Final Exam HEIM
major depressive disorder (MDD)
, the feelings of sadness, irritable mood, loss of interest, and other symptoms occur without any evidence of a manic or hypomanic episod
dyskinesia
Abnormal (dys-), involuntary, and spasmodic movements (kinesi/o, kines/o, -kinesia, -kinesis)
Phase I trail
Experimental drug or treatment is tested, usually for safety, dose, and schedule of administration, in a small group of people (20 to 80)
EENT
Eyes, ears, nose, throat
eosinophilia
abnormal inflation (-philia) in the number of eosinophils that accompany allergic conditions such as asthma or in parasitic infections
osteoporosis
abnormal loss of bone density
Septal defects
abnormal openings in the walls (septa) that separate the atria and ventricles
osteopenia
abnormal reduction of bone mass that is caused by inadequate replacement of bone lost through normal processes
dysplasia
abnormality in cellular development
amenorrhea
absence of mensuration
amenorrhea
absense of mental discharge
lymphatic vessels
absorb and transport fat from the small intestine to the general circulation
gender dysphoria
accepting one's assigned sex and the roles that is its public expression
primary syphilis
accompanied by the appearance of a chancre a red, bloodless ulcer on the external genitals
dermis (corium)
accounts for most of the skins mass
multiple sclerosis (MS)
acquired illness affecting the central nervous system (CNS)
ABCDE test
acronym for the top five characteristics associated with skin cancers
antipruritic agents
act against itching or pruritus
statins
act in the liver to block a key enzyme that promotes cholesterol production
Cardiovascular drugs
act on the heart or blood vessels to treat hypertension, angina, heart attack, congestive heart failure, or arrhythmias
astigmatism
an abnormal condition in which light rays cannot come to a single point of focus on the retina because of irregular curvature of the cornea or lens
osteopetrosis
an abnormal condition of stone like
chondromalacia
an abnormal softening of the cartilage
heart murmur
an abnormal, prolonged swishing sound (or bruit) heard between normal beats
apathy
an absence of emotions, interest, and motivation
hydrocele
an accumulation (-cele = swelling, mass) of fluid (hydr/o) in the scrotum
anaphylaxis
an acute hypersensitivity with asthma and shock
mononucleosis
an acute infection caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
Pneumonia
an acute inflammation of the alveoli, which fill with pus or other wastes in response to infective agents
Delirium tremens (DT)
an acute psychotic reaction to the abrupt withdrawal of alcoholic beverages after long periods of heavy alcohol consumption
diphtheria
an acute, contagious bacterial infection of the upper respiratory tract characterized by sore throat, low fever, and a thick, leathery membrane (a pseudomembrane) covering the throat and tonsils
anatagonist
an agent or substance that slows or prevents another agent's effects
Aplastic anemia
an anemia caused by a failure of the bone marrow to produce any type of blood cell
tamoxifen
an anti estrogen drug used to prevent the recurrence of breast cancer and to treat metastic breast cancer
social phobia
an anxiety disorder in which the person has a significant and persistent fear of doing something foolish, humiliating, or embarrassing while in the presence and under the scrutiny of others
alopecia areata
an autoimmune disease in which the hair falls out in patches without any scarring or inflammation
discography
an x-ray image of the cervical or lumbar intervertebral disk is obtained after an injection of contrast medium into the interior of the disk
subcutaneous tissue
anchors the dermis and the epidermis to the underlying muscle and bone
phencyclidine (PCP)
angel dust; produce a state of central nervous system excitation and distort the perception of reality
glucagon
antagonizes the effects of insulin; stimulates the conversion of glycogen to glucose
adenohypophysis
anterior pituitary gland; upward extension of the pharynx and consists of glandular tissue
anaplasia
anther term fo dedifferentiation
immunoglobulin G [IgG])
antibodies to H. pylori
drug (pharmac/o)
any chemical or biologic substance used in disease prevention or treatment or as a benefit to a body process or function
arrhythmia also called a dysrhythmia
any condition (-ia) of deviation (dys-) from the normal rhythmic (rhythm/o, rrhythm/o) pattern of the heartbeat
cardiomyopathy
any disease (-pathy) of the muscle (my/o) of the heart (cardi/o)
acute coronary syndrome (ACS)
any group of symptoms that are the result of coronary artery obstruction; chest pain is the most common symptom
sinus
any hollow cavity within a bone
gonadotropin
any hormone that stimulates the gonads
mammoplasty
any type of surgical repair to the breasts
lesion
any visible change in tissue caused by injury or disease; sores, wounds, ulcers, tumors etc.
