made into the scrotum, and the vas deferens (vas/o) is surgically cut and tied off for the purpose of sterilization

tracheotomy

incision made to create the opening in the throat

Graphomotor projection tests

include the Draw-a-Person test (in which the patient is asked to draw a body) and the Bender-Gestalt Test, which picks up deficits in mental processing and memory caused by brain damage and is often used to screen children for developmental challenges or delays

Abnormal motor behavior

includes involuntary movements and mannerisms from childlike silliness to unpredictable agitation

Interventional radiology

includes procedures such as percutaneous biopsy, placement of drainage catheters, and radiofrequency ablation (removal) of tumors and tissues

triiodothyronine (T3) and tetraiodothyronine (T4)

increase body cell metabolism, as well as calcitonin to decrease the levels of blood calcium (calc/o, calci/o)

SERMs (selective estrogen-receptor modulators)

increase bone formation

acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)

increase in the number of immature granulocytes, particularly in the bone marrow but also in the bloodstream

biguanides

increase the body sensitivity to insulin and reduce liver production of glucose

Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)

increase the levels of these two neurotransmitters in the brain

hemolysis

increased break down of red blood cells; could be a cause of anemia

fecal occult blood (FOB)

indicate colorectal cancer, and other noncancerous conditions such as peptic ulcers and inflammatory bowel disease

opioids

induce a near unconsciousness that inhibits mental and physical activity

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

induces the development of ovarian follicles and their secretion of estrogen

hormones

influent or control the activities of other tissues or organs

inspiration

inhalation—breathing in

Cystic fibrosis (CF)

inherited (genetic) disorder that affects the mucous membranes of the respiratory system; mucous glands produce thick, abundant secretions that cause chronic airway obstruction

Thalassemia

inherited defect in the ability to produce hemoglobin, which leads to hypochromia

spherocytic anemia

inherited trait results in the production of erythrocytes that are spheroid (spher/o = round; -oid = resembling, derived from) rather than round and biconcave

growth hormone release-inhibiting factor, or somatostatin

inhibits the production of natural growth hormone

Thromboplastin

initiates further coagulation—the clotting (coagul/o) process—by converting the plasma protein prothrombin to thrombin in the presence of calcium

intravenous (IV) injection

injection delivered directly into the vein for an almost immediate effect and when delivered into other tissue would not be a safe route

intradermal injection

injection is made into the upper layer of the skin; used for skin testing for allergies

intracavitary injection

injection made into a body cavity

Sclerotherapy

injection of a solution that scars and closes the varicose veins (scler/o = hard)

parenteral administration

injections involved with the administration of a drug from a tube syringe through a hollow needle placed under the skin

gonadocorticoids

inner layer of the adrenal cortex which secrets the male and female sex hormones

endometrium

inner lining of the uterine mucous membrane or tissue

fundus

inner posterior surface of the eye

tracheostomy

insert a tue into a surgically created opening in the trachea

amniocentesis

insertion of a needle through the abdomen for aspiration of amniotic fluid (16 weeks)

vocal cords

inside larynx

asbestosis

inspiration and accumulation of asbestos particles

resectoscope

instrument used to excise prostatic tissue

iron-deficiency anemia

insufficient iron in the blood to synthesize hemoglobin

type 1 diabetes

insulin-dependent; receive daily injections of insulin

hypnotic drugs

intended to induce sleep

endocrine drugs

intended to mimic the actions of specific, natural-occurring (endogenous) hormones

nasal cavity

interior of the nose; lies over the roof of the mouth and is separated by a midline partition known as the septum

emetic

invaluable in inducing vomiting in the case of certain ingested poisons

Tonic-clonic seizures

involuntary muscle contractions that often alternate with rigidity

smooth muscles

involuntary or visceral muscles which operate internal organs blood vessels, and glandular ducts

obsession

involuntary, persistent idea or emotion

Substance abuse and substance-related disorders

involve a maladaptive pattern of use of a psychoactive chemical.

In vitro

involve the addition of a radioactive material to a blood or urine specimen after it has been collected

tuberculin tests

involve the introduction of purified protein derivative (PPD) of the tubercle bacilli into skin

Ependymal cells

involved in the production of the fluid that fills these central nervous system spaces

Humoral immunity

involves B cells, also called B lymphocytes

dry AMD

involves atrophy and deterioration of retinal cells, along with deposits of clumps of extracellular debris, or drusen

pruritus

itching

KUB

kidney, ureters and bladder

thyroid function tests (TFTs)

laboratory methods that measure the levels of thyroid hormone in the blood

asphyxia

lack of (a-) pulse (-sphyxia); can lead to abnormally deficient oxygen levels in the arterial blood (hypo- + ox/o + -emia = hypoxemia)

hypotonia

lack of muscle tone

Rh negative

lack the antigen

prolactin (PRL)

lactogenic hormone; secreted by anterior PG; stimulated the growth and development of the mammary glands

nerve tracts

large bundle of nerve fibers that are divided into smaller bundles

osteoclasts

large cells that function to reabsorb, or digest bony tissue; also called bone phagocytes