hairline fracture
appears as a thin line on a radiographic image
. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
appears during the first 3 years of life and emerges as both a communication difficulty and deficits in social and play interactions (aut/o = self) and characterizes the typical preference for solitude and social aloofness
external beam radiation (teletherapy)
applied to the tumor from a distant (tele-) source outside the body—namely, a linear accelerator
parathyroid hormone
approved to treat osteoporosis and stimulate new bone growth
spinal cord
approximately 18 inches in length
mediastinum
area between lungs
epiphyseal line or epiphyseal plate
area of cartilage tissue that is constantly being replaced by new bone tissue as the bone grows
Germinal neoplasms
arise from embryonic, or germ, cells in the testes. Approximately 90% of testicular carcinomas are germ cell (germinal) cancers
primary lesions
arise from normal skin as the result of a pathological process; include macule, vesicles, cysts etc.
primary tumor
arises from within the brain tissue
three major types of blood vessels (angi/o, vas/o)
arteries, veins, capillaries
ad lib
as desired
p.r.n., prn
as needed
extension
as the limb straightens
anti platelet drugs
aspirin, reduce the tendency of platelets to stick together
A1c blood test
assess glucose control by measuring the levels of glycosylated hemoglobin in serum
fasting blood sugar (FBS) test
assesses blood glucose levels after 8- to 10- hour period of fasting to diagnose both diabetes and prediabetic conditions
gonioscope
assesses the angle of the anterior chamber
bones
assist the body in movement by serving as points of attachment for muscles
"lub"
associated with closure of the tricuspid and mitral valves at the beginning of systole
Essential hypertension
associated with obesity, a sedentary lifestyle, increased sodium intake, smoking, hypercholesterolemia (-emia = blood condition; hyper- = excessive; cholesterol/o = cholesterol)
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
associated with persistent, intrusive ideas or with ritual behaviors that must be repeated to ensure a feeling of security and well-being
midbrain
associated with vision, hearing, motor control, sleep and wake cycles, alertness, and regulation of body temperature
neuroglia examples
astrocyte, oligodendrocyte (also called the oligodendroglial), microglia (microglial cell), and ependymal cells
xiphoid process
at the end of sternum; cartilage rather than bone
tinea pedis
athletes's foot; affects the skin between the toes
immunotherapy
attempts to use immune cells and antibodies to fight tumor cells.
-philia
attraction for
dysplastic
atypical cells and potentially cancerous
diabetic retinopathy
blood vessels of the retina may be destroyed, resulting in visual loss and blindness
cyanosis
bluish discoloration of the skin
apex
blunt point created by the lower part of heart that lies just above the fifth rib
corpus
body of the uterus
immunity
body's ability to protect (immun/o) itself from foreign microorganisms, such as bacteria, parasites, and viruses
osteocytes
bone cells
compression
bone collapses; vertebrae
greenstick
bone is partially broken; often in forearm
comminuted
bone splintered and crushed into several pieces
Osteocarcinoma and osteosarcoma
both malignant (carcin/o) tumors (-oma) of the bone
myelomeningocele
both the spinal cord (myel/o) and the meninges may protrude
central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
Hemianopsia
brain damage (often from stroke) during which damage to nerve cells in one cerebral cortex (right or left) will cause loss of vision in the opposite visual field (VF)
irreversible coma
brain death; breathing is not spontaneous and an electroencephalogram (EEG) reading is flat
meningiomas
brain tumor that form from meninges
gliomas
brain tumor that form from neuroglia; two types: astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas
orthopedics
branch of medicine concerned with preserving and restoring the function of skeletal system
-clast
break
sternum (stern/o)
breastbone, the bone running down the middle of the anterior rib cage
fracture (fx)
broken bone
colles
broken wrist; distal radius
ecchymoses
bruises, or large purpura
pleural effusion
buildup of fluid between the ribs and the lungs
diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
buildup of ketoacids that further alters the body metabolic balance
causalgia
burning (caus/o) pain (-algia) experienced as a result of a peripheral nerve injury
p.o,po
by mouth
hypoparathyroidism
calcium remains in the bones and is unable to enter the bloodstream (hypocalcemia)
white blood cell count
calculates the number of leukocytes per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood
complete blood count (CBC)
calculating the number of each type of blood cell, hemoglobin, and hematocrit, as well as other red blood cell values, in a blood sample
atrial fibrillation
can be treated with beta-blocker
stimulants
can be used to inhibit hyperactive behaviors
tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA)
can dissolve clots in the coronary arteries after a myocardial infraction, thus reopening the pathway for blood flow
antiarrhytmics
can reverse abnormal heart rhythms by slowing the response of the heart muscle to nervous stimulation or by slowing the rate at which nervous system impulses are carried through the heart
laser therapy
can treat smaller veins
glioma
cancer in the connective tissue in the brain
carcinogens
cancer-causing agents
multiple myeloma
cancerous plasma cells—activated B lymphocytes—invade the bone marrow and destroy bone tissue
coma
cannot be aroused, but complete recovery is still a possibility
path of lymph drainage from the left upper quadrant of the body
capillaries --> left subclavian vein at jugular junction --> veins --> thoracic duct
path of lymph drainage from the right upper quadrant of the body
capillaries --> vessels --> right lymphatic duct --> right subclavian vein
caps
capsule
digoxin
cardiac glycoside, can control arrhythmias by slowing the heart rate and is used to treat congestive heart failure by increasing the force of contraction of the heart
defibrillation
cardioversion;application of an electrical shock, through the chest wall, to the myocardium, which effectively and briefly stops activity so that a normal rhythm can then take over.
Afferent (sensory)
carry (-ferent) impulses to (af-) the brain and spinal cord from special receptors in all parts of the body
Arteries
carry blood containing oxygen and nutrients away from the heart to the body; large, strong vessels with elastic walls
blood vessels
carry carbon dioxide (CO2) and waste products (deoxygenated blood) to the lungs and kidneys to be eliminated
globulins
categorized as alpha, beta, and gamma—serve as defense mechanisms of the immune system
Testicular neoplasms
categorized as either germinal or nongerminal
catheter-assisted procedures
catheter (thin tube) is inserted into an enlarged vein
Gonorrhea
caused by Gonococci bacteria and results in inflammation of the genital tract mucosa
hordeolum, or stye
caused by a bacterial infection of the sebaceous glands of the eyelid
gout or gouty arthritis
caused by a defect in the metabolism of uric acid, causing the acid to accumulate in the blood, joints, and soft tissues near the joints
lyme disease
caused by deer tick-borne bacteria
toxic delirium
caused by exposure to certain poisonous substance or by the overuse or abrupt withdrawal from certain drugs or other substance
hyperinsulinism
caused by insulin-secreting tumor in the islets of Langerhans or by exceeding a prescribed dose of the hormone
chlamydia.
caused by the bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis, is currently believed to be the most prevalent STI i
T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV)
causes a form of leukemia in adults
luteinizing hormone (LH)
causes the mature follicle to rupture and release its ovum
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
causes the secretion of the sex hormones, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone
anaplastic
cell has reverted to its embryonic type in which it no longer is capable of differentiation or specialization
Hematopoietic stem cells
cells in the bone marrow that give rise to all types of red blood cells
Schwann cells
cells that perform supporting and connecting functions in the peripheral nervous system
parietal lobe
centers for language and general sensory functions
Lymphocytes
central to the body's response to foreign substances
ciliary body
changes the size and shape of the lens by contracting and relaxing
evolving
changing in size, shape or color
inflammatory tumor
characteristic features of inflammation—redness, swelling, and heat
Whooping cough, or pertussis,
characterized by a severe hacking cough, followed by a high-pitched intake of air that sounds like a "whoop."; highly contagious, bacterial upper respiratory infection (URI)
borderline personality disorder
characterized by an instability of self-image, personal relationships and mood
bipolar disorders
characterized by both depressive phases and mania
generalized anxiety disorder (GAD
characterized by chronic anxiety, exaggerated worry, and tension, even when little or nothing is present to provoke it
dementia
characterized by confusion, disorientation, deterioration of intellectual capacity, loss of function, and impairment of memory and judgmen
malignant tumor
characterized by continues and often fast growth; invasive
Schizophrenia
characterized by disturbed thinking and disorganized speech.
mania
characterized by extreme excitement, hyperactive elation, and agitation
papillary cells
characterized by fingerlike or nipplelike projections; bladder cancer (commonly found)
psychotic disorder
characterized by gross impairment of reality testing
antisocial personality disorder
characterized by lack of loyalty to or concern for others and a lack of moral standards
purpura
characterized by multiple pinpoint hemorrhages and/or diffuse petechiae (sing., petechia) indicating hemorrhaging beneath the skin and mucous membranes
anorexia nervosa
characterized by prolonged refusal to eat and a fear of becoming obese; without (an-) appetite (-orexia)
panic disorder
characterized by recurrent, unexpected panic attacks, which are discrete periods of intense fear that abruptly occur and reach their peak within 10 minutes with no apparent cause in the immediate environment
dependent personality disorder
characterized by submissive and passive behavior, a strong need for reassurance and fears of abandonment and helplessness
Sexual sadism
characterized by the infliction of physical or psychologic pain or humiliation on a consenting or nonconsenting partner to achieve sexual excitement.