Eosinophils

large cytoplasmic granules that stain red (eosin/o) with the acidic dye eosin; respond to parasitic infections and become phagocytes in allergic reactions

plexus

large network of nerves in the peripheral nervous system

cystic

large open spaces filled with fluid; frequently found in ovaries

macrophages

large phagocytes that are found in the lymph nodes and are capable of engulfing and destroying infectious agents

ecchymoses

large, bluish-purple spots—commonly known as bruise

apocrine glands

larger excretory organs deeply embedded in the dermal lay of skin under the arms (axilla)

aorta (aort/o)

largest artery in the body

frontal lobe

largest lobe, responsible for voluntary control over most of the skeletal muscles, personality and higher mental processing

calcaneus

largest tarsal bone, heel

radius

lateral bone in forearm, in line with thumb

strabismus

lazy eye; the inability of the eyes to focus simultaneously on the same object

T lymphocytes

learn to identify and accept the body's antigens

subcutaneous injection

least invasive parenteral administration; a small hypodermic needle is inserted into the subcutaneous tissue under the skin

Group therapy

led by a health professional who acts as a neutral moderator as patients with similar problems gain insight into their own personalities through discussions and interaction with each other

U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

legal responsibility for deciding whether a drug may be disseminated and sold

leukoplakia

lesion that has a tendency to become cancerous, evolving into squamous cell carcinoma; thick white pates on the tongue or cheek

transports

nutrients and oxygen (O2) to the cells (oxygenated transport) to power the body's many functions

hemoglobin (Hb, Hgb) test

mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), a measure of the average concentration of hemoglobin in a single cell (corpuscle), and the mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), the average amount of hemoglobin in a single cell

ped/o

meaning child

pedophilia,

means "to love a child."; disturbance is marked by the experience of fantasies or actions that involve engaging in sex with prepubertal children

osseous

means pertaining to bone

tinea

means ringworms; a fungal infection of the skin that may affect the stratum corneum, the hair, or the nails

infiltrative

means the tumor extend into adjacent healthy tissue

rubeola

measles

pharmacokinetics

measure how quickly drugs disappear from the bloodstream and tissues and investigate drug routes (oral, intravenous) and schedules to determine how best to achieve the goal of tumor destruction with the least harm to normal cells.

serum and urine tests

measure the number of hormones, electrolytes, glucose and other substances to assess a number of endocrine functions

sphygmomanometer

measures blood pressure

fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) test

measures specific antibodies to the syphilis bacterium

exophthalmometry

measures the forward displacement of the eyes in the person with Graves disease

bleeding time test

measures the time required for blood to stop flowing from a tiny puncture wound; normal is 8 minutes or less

physiatrists

medical physicians whose focus is on rehab of muscles, bones, and nerves after an injury or illness

mycosis

medical term for a fungal infection

urticaria

medical term for hives

pharynx (pharyng/o)

medical term for throat; serves as a passageway for food and air

pleura (pleur/o)

membranous layer which folds over to line the chest wall

pericardium

membranous sac that surrounds the outside of the heart

Lymph capillaries

merge to form large tubulars called lymph vessels

Positron emission tomography (PET)

method used to image the body cell with the use of radioactive tractor that is injected before imaging begins

capillaries

microscopic blood vessels with walls thin enough to permit the exchange of oxygen and nutrients from the blood into the tissue fluid surrounding the body's cells

Exfoliative cytology

microscopic examination of scraped cells

semen analysis

microscopic examination of the semen to determine the number, motility, and shape of the sperm cells

synapse

microscopic space between neurons

myocardium

middle muscular layer of heart

diaphysis

middle shaft of the long bone

laxatives

mild

CIN I

mild dysplasia

Hypomania

milder in degree; not result in the impairment

mitral valve stenosis and aortic stenosis

mitral and aortic valves are most commonly affected

mitral valvulitis

mitral valve becomes inflamed

CIN II

moderate-to-marked dysplasia

nevus

mole; hyper pigmented area of the skin

Absence seizures

momentary alterations in consciousness

glycosylated hemoglobin test (HbA1c),

monitors long-term glucose control by measuring the percentage of red blood cells with glucose attached

leukocytes

mononucleaur

secondary syphilis,

months later, papulosquamous eruptions or erythematous papules, hair loss, swelling of the lymph nodes, and bone and joint pain

salpingectomy

resection of the fallopian tube

dermatitis

name given to any skin inflammation

proximal epiphysis

nearer to the midline of body

myopia

nearsightedness; the most frequently occurring type of refractive error

cervix

neck of the uterus

the brain (encephal/o), spinal cord (myel/o), and nerves (neur/o)

nervous system communications infrastructure—a high-speed information network

Cerebral palsy(CP)

neurological disorder; partial paralysis; lack of muscle coordination; inability to make purposeful movements; impairment of speech, vision, and hearing; and varying degrees of mental retardation

pulmonary neoplasm

new formation or structure

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)

new minimally invasive, catheter-based technology used to treat aortic stenosis and mitral stenosis;involves the placement of a balloon-expandable aortic heart valve into the body via a catheter

mammary papilla

nipple

anesthesia

no (an-) discernible feeling or nervous sensation (esthesi/o, -esthesia)

benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

noncancerous condition; characterized by the enlargement of portions of the prostate gland; can obstruct urine flow

fiberoptic colonoscopy

noninvasive procedure that uses a fiberoptic instrument to perform a visual examination of the colon

transurethral microwave thermotherapy (TUMT)

nonsurgical way to treat BPH; heat capable of destroying excess prostatic tissue is delivered to a designated area using a device

second degree burn

partial thickness, involving the epidermis and dermis

septa (sing., septum)