zygomatic bones
cheekbones
thorax
chest
Angina pectoris
chest pain attributable to ischemia (a lack of blood and thus a lack of oxygen supply and waste removal) of the heart muscle
varicella
chickenpox
diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis vaccine (DTaP)
childhood vaccine that prevents diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis
osteitis deformans (paget disease)
chronic bone disorder that results in enlarged, deformed bones attributable to excessive breakdown and formation of bone tissue
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
chronic bronchitis or emphysema (-ema = condition); can be caused by smoking or repeated infection of the lungs
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
chronic inflammatory disease of the connective tissue that affects the skin, joints, kidneys, NS, and mucous membrane
polymyositis
chronic inflammatory myopathy, believed to be an auto immune disorder
acromegaly
chronic metabolic disorder that involves the gradual enlargement of the bones of the face, jaw, and extremities
rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
chronic, progressive autoimmune disease that leads to inflammation of the moveable joints and surrounding tissues
scleroderma
chronic, progressive autoimmune disorder of the connective tissue
hydrocephalus
circulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain or spinal cord is disrupted, the fluid (hydr/o) can accumulate in the ventricles of the brain (cephal/o = head)
Cardiogenic shock
circulatory failure that deprives the body access to adequate oxygen and nutrition
Amphetamines
class of drugs known as stimulants, a group that includes nicotine and caffeine; sometimes prescribed for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
antidiarrheal drug
decreases the rapid movement of the walls of the colon
dermis
deeper, dense layer of connective tissue
spina bifida occulta
defect is hidden because the cavity's contents do not protrude through the opening
Dyspnea on exertion (DOE)
early symptom of emphysema
varicose veins (varicosities)
eased with elevation of the legs, and wearing elastic stockings is often sufficient treatment for uncomplicated cases
Hallucinogenic drugs—methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)
ecstasy; produce a state of central nervous system excitation and distort the perception of reality
nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID)
educes fever, inflammation, and pain from minor injuries or infection without exposure to steroidal hormones, such as cortisone; nonnarcotic anaigesic
electrophoresis
electric current to separate immunoglobulins from other plasma proteins and identifies the abnormal hemoglobin
nervous impulses
electrical discharges
gyri
elevated folds or ridges of nerve cells on the cerebral cortex
fetus
embryo 6-8 weeks into pregnancy
mesenchymal tissue
embryonic tissue; where sarcomas commonly arise
transducer
emits short pulses of high-frequency sound waves that are transmitted into the body
conversion disorder
emotional conflict is repressed and changed into a loss or alteration of physical functioning
biventricular pacemaker
enables the ventricles to beat in synchrony to help more blood move through the heart
epidermoid cells
enchanted in the respiratory tract
thoracic cavity
enclosed by rib cage and diaphragm and houses the heart and lungs
distal epiphysis
end farther away from the midline
Progestins
endocrine drugs used as part of hormone replacement therapies and as oral contraceptives
menstruation, or menses
endometrial lining that has built up in preparation for pregnancy is shed; on average every 28 days
bronchoscopy
endoscopic examination of the bronchi with a fiberoptic or rigid endoscope; procedure is used for visual diagnosis, biopsy, or collect secretions
personality disorders
enduring, pervasive, inflexible, and maladaptive patterns of perceiving and thinking about the world and ones relationship with it
radiation
energy that travels and spreads out as it goes
phagocytes
engulfing and destroying harmful microorganisms over their lifespan of 6 to 24 hours
thiazolidinediones,
enhance glucose uptake
hypertrophy
enlargement of the right ventricles
goiter
enlargement of the thyroid
varicocele
enlargement of the veins of the spermatic cord; affects the left spermatic cord more often than the right,
laparoscopic approach
entails several 1-inch incisions with a larger one made for the actual removal of the prostate from the body
intracapsular extraction
entire lens is excised
sympathomimetic hormones
epinephrine and norepinephrine
paroxysmal atrial fibrillation
episodes periodically and episodically occur
tinea capitis
infection of the scalp
comedones
inflamed sebum plugs
Encephalitis
inflammation (-itis) of the brain
cervicitis
inflammation (-itis) of the lower necklike portion of the uterus that protrudes into the vaginal cavity
Pericarditis
inflammation (-itis) of the pericardium
dacryoadenitis
inflammation in a lacrimal or tear (dacry/o) gland (aden/o)
dacryocystitis
inflammation in the lacrimal sac
polyneuritis
inflammation involving a number (poly-) of related neurons
bursitis
inflammation of a bursa
tendinitis
inflammation of a tendon
Phlebitis
inflammation of a vein (phleb/o)
Thrombophlebitis
inflammation of a vein related to a thrombus
osteitis
inflammation of bone
osteochondritis
inflammation of both the bone and cartilage
diskitis
inflammation of intervertebral disk
polyarthritis
inflammation of multiple joints
myositis
inflammation of muscle
arthritis
inflammation of the articular cartilage of any joint
osteomyelitis
inflammation of the bone and bone marrow
conjunctivitis
inflammation of the conjunctiva (conjunctiv/o)
endometritis
inflammation of the endometrium
epididymitis
inflammation of the epididymis—the elongated cordlike structure located along the posterior border of the testis
blepharitis.