partitions that separate right from left side

steroid

pass through the plasma membrane and bind with receptors inside the cell

systemic circulation

pathway of blood from the heart to the capillaries and back to the heart

Pt

patient

Motor aphasia

patient knows what he or she wants to say but cannot pronounce the words

clinical psychology

patient oriented; trained to diagnose and treat patients

Autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT)

patients serve as his or her own donor for stem cells

white blood cell differential

percentage of different types of leukocytes in the blood

thoracentesis

performed if the cause of the effusion is unknown

punch biopsy

performed to remove the core of then abnormal tissue when excision of the entire lesion is not possible

avoidant personality disorder

person is hypersensitive to criticism and disapproval; leads to avoidance of social interactions

disorganized thinking (speech)

person may switch from one topic to another, resulting in incoherent, incomprehensible speech

apical

pertaining to (-al) or located at the apex of the lung

basilar

pertaining to the base of the lung

Microglia

phagocytic cells that play a role when brain tissue becomes injured or infected

adenoids

pharyngeal tonsils; located behind the nasal cavity

Systole

phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart contracts

radiologic technologists

physicians that assist by allied health professionals

Interventional radiologists

physicians who perform minimally invasive procedures under CT guidance or fluoroscopy

rheumatologist

physicians who specialize in the nonsurgical treatment of joint problems

PACS

picture archival and communication system

tinea corporis

pink-to-red ringlike plaques with raided borders

estrogen (estradiol) receptor assay

pinpoints the tumor's receptivity to estrogen

endocrine glands (aden/o)

pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, and adrenal glands

scleral buckling

placing a silicone band over the detached area, forcing the layers of the retina together

sublingual

placing it under (sub-) his tongue (lingu/o)

thrombocytes

platlets

origin

point attachment to an immovable or stationary bone; always proximal

insertion

point of attachment to a bone that moves; always distal

schizotypal

poor interpersonal relatedness, exhibiting an aloofness and indifference to others

cancellous bone

porous with a spongy latticework of separated bony fibers

fetal presentation

position of the baby in relation to the birth canal

collagen

the protein fiber that gives the skin its strength

neurohypophysis

posterior pituitary; downward projection of the brain and is made up of nervous tissue

endometrial hyperplasia

precursor for endometrial carcinoma; Overgrowth of the endometrium caused by sustained estrogen stimulation

side effects

predictable toxic effects that are considered tolerable

pharmacist

prepares and dispenses drugs through a pharmacy in response to a written order from a physician

sympathetic nervous system

prepares the body to act during times of stress; "fight-or-flight"

progesterone

prepares the uterine lining for pregnancy and maintains it during pregnancy

Natural immunity

present at birth; its development does not require previous exposure to a disease-producing substance

anticoagulant

prevent clotting in conditions such as thrombosis and embolism or int he blood used in transfusions

anticonvulsant

prevent or reduce the frequency of convulsions in various types of seizer disorders or epilepsy

birth control pills

prevent ovulation

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

prevent the neurotransmitter serotonin from being taken up into nerve endings, allowing it to remain longer in the space between nerve cells

demyelination

preventing production of new myelin

intrauterine device (IUD)

prevents implantation of an embryo

bone marrow

primarily consists of fat cells

blood cultures and blood analysis

primarily focus on growth hormones and growth factors, prolactin, gonadotropin, parathyroid hormone, calcium, and corisol

Coronary artery disease (CAD)

primary cause of angina, and atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries is usually the cause of CAD

cortisol

primary glucocorticoids; helps regulate glucose, fat, and protein metabolism

Bone marrow transplant (BMT)

procedural intervention that is an alternative to traditional excision or resection

echocardiogram

procedure that produces ^^^^

ophthalmoscopy

process in which the fundus is visualized

coronary circulation

process of providing the heart its own blood supply

Hallucinogens

produce mood changes, anxiety, hallucinations, and impaired thinking

lacrimal glands

produce the tears (lacrim/o, dacry/o) that moisten the eye and the eye muscles

Cone cells

produce vision in bright light and help see color; three types of cells for three primary colors—red, blue, and green

"dub"

produced by the closure of the pulmonary and aortic valves at the end of systole

Iatrogenic effects

produced by treatment itself or as a result of errors or individual sensitivity

Identical twins

produced from a single fertilized ovum; always the same sex

thymus (thym/o),

produces a kind of lymphocyte called a T cell (T lymphocyte); lies in the mediastinum; single organ with two lobes containing lymphoid cells

yolk sac

produces blood cells in an embryo

Electron beam radiation

produces low-energy rays to treat skin cancer and surface tumors

apoptosis

programmed cell death

Multiple sclerosis (MS)

progressive disorder in which the myelin sheath surrounding neurons in the brain and spinal cord is destroyed

peripheral arterial occlusion

progressive narrowing and eventual obstruction of the arteries, particularly those carrying blood to the legs, arms, kidneys, and other organs

mesothelioma

rare malignant tumor that is derived from mesothelial tissue

lyme arthritis (LA)

rash develops of the site optic bite an flu like symptoms; later symptoms include joint pain and neurological problems

atria

receive blood returning to the heart from the veins throughout the body

right atrium

receives venous blood from the inferior and superior venae cavae to tricuspid valve

Leukotriene modifiers,

recent additions to antiinflammatory therapy for asthma, prevent asthma attacks by blocking the bronchoconstrictor leukotriene from binding to respiratory tissue receptors.

histrionic personality disorder

recognizable in the patients excessive emotionality and attention-seeking behaviors

T cells

recognize and remember specific antigens and produce stronger attacks each time the antigen is encountered

urethritis

recognized by painful or burning sensation on urination and urethral discharge; sign of chlamydia in men

Chemotherapy

recommended for nonseminomatous tumors

coitus

record helps plan the timing of sexual intercourse

electrocardiogram

record produced by electrocardiography

erythrocytes

red blood cells

myeloid tissue

red bone marrow

purpura

red or purple discoloration seen on the surface of the skin caused by bleeding under the skin

Cholesterol-reducing agents (statins), or HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors,

reduce cholesterol production in the liver

Anesthetics

reduce or eliminate sensitivity to all kinds of sensation

Aromatase inhibitors

reduce the amount of estrogen

mood stabilizers

reduce the levels for manic symptoms such as rapid speech, hyperactive movements, grandiose ideas, agitation and irritability, and the decreased need for sleep

carotid endarterectomy

reduces the risk of stroke

angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors

referred to as ACE inhibitors (type 1),

Refraction

refers to the bending of light rays as they pass through the cornea, lens, and other structures of the eye en route to the retina

mediastinum (mediastin/o)

region between the lungs in the chest cavity that contains the trachea, heart, lymph nodes, aorta, esophagus, and bronchial tube

mineralocorticoids

regulate the amount of salts in the blood; outer layer of cortex

Involuntary functions

regulated by the autonomic nervous system

neurotransmitters

released from vesicles, or sacs, at the end of the axon

antidepressants

relieve depression in a variety of ways: by elevating mood, increasing activity and alertness, and improving appetite and sleep patterns

sublingual nitroglycerin, oxygen, and aspirin

relieved his coronary spasms (chest pain)

vertebroplasty

relieves pain from compression fractures of the vertebrae

-pheresis

removal

orchiectomy

removal of a testis

enucleation

removal of the entire eye ball

hypophysectomy

removal of the tumor in cushing disease

biopsy

removes a living tissue sample for visual examination

plasmapheresis

removes only the plasma

radioresistent tumors

require large doses of radiation to produce cell death

Clinical trials

research studies designed to test the risks and efficacy of new drugs.

migraine

severe, recurring, unilateral, vascular headache

transvestic fetishism

sexual arousal and relief are achieved by dressing in clothing of the opposite sex

paraphillias

sexual arousal occurs in response to objects or situations that are not normally considered erotic

coitus

sexual intercourse

asymmetry

shape

red blood cell morphology

shape of red blood cells

tibia

shin bone

ejaculatory ducts

short tubes that begin at the base of the prostate gland, pass through the gland, and end in the prostatic portion of the urethra

SOB

shortness of breath

scapula

shoulderblad

pyelograms (urograms)

show the size and location of the kidneys, the filling of the renal collecting structures, the potency or the urinary tract and the presence of any cysts or tumors within the kidney

balanitis

simply an inflammation of the glans penis, caused by an overgrowth of either yeast or bacteria

integumentary system

skin and accessory organs (hair, nails, and sweat/sebaceous glands)

axial skeleton

skull, spinal column, ribs, and sternum

hemiparesis

slight paralysis effecting half of the body

monoparesis

slight paralysis effecting one limb

benzodiazepines

slow down the transmission of nerve impulses to the brain

fovea centralis

small depression in the middle of the macula that is the area of clearest vision; cones concentrated there

chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)

small lymphocytes—predominantly B cells—proliferate in the bone marrow, blood, liver, and lymphoid organs

Lymph nodes (lymphaden/o)

small oval glands that occur in clusters along the path of the lymph vessels; contain special cells to fight infection and vary in size

pulmonary sarcoidosis

small patches of inflamed cells can appear on the alveoli, bronchioles, or lymph nodes

graafian follicles, or ovarian follicles

small sacs which contain the ova

vesicles

small, circumscribed elevations on the skin that contain serous fluid

epicondyle

small, rounded process above the condyle

arterioles

smaller arteries,carry blood to the tiniest of the blood vessels

microcytic

smaller than normal

paronychia

soft tissue that surrounds the nail border

osteomalacia

softening of the bones

plant/o

sole of foot

nodules

solid, round, or oval-elevated lesions that are at least 1 centimeter in diameter

antigens

substances capable of inducing an immune system response

corticosteroids

substances derived from the adrenal cortex; three types of steroid hormones ; glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and sex hormones

psychoactive substances

substances that alter mood and behavior by their effect on the central nervous system [CNS]

radiolucent

substances that are less dense and permit the passage of x-ray beams

local anesthetic

such as Novocaine inhibits the conduction of pain impulses in sensory nerves in the single region where it is applied

cholesterol-binding drug

such as cholestyramine; bind to dietary cholesterol to prevent its uptake from the gastrointestinal tract

seizures

sudden uncontrolled bursts of neural activity

dissociative fugue

sudden, unexpected travel away from home or work with an inability to recall the past and often with the assumption of a new identity

unstable angina

suddenly occurs, often at rest or with minimal exertion or at lesser degrees of exertion than the individual's previous angina (crescendo angina)

pituitary gland

supplies numerous hormones that affect almost every bodily function; sometimes call the master gland

left coronary artery

supply the left atrium, the left ventricle, and a portion of the right ventricle

right coronary artery

supply the right atrium, the right ventricle, and a portion of the left ventricle