inflammation of the eye lid
bacterial endocarditis
inflammation of the inner (endo-) lining of the heart (Fig. A) that occurs when microorganisms infect the endocardial surface
vaginitis
inflammation of the vagina
vulvitis
inflammation of the vulva
vulvovaginitis
inflammation of the vulva and vagina
Meningitis
inflammatory condition (-itis) of the meninges; symptoms include -- severe headache, fever, and neck stiffness, or nuchal rigidity
ankylosing spondylitis
inflammatory disease that can cause some of the vertebrae to fuse together
nuclear medicine
involves radiologic imaging but relies on radioactive substances that are placed within the body or added to laboratory specimens
needle biospy
involves removing living skin cells by rotating a hallow needle within the underlying cellular layers
aspiration biopsy
involves suctioning tissue from a fluid-filed lesion through a fine needle into a syringe
chemabrasion
involves the application of chemicals that remove surface layers of skin cells
dislocation
involves the displacement of a body part from its normal position
ventilation/perfusion scanning (VPS)
involves the injection in inhalation of radioactive material to study its distribution in the lung
fluorescein angiography
involves the injection of dye to assess the retinal vessels; can sometimes detect diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and retinal detachment
Embolism
involves the movement of a clot from a site outside of the brain, through the bloodstream, and to the neurovasculature ; most originate in the heart
abduction
involves the movement of a limb away from the midline of the body
adduction
involves the movement of a limb toward the midline of the body
inhalation administration
involves the patient inhaling a vapor or gas through the nose or mouth
hypochondriasis; illness anxiety disorder
involves the preoccupation with the fear of having a serious medical condition
Fibrocystic breast disease
involves the presence of numerous small sacs of fluid (cysts) surrounded by dense strands of fibrous tissue
stereotaxic radiosurgery
involves the use of an instrument that helps target the precise location of a tumor and then delivers a focused beam of radiation (a gamma knife) to destroy the abnormal growth
diagnostic radiography
involves the visualization of the body structures using radiation from external sources
first degree burn
involving the epidermis only
vas deferens
a narrow tube on each side that carries sperm from the epididymis toward the urethra; extends into the abdominal cavity, over the ureters, and behind the urinary bladder
pyloric stenosis
a narrowing of the muscular ring—the pyloric sphincter—that separates the stomach from the first portion of the small intestine
hydrocelectomy
a needle and syringe are used to aspirate or remove (-ectomy) the fluid-filled (hydr/o) swelling or mass (-cele)
myeloma
a neoplasm composed of cells normally found in bone marrow
Tourette syndrome
a neurologic condition that appears to be associated with an excess of, or hypersensitivity to, dopamine; facial grimacing/tics/involuntary arm/shoulder movements
Type 2 diabetes
a non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; latent autoimmune diabetes in adults
Kaposi sarcoma
a rare cutaneous malignancy until its appearance in association with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
mesothelioma
a rare form of lung cancer caused by asbestos
electrocardiogram (ECG)
a record of the electrical activity of the heart
barium enema (BE)
a rectal administration of barium sulfate that enables radiographic detection of obstructions and tumors of the large intestine
relapse
a recurrence of the tumor after treatement
disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
a reduction in blood clotting factors attributable to their use and depletion during the excessive clotting
Bronchiectasis
a respiratory disorder characterized by chronic, abnormal dilation of the bronchi; typically caused by bacterial infection in the lower lobes of the lungs
allergy
a response of the immune system to a harmless substance
Ischemic stroke
a result of an obstruction within a blood vessel supplying blood to the brain
bone head
a rounded bone end that is separated from the bone by a neck
sebaceous cyst
a sebum-filled cyst most often found on the scalp, vulva, and scrotom
nonmelanoma skin cancer
a second type of skin cancer
Radioimmunoassay (RIA) studies
a test that combines radioactive chemicals and antibodies to determine the presence of certain proteins in the blood
sputum culture
a test to detect and identify bacteria or fungi that are infecting the lungs or breathing passages
myometrium,
a thick muscular middle layer of the uterus
keratosis
a thickened, rough lesion of the epidermis associated with aging or skin damage
choroid layer
a thin membrane with a rich supply of blood vessels
Carcinoma in situ
a third early sign of possible malignancy that can be seen only on the cellular level.