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)

suppress the monoamine oxidase (MAO) enzyme that normally degrades neurotransmitters

adrenalectomy

suppressing hormone overproduction with medication or by surgically removing the adrenal gland,

aneurysmectomy

surgical excision (-ectomy) of the aneurysm (aneurysm/o)

castration

surgical excision of the testicles; can reduce the production and secretion of the hormones that stimulate the growth of malignant cells;

ventriculoperitoneal shunt

surgical intervention to relieve pressure on the brain by inserting a tube to drain the excess of cerebrospinal fluid

valvotomy

surgical opening (-tomy) of a collapsed valve (valv/o)

vasovasostomy

surgical operation to reopen (-stomy) the vessel by rejoining the two ends of the severed vas deferens; aka reversal of vasectomy

Hysterectomy

surgical removal of the uterus

tendoplasty

surgical repair of a tendon

encapsulated

surrounded by fibrous capsule; typical of benign tumors

Hypertension

sustained elevation of blood pressure of 140/90 mm Hg or above

perspiration

sweat; watery secretion produced by the sweat glands that helps regulate body temperature through the cooling process of evaporation

edema

swelling of the brain tissue

Varicose veins (varicosities)

swollen and twisted veins, usually found in the lower extremities

tab

tablet

coccyx (coccyg/o)

tailbone

arthrography

taking radiographs of a joint after injecting the joint with opaque contrast material

gonadotropic hormones

target organs are the gonads

adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)

targets the outer portion of the adrenal gland (adrenal cortex) and causes it to secret three steroid hormones

alpha-glucosidase inhibitors

temporarily block enzymes that digest sugars

alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)

test can reveal multiple gestations and can detect conditions such as neural tube defects (14-19 weeks)

Acid phosphatase test and the prostate-specific antigen (PSA)

test for prostate cancer

genetic screening

tests family members to determine whether they have inherited a cancer-causing gene

empathy

the ability to understand and share the feelings of other people

alopecia

the absence or loss of hair from ares where it normally grows, especially in the scalp

Phlebotomy

the act of drawing or removing blood through a cut or puncture to obtain a sample for analysis

cardiac tamponade

the amount of accumulated fluid in the pericardial space becomes significant, then compression of the heart

dose

the amount of drug that is administered

half-life

the amount of time required for a radioactive substance to lose 50% of its radioactivity

dorsiflexion

the angle is decreases as the food bends upward

topical administration

the application of a drug via a spray, ointment, cream or lotion

cryosurgery

the application of subfreezing liquid nitrogen to destroy the lesion

perineum

the area between the vagina and the anus

Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

the aspiration of placental tissue, can be performed to diagnose genetic abnormalities

extracapsular extraction

the back part of the thin capsule that surrounds the lens is left in place

menarche

the beginning of mensuration at puberty

thrombotic occlusion

the blocking of a coronary artery by a blood clot (thromb/o)

Erythrocytes i

the blood carry oxygen away from the lungs to all parts of the body

tolerance

the body gets so used to a medication that greater amounts are required to achieve the same effect

Adaptive immunity

the body's ability to recognize and remember specific antigens in an immune response

spiral

the bone has been twisted and broken

Obstetrics

the branch of medicine concerned with pregnancy and childbirth

Thrombolysis

the breakdown (-lysis) of a blood clot (thromb/o)

nasal septum

the cartilage that separates the nasal cavities

Carcinoma in situ (CIS)

the cells are more abnormal than those with dysplastic changes, but they have not yet invaded adjacent structures; strong predictor of cervical cancer

melanocyte

the cells that produce the black (melan/o) pigment melanin

metabolism

the change the drug undergoes in the body

chemical name

the chemical formula that specifies the exact chemical making of the drug

pupil (cor/o, pupill/o)

the circular opening in the middle of the iris

Serum

the clear, watery fluid portion of the blood that remains after a clot has formed

expectoration

the clearing of sputum from the airway by coughing or spitting

coagulation

the clotting process

iris

the contractile disk that forms the colored portion of the eye

internal movement

the contraction and relaxation of muscles in the viscera

external movement

the contraction and relaxation of muscles that are attached to the bones

gray matter

the core of the spinal cord; cell bodies and dendrites of what are, predominantly, interneurons and motor neurons, are unmyelinated

pulmonary infarction

the death (necrosis) of lung tissue caused by an interrupted blood supply

fissures

the deepest sulci

pia mater

the delicate, inner layer that has a rich supply of blood vessels to nourish the nervous tissue

response

the desired and beneficial therapeutic effect of the drug

Cauterization

the destruction of tissue by burning with chemicals (silver nitrate) or an electrically heated instrument

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

the development of symptoms of anxiety and avoidance after a traumatic event

expiration

the diaphragm relaxes and ascends; the area in the thoracic cavity smaller, thus increasing air pressure in the chest

aneurysm

the dilation, or ballooning (aneurysm/o = widened blood vessel), of a weakened portion of an arterial wall

posteroanterior (PA)

the direction of the beam is from back (posterior) to front (anterior)

denominator

the distance from which the person being tested can read the letters; larger = poorer vision

cachexia

the most severe (cac/o = bad; -hexia = state or condition) form of malnutrition associated with cancer and other chronic, severe diseases and leads to wasting, emaciation, and decreased quality of life

myxedema

the most severe form of hypothyroidism; swelling of hands, face, and feet caused by accumulation of a mucuslike substance under the skin

Convergence

the movement of the eyes in unison toward a common point of fixation

ewing sarcoma

the name of the osteosarcoma in children

electrons

the negatively charged components of atoms

ego

the only part of the personality that maintains contact with reality, has the role of running interference; rational

thoracic vertebrae

the only vertebrae that articular with the 12 pairs of ribs; next twelve after first seven cervical

vertebral foramen or neural canal

the opening in the middle of the vertebra

neurons (neur/o), or nerve cells

the parenchymal tissue of the nervous system

decubitus (decub) position

the patent lies on the right or left side and the x-ray beam travels horizontally, creating an image that is either an AP or a PA view

insight-oriented psychotherapy

the patient can have face-to-face discussions with a therapist on life problems and feelings

autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura

the patient generates an antiplatelet antibody—in other words, antibodies that attack his or her own platelets

somatic symptom disorder, also called somatoform disorder

the patient has physical (somat/o = body) symptoms that cannot be explained by an actual physical disorder or other well-defined mental disorder

peripheral (blood) stem cell transplant (PSCT)

the patient receives a rein-fusion of stem cells selected and harvested from his or her own peripheral blood or from someone else blood to repopulate the bone marrow with blood cells

complete response (CR)

the patient's tumor has disappeared

partial response (PR)

the patients tumor is now one half its original size

modified radical mastectomy

the pectoral muscles are preserved

hematocrit (Hct) value

the percentage of erythrocytes present in a volume of blood

Diastole

the period during which the heart relaxes between contractions

sonographer

the person who performs ultrasound procedures

radiologist

the physician who specializes in interpreting radiographic images

endotracheal intubation

the placement of a tube through the mouth into the pharynx, larynx, and trachea to establish an airway

joints

the points were the bone comes together and are connect and enable the body to bend and flex

barium swallow

the powder is mixed with water and orally administered for better visualization of the esophagus, stomach and small intestine

metastasis

the process by which tumor cells spread from one part or organ to another not directly connected with it

mitosis

the process in cell division which the nucleus, certain genetic material of the cell, divides

ventilation

the process of air exchange between the lungs and the ambient air (the air around us)

ossification

the process of bone formation

Phagocytosis

the process of eating or swallowing (-phage) cells (cyt/o)

tagging

the process of following the radionuclide

transfusion

the process of introducing whole blood or blood components into a recipient's bloodstream

Pelvimetry

the process of measuring (-metry) the dimensions of the maternal pelvis

respiration

the process of moving air in and out of the lungs, or breathing [spir/o]

Angiography

the process of obtaining a radiographic image of blood vessels (angiogram) after injecting a contrast dye

Arteriography

the process of recording an artery or arteries

absorption

the process of the drug's passing into the bloodstream

lactation

the production and secretion of nutrient-rich milk

radiographer

the professional who creates radiographic images (radiologic technologist)

ventilation-perfusion scanning (VPS)

the radiopharmaceutical is inhaled (ventilation) to help show the gas exchange capacity of the lungs and is injected into a vein (perfusion) to trace its passage through the respiratory tract to detect the adequacy of blood flow to the vessels that supply the lungs

Cervical conization (cone biopsy)

the removal of a cone-shaped sample of tissue from high in the cervical canal

incisional biopsy

the removal of a piece of the tumor for diagnosis and may be followed by additional treatment to remove the bulk of the tumor

Pelvic exenteration

the removal of all the organs and adjacent structures of the pelvis

bone marrow biopsy

the removal of bone marrow, usually from the sternum or ilium by needle puncture for examination to diagnose certain blood disease

debridement

the removal of damaged tissue when someone has a serious burn

resection arthroplasty

the removal of one or both articular surfaces of a joint

mastectomy

the removal of one or both breasts

radical mastectomy

the removal of the breast, lymph nodes, and adjacent chest wall muscle

lung biopsy

the removal of the suspected cells from microscopic examination to confirm a diagnosis of cancer

En bloc resection

the removal of the tumor along with a large area of the surrounding tissue and usually lymph node removal as well

excisional biopsy

the removal of the tumor, along with a margin of normal tissue

dissociative disorder

the repression of emotional conflict occurs to such a degree that it brings on an altered state of consciousness or a state of confusion about one's identity

cicatrix

the scar tissue that develops during the process of normal healing

visual acuity (VA)

the sharpness of visual perception

Mohs surgery

the single most effective technique for removing basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma; the two most common skin cancers

dermatology

the speciality or study of the disorders and treatments of the skin

semen

the sperm cells and secretions from the prostate, form the seminal fluid

glial cells (gli/o) (or neuroglia)

the stroma—the connective, supportive tissue cells that do not carry impulses

Pharmacokinetics

the study of a drug's absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion over time

oncology

the study of diagnosis and treatment of tumors (onc/o)

toxicology

the study of harmful effects of drugs and chemicals on the body

Molecular pharmacology

the study of how drugs interact with sub cellular entities such as DNA, RNA, and enzymes

medicinal chemistry

the study of new drug synthesis and the relationship between chemical structure and biologic effects

pharmacology

the study of the discovery, properties, uses, and side effects of drugs

Pharmacodynamics

the study of the effects of drugs on the body

gynecology

the study of the female reproductive organs

cardiac arrest

the sudden cessation of the heart's activity

heart transplantation

the surgical removal of a donor heart and the transfer of the organ to a recipient

radial prostatectomy

the surgical removal of the entire prostate gland, plus some surrounding tissue

bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy

the surgical removal of the fallopian tubes (salping/o) and ovaries (oophor/o) on both sides

circumcision

the surgical removal of the prepuce

biopsy

the surgical removal of tissue for microscopic examination

autonomic nervous system

the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system

pilosebaceous unit

the term used for the combination of the hair follicle and the attached sebaceous gland