video-assisted thorascope (VATS)
a thorascope equipped with a camera magnifies the area of the interest to project it on a video monitor
Fibrin
a threadlike protein, traps red blood cells to form a meshlike, gel fibrin clot
calcitonin
a thyroid hormone that treats osteoporosis by increasing blood calcium and promoting bone deposition
Vasoconstriction
a tightening or narrowing (constriction) of a blood vessel (vas/o)
insulin pump
a tiny cannula is injected into the hip to deliver fast acting insulin under the skin
endoscopic ultrasound
a transducer on the tip of a lighted scope can offer gastroenterologists and pulmonologists detailed, highly accurate internal images
physical therapy
a treatment plan that uses exercises, temperature, and manipulation to improve function and mobility and to pain relief
NED
a treatment report that means "no evidence of disease"
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
a true/false self-report questionnaire that is used to evaluate personality
solid tumor
a tumor made up of a mass of cells
osteosarcoma
a tumor of bone and connective tissue
osteofibroma
a tumor of the bone and fibrous tissue
chondroma
a tumor of the cartilage
sarcoma
a tumor of the connective tissue or flesh
radiation
a type of carcinogen that can take many forms: x-ray, sunlight, atomic explosions and radioactive substances
emphysema
a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); the alveolar walls lose their elasticity, become hyperinflated, and eventually rupture
Coarctation of the aorta
a type of congenital abnormality characterized by a narrowing of an artery
atrial flutter
a type of dysrhythmia characterized by rapid, but regular, contractions of the atria
x-ray
a type of electromagnetic radiation
Natural killer (NK) cells
a type of lymphocyte that nonspecifically attacks tumor cells and virally infected cells by releasing cytokines
aldosterone
a type of mineralocorticoid; increases the amount of electrolyte sodium and decreases the amount of the electrolyte potassium in the blood
left ventricular assist device
a type of pump implanted with a flexible tube to the left ventricle
amphetamines
a type of stimulant used to prevent narcolepsy, to suppress appetite, and also to calm hyperkinetic children
Leukemia
a variety of malignant white (leuk/o) blood cell diseases (-emia = blood disorder); involve the replacement of normal bone marrow with proliferating leukocytes and their stem cells
anxiety
a varying degree of uneasiness, apprehension or dread
leukorrhea
a white or yellowish pus-filled discharge from the vagina
nulligravida
a woman who has had zero pregnancys
multigravida
a woman who have more than one pregnancy
primigravida
a woman who is pregnant for the first time
jaundice
a yellowish discoloration of the skin
suprapubic prostatectomy
abdominal incision above (supra-) the symphysis pubis
hydrothorax
abnormal accumulation of fluid between the lungs and the chest wall
edema
abnormal accumulation of fluid in the tissue spaces
mutations
abnormal changes in DNA
aspermia
abnormal condition (-ia) of the sperm (sperm/o) characterized by a lack (a-) of formation or emission of semen
Palsy
abnormal condition characterized by paralysis
preeclampsia
abnormal condition of pregnancy characterized by high blood pressure, large quantities of protein in the urine (proteinuria), and swelling of the legs and feet (edema)
exostosis
abnormal condition of the bones
dyscrasias
abnormal conditions of the blood or bone marrow
osteonecrosis
abnormal death of bone tissue
dystrophy
abnormal development
neoplasm
abnormal growth of new tissue that may be malignant or benign
nostrils, or nares
the entrances to the respiratory passageway through which air travels to and from the lungs
sexual masochism
the essential feature is the need to experience emotional or physical pain to become sexually aroused
pulmonary parenchyma
the essential parts of the system that are responsible for respiration
ovulation
the expulsion of the ovum from the ovary
adnexae uteri
the fallopian tubes, the ovaries, and the supporting ligaments
sympathy
the feeling of being sorry for someone, to feel bad with them
total hip replacement (THR)
the femoral head and acetabulum are replaced with prostheses that are cemented into the bone
interstitial fluid
the fluid surrounding the body's cells
Blood pressure
the force that the circulating blood exerts against the walls of the blood vessels
bronchodilators
the foremost category of respiratory drugs; used to treat respiratory disorders; open the air passage or bronchial tubes
neovascularization
the formation (-ation) of new (neo-) blood vessels (vascul/o)
Spermatogenesis
the formation (-genesis) and development of sperm cells
histogenesis
the formation and differentiation of tissue from undifferentiated cells
hematopoiesis
the formation of blood cells
Atherosclerosis
the formation of fatty plaque (ather/o) deposits along the inner lining of the coronary arteries
wet AMD
the formation of new and fragile vessels that leak blood
pulmonary fibrosis
the formation of scar tissue in the connective tissue of the lungs
temporal lobe
the functions of hearing, taste, smell, and balance; some areas of memory and learning
ovary
the gamete-producing organ of the female reproductive system
diaphragm
the heart rests on this and is rotated to the left of the body's midline
sinoatrial (SA) node
the heart's pacemaker; located in the right atrial wall near the superior vena cava
acromion
the highest point extending from the scapula
sonogram or echogram
the image produced by a ultrasound
Ultrasound technology
the imaging of deep body structures with the help of high-frequency sound (son/o) waves
male erectile disorder
the inability to attain or maintain an adequate erection not attributable to physical cause
orchitis
the inflammation of one or both testes, occurs in adolescence and adulthood; associated with mumps
bone marrow transplant
the infusion of healthy bone marrow from a compatible donor to stimulate a recipient's blood cell production