Hemostasis

the termination (-stasis) of bleeding (hem/o)

dura mater

the thick outermost layer of brain

coagulation time

the time required for venous blood to clot in a test tube

schedule

the timing and frequency of its administration

apex

the tip of each lung

Dilation and curettage (D&C)

the widening of the uterine cervix and scraping off of the endometrial lining of the uterus

anteroposterior (AP) view

the x-ray beam enters the anterior aspect of the body and exits at the posterior aspect

lateral (later/o) projection (LAT)

the x-ray beam travels from one side of the body to the other

thyroid hormones

therapeutically administered when the patients thyroid gland produces an insufficient quantity

femur

thigh bone, the longest bone in body

serous membrane

thin sheet of tissue in the pericardium

ethmoid bone

thin, delicate bone that supports the nasal cavity and forms part of eye sockets

laryngopharynx

third section of the pharynx; opens into the larynx and the esophagus

lumbar vertebrae

third set of vertebrae; 5; strongest and largest of the back bones

thoracocentesis

thoracentesis; helps diagnose excessive fluid accumulates in the pleural space; a surgical puncture with the insertion of a needle or catheter into the pleural space (thorac/o) to obtain pleural fluid for analysis

vertebral canal

three meningeal coverings of the spinal cord—the cerebrospinal fluid, a cushion of fatty tissue, and blood vessels

t.I.d, tid

three times per day

proton therapy

tightly focuses positive subatomic particles (protons) to a finite target point using a cyclotron

hair shaft

tightly woven network of keratinocytes

paresthesia

tingling, burning, and "pins and needles" sensations

pulmonary edema

tiny air sacs of the lungs become filled with fluid

Petechiae

tiny hemorrhagic spots

eccrine glands

tiny, coiled structures located in the dermis, the ducts of which open directly onto the surface of the skin as pores

angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, also called ACE inhibitors

to improve the heart's performance and to reduce its workload, as well as keep the blood vessels (angi/o) dilated to lower blood pressure by preventing angiotensin I from converting into the powerful vasoconstrictor

peristalsis

to increase fecal bulk, which prompts movement of the intestinal wall

cathartic drugs job

to lubricate the intestinal tract which softens stool

trabeculectomy

to modify the outflow channels or to create a new opening for the escape of aqueous humor from the anterior chamber

sterilization

to prevent the body from producing or releasing reproductive cells

tricuspid valve

to right ventricle

right ventricles

to the pulmonary valve and into the pulmonary artery, which carries the blood to the lungs

shifting of the aorta

to the right

cytology

tool used in the initial evaluation and diagnosis of lung cancer; collect samples for microscopic study

sclera

tough outermembrane that helps maintain the size and shape of the eyeball and attaches to the muscles that move the eye; white of eye

internal rotation

toward the center of body

hydrocarbons

toxic chemical associated with smoking and exhaust

brand name

trade name made up by each manufacturer to differentiate it from is competitors products

lymphatic system

transports proteins and excess tissue fluid that leak from the capillaries back to the venous blood

TRAM flap

transrectus abdominis musculocutaneous tissue is used for the reconstruction

Varicocele

treated by surgical ligation, or tying off of the spermatic cord

crohn disease

treated with anti-TNF (tumor necrosis factor) drugs, which are also used to treat rheumatoid arthritis

Cataracts

treated with the surgical removal of the lens

psoralen-ultraviolet A (PUVA)

treatment of psoriasis; a light therapy

protocol

treatment plan

fun gating tumors

tumors in the colon with a mushrooming pattern of growth

radiosensitive tumors

tumors in which radiation can cause the death of cells without serious damage to surrounding tissues

costals

twelve pairs of ribs

testicular torsion

twisting of the spermatic cord, which contains the blood vessels supplying the testis and epididymis

Fraternal twins

two different spermatozoa fertilize two different ova

labia majora

two elongated folds of fatty tissue on each side of the vaginal orifice that extend back from the mons pubis

ventricles (ventricul/o)

two lower chambers

trochanters

two on each bone; the greater and lesser; points where hip and thigh muscles attach to the femur

central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system

two primary systems in CNS

Cowper glands, or bulbourethral glands

two round, pea-sized exocrine glands that lie just below the prostate gland; secrete a fluid into the urethra that helps transport sperm and contributes to the survival of the male sex cells

seminal vesicles

two saclike structures that lie between the bladder and the rectum; secrete a thick, yellowish substance that serves to nourish the sperm

adrenal or suprarenal glands

two small secretory organs which sit atop a kdiey

Bartholin glands

two small, mucus-secreting organs that lie to the left and right of the vaginal orifice

b.I.d, bid

two times per day

non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)

two types adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma

atria (atri/o) (sing., atrium)

two upper chambers

parietal bones

two; form the roof and upper sides of cranium

universal recipients

type AB; their blood contains neither the anti-A nor anti-B antibodies

universal donor blood type

type O blood;contains neither antigen A nor B and can be administered with minimal risk of clumping of the blood cells