amniotic cavity,
the inner membranous layer and is called the amnion of the embryo
rectal administration
the insertion of a suppository or solution into the rectum
superego
the internalization in the personality of societal and parental rules; internalized conscience
arthrocentesis
the joint space is punctured with a surgical needle and synovial fluid is removed for analysis
age-related macular degeneration (AMD)
the leading cause of blindness in older adults and is the progressive deterioration of the macula of the retina and the choroid layer of the eye
extension
the lengthening or straightening of a limb, increasing the angle
onycholysis
the loosening (-lysis) of the nail plate with separation of from the nail bed
sodium bicarbonate
the major active ingredient in Alka-Seiltzer
calcium phosphate
the major calcium salt in bones
radiology
the medical speciality concerned with the study of radiography and other imaging modalities and with the interpretation of images of the human body for diagnosing disease
cognition
the mental processes of thinking, perception, reasoning, and judgment
cryptorchidism
the most common congenital testicular condition; when one or both of the testes fails to descend
duchenne muscular dystrophy
the most common form; muscles appear to enlarge as fat replaces functional muscle cells
eczema
the most common inflammatory disorder of the skin
Basal cell carcinoma
the most commonly occurring malignant skin condition
fibroids, or leiomyomas
the most commonly occurring pelvic tumor
narcotics or opiods
the most potent analgesics
pulmonary function tests (PFTs)
used to measure the ventilation mechanics of the lung - airway function, lung volume, and capacity of the lungs to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide efficiently
orchiopexy
used to mobilize and attach a testis (orchi/o), securing it in place (-pexy = surgical fixation) to prevent its retraction
Computed tomography (CT) of the brain
used to produce an image that provides detailed cross sections of brain tissue
diuretics
used to reduce blood volume by stimulating the kidney to remove water and salt through urine
tube thoracostomy
used to remove air, fluid, or pus continuously from the chest
erosion
wearing away or loss of epidermal tissue
ovary
weighs approximately 3 grams and has a puckered, uneven appearance
hypochromic
iron-deficiency anemia; lacking (hypo-) in color (chrom/o)
border
irregualr (outer edges are uneven)
permanent or persistent AF
irregular heartbeats continue indefinitely
poikilocytosis
irregularly shaped blood cells form; sometimes happens in anemia
right and left subclavian veins
lie under (sub-) the clavicle bone
oligomenorrhea
light, scarce, or scanty (olig/o) menstrual flow
brachytherapy
limits exposure by directly implanting seeds of radioactive material into tumor or into the cavity of a tumor; short distance
parietal pericardium
lines the heart's outer fibrous coat
endocardium
lines the interior of the heart
Interneurons
link the sensory and motor nerves by transmitting signals between them
lipoprotein electrophoresis
lipoproteins (which are combinations of fat and protein) are physically separated in a blood sample
auscultation
listening for body breath sounds through a stethoscope
vitiligo
localized loss of skin pigment (depigmentation); autoimmune disease; characterized by milk-white patches surrounded by areas of normal pigmentation
Immunohistochemistry (IHC)
localizes antigens or proteins in tissues using marked antibodies to assess the presence and amount of specific molecules in both normal and tumor cells
meibomian glands or sebaceous glands
located along the margin of the eyelid
pulmonary valve
located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery
spleen (splen/o)
located in the left upper quadrant (LUQ) of the abdominal cavity
pharyngeal tonsils, or adenoids (adenoid/o)
located in the nasopharynx
palatine tonsils
located in the oropharynx; made up of protective lymphatic tissue
lingual tonsils
located on the tongue (lingu/o)
hyperglycemia
long-term effects of high levels of blood glucose
aphasia
loosing the ability to speak
sarcopenia
loss of muscle mass and strength associated with aging
Parkinson disease
loss of neurons in the midbrain and inadequate production of the neurotransmitter dopamine; most well known symptom is muscle tremor
bronchioles and alveoli
lower airway structures contained within the lungs, which reside within the chest (thorac/o, pector/o).
angiotensin II receptor antagonists
lower blood pressure by preventing angiotensin from acting on receptors in blood vessels
sulfonylureas
lower glucose levels by stimulating insulin production
mandibular bone
lower jaw
bronchogenic carcinoma
lung cancer that arises from the bronchi
supine
lying on the back with the face up
nerves
macroscopic bundles of neurons that carry electrical messages all over the body
hormonal agents
made by body's endocrine system
steroids
made from lipid cholesterol
ankle joint
made up tibia, fibula, and talus
colposcope
magnifying device to examine the vulva, cervix, and vagina
hilum
main bronchi, the blood vessels, and nerves enter the lungs through a depression in the middle of the organs' inside surface called this
homeostatis
maintaining (-stasis) the stability or sameness (home/o) of the body's internal environment
contusion
major head injury that results in the bruising of brain tissue caused by movement of the brain inside the skull after blunt trauma
thalamus
major sensory relay station, filtering and then directing impulses to the cerebral cortex; adjusts or contributes to levels of consciousness or awarenes
maxillary bones
make up the massive upper jaw bones
plasma
makes up the liquid that blood is suspended in; carries the cellular elements of the blood through the circulation and transports nutrients and wastes to and from the body's tissues
Choriocarcinoma