Rh factor

type of antigen found on the erythrocyte surface in many people

Pernicious anemia

type of blood dyscrasia in which large, immature nucleated cells called megaloblasts—which are the forerunners of RBCs—circulate in the blood and do not function as blood cells

esotropia

type of strabismus; characterized by an inward (eso-) deviation or turning (-tropia) of one eye

hypertropia

type of strabismus; one eye deviates upward

exotropia

type of strabismus; one eye turns outward (exo-)

phacoemulsification

ultrasonic vibration is used to break up the lens

palpitations

uncomfortable chest sensations

defense mechanisms

unconscious reactions or coping tools a person uses to either resolve or conceal conflicts and the anxiety that goes along with them

hyposecretion

under production

base

undersurface of the lungs; rests on the diaphragm

Fertilization

union of sperm and ovum to form a zygote

hallucinations

unreal sensory perceptions that do not correspond to objective reality

rapid plasma reagin (RPR) test

used to screen asymptomatic patients for syphilis, to diagnose symptomatic infections, and to monitor the disease in response to treatment; measures nonspecific antibodies that are produced when Treponema pallidum interacts with human tissue.

cardiac stress testing

used to test the hearts response to exercise

anti diabetic drugs

used to treat diabetes mellitus; a condition in which the hormone insulin is either not produced by the pancreas or the body tissues have developed an insensitivity to insulin

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

uses a magnetic field and pulses of radio-wave energy to create images of the brain and spinal cord

laser photocoagulation

uses a precisely focused laser to seal leaky blood vessels and to prevent the growth of new ones

bronchial brush cytology

uses a small brush to collect the biopsy sample from the airways

Cryosurgery

uses cold temperatures to destroy tissue

Chemotherapy (chemo)

uses drugs or chemicals to damage the DNA of cancer cells

mantoux skin test

uses intradermal injection

mammography

uses low-dose x-ray beams to visualize breast tissue

Plateletpheresis

uses only the platelets

MRI

uses radio waves and a magnetic field to create images of soft tissue

nuclear bone scan

uses radioactive substances placed within the body to diagnose and treat disease

Doppler ultrasound

uses sound waves focused to bounce off red blood cells in the vessels

microdiskectomy

uses special microscope to view the disk and nerve

positron emission tomography (PET) scan

uses the injection of a radionuclide into a body part to be scanned; radioisotopes are used instead of a contrast material and x-rays

interposition arthroplasty

uses tissue from another location to cushion the damaged surface of an elbow joint

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

using elective charge to produce a brief convulsion to relieve depression

adenocarcinoma

usually develops in the peripheral lung tissue

intraocular lens (IOL)

usually implanted in the eye at the time of cataract removal.

chest x-ray (CXR)

usually taken standing up

metrorrhagia

uterine (metr/o) bleeding between menses

perimetrium,

uterine serosa, an external (peri-) membranous layer of the uterus

valvuloplasty

valve (valvul/o) repair (-plasty),

hemorrhoid

varicose vein near the anus

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

vasopressin; protein hormone taht controls water conservation in the body

Spina bifida

vertebral column fails to close completely

bulia

vesicle larger than 1 centimeter

digital subtraction angiography (DSA)

video equipment and a computer to produce radiographic images of the blood vessels

concussion

violent shaking up or jarring of the brain with no apparent damage to brain tissue

Herpes zoster (shingles)

viral infection that affects the peripheral nerves; painful eruptions that follow the path of the spinal or cranial nerves around the trunk of the body

nail body

visible part of the nail

thoracoscopy

visual examination of the chest

larynx (laryng/o)

voice box, forms part of the vital airway to the lungs

striated muscles

voluntary, responsible for moving all of the bones

emesis

vomiting

trachea (trache/o), or windpipe,

walls are encircled by firm rings of cartilage.

venous

walls of the veins are thinner and less elastic; valves present backflow

verrucous tumor

warlike pattern; seen in the gingiva or cheek

atrophy

wasting, without development of growth

rheumat/o

watery flow

myasthenia

weakness

CT myelography

when CT scans are taken after the injection

curettage

when a lesion is scraped away using a scoop-shaped tool called a curette

metastasis

when cancer spreads to more tissues within the body other than the original site

podagra

when gout involves the big toe

auscultation of lungs

when listening through a stethoscope for body breath sounds

sciatica

when pain originates in the lower back but radiates down the leg

plaques

when papule run together and create elevated flat lesions

pleural rub

when the pleura are roughened and thickened by inflammation, infection, scarring, or neoplastic cells

petechiae

when the purpora spots are as small as pinpoints

uterine tube or fallopian tube

where fertilization normally occurs

acromioclavicular (AC) joint

where the acromion and clavicle articulate

fundus.

where the body of the uterus rounds into an upper prominence

Purkinje fibers

where the chemical signal terminates

leukocytes

white blood cells

lunula

white half-moons at the base of each nail,

exenteration

wide resection involving not only the removal of the tumor but also its original site and the surrounding tissue in the body space,

Laryngeal muscles

widen and narrow the opening between the vocal cords

vasodilation

widening of a blood vessel

aspirate

withdraw fluid or air from a cavity

medullary cavity

within he compact bone that contains yellow bone marrow

agranulocytes

without (a-) granules (granul/o) in their cytoplasm

prescription

written order