malignant neoplasm (-oma) of the uterus that arises from the chorionic (chori/o) membrane, or placenta
osteogenic sarcoma
malignant tumor arising from bone
Osteocarcinoma
malignant tumor arising from osteoblasts and primarily occurring in children and adolescents
catatonic behavior
marked by a decrease in reactivity to the environment
polymyalgia rheumatica
marked by aching and morning stiffness in multiple sites of proximal joints and by muscle pain
paranoid personality disorder
marked by feeling of suspicion and distrust
Narcissistic personality disorder
marked by the patients grandiose sense of self-importance that includes fantasies of success and power
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)
marked by the presence of excessive numbers of immature and mature granulocytes in the bone marrow and bloodstream
viril/o
masculine or manly
examples of en bloc resection
mastectomy, colectomy, and gastrectomy
sputum
material expelled from the chest by coughing or clearing the throat
emboli
material that circulates in the bloodstream; break off from vegetations
battery-powered pump
may be used to regulate continuous administration of IV drugs
anti ulcer drug
may promote healing by blocking the secretion of histamine which stimulates the secretion of gastric acid from the lining of the stomach
Low-molecular-weight heparin
more easily administered, self-injected on a daily basis, and requires no monitoring of the patient's blood-clotting ability—a distinct advantage over regular heparin
addition
more severe than tolerance and occurring as a physical and psychological dependence
Prostate cancer
most common cancer in men
Pheochromocytoma
most common disorder of the adrenal medulla; a benign vascular tumor that causes hypersecretion of the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine
mastitis
most common disorder of the breasts; inflammation of the breast (mast/o)
invasive ductal carcinoma
most common form for woman in US
Refractive error
most common visual problem
Adam's apple
most prominent cartilaginous framework of larynx
stratum corneum (squamous epithelium)
most superficial layer of epidermis; thin, flat, scalelike cells
cerebral angiography
motion pictures are taken of the brain's vascular system after contrast dye is injected into the femoral artery in the thigh
abduction
movement away from the midline of the body
adduction
moving the limb back toward the midline of the body
tetany
muscles and nerves weaken, leading to constant muscle contractions
necrosis
myocardial tissue death
bone scan
obtained by injecting a radioactive phosphate substance into the area under examination and measuring the substances uptake with a special scanning device
bone scan
obtained by injecting a radioactive phosphate substance, call radionuclide into the area under examination and then measuring the substances uptake with a special scanning device
oblique view
obtained by placing the patient at an angle that is neither perpendicular nor parallel to the x-ray beam
Bone marrow biopsy (bx)
obtaining a core of bone marrow from the bone cavity with a needle
epistaxis
occasional nosebleed
Doppler ultrasound
occlusion itself can be detected using sound waves to follow blood flow in the carotid and intracranial arteries
posterior chamber
occupies all of the internal space behind the lens
Premature atrial contractions (PACs)
occur earlier than expected in the heart's conduction sequence and originate outside of the sinoatrial (SA) node
synergism
occur when a combination of drugs working together causes an effect that is greater than the same of the individual effects
Autoimmune diseases
occur when this recognition and tolerance fail and the body's own antigens are interpreted as invading or enemy cells
spermatogenesis
occurs in seminiferous tubules
Phimosis
occurs when a boy (usually age 4 years or older) with an uncircumcised penis cannot retract his foreskin (prepuce) behind the head of his penis
atrioventricular block (heart block)
occurs when a delay or interruption occurs in the conduction of the electrical impulse between the atria and the ventricles
Hemorrhagic stroke
occurs when a weakened blood vessel ruptures, causing bleeding in the brain
pulmonary edema
occurs when abnormal amounts of fluid accumulate in the alveoli, bronchioles, and interstitial spaces of the lungs
resistance
occurs when no beneficial response occurs and the drug is unable to control the disease process
Hemolytic anemia
occurs when red blood cells are destroyed at a rate faster than the bone marrow can replace them
mitral valve prolapse (MVP)
occurs when the cusps, or flaps, of the mitral valve become enlarged and protrude into the left atrium during systole
Meconium aspiration syndrome
occurs when the fetus' lungs become blocked by meconium (first stools)
Sickle cell crisis
occurs when the sickle cells begin to block capillaries; erythrocytes are unable to get oxygen to tissues, which causes tissue injury or death that is accompanied by severe pain
systolic CHF
occurs with left ventricular failure (less blood pumped from the heart)
diastolic CHF
occurs with right ventricular failure (less blood is pumped into the heart)
Cluster A
odd or eccentric personality disorders
seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
often develops as winter begins and subsides with the arrival of spring weather
Nodular cells
often seen in malignant lymphomas when the lymph node involvement is extensive
sebum
oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands; helps lubricate the skin and hair and prevents excessive water loss from skin
impact
one bone fragment is driven into another; head of femur or humerous
epididymis
one of a pair of comma-shaped, tightly coiled tubes above each testis in which sperm cells continue to mature until they are either conveyed
Papanicolaou test (Pap smear)
one of the most common forms of exfoliative cytology; collects cervical cells and is a screening test for cancer or precancerous conditions
malignant melanoma
one type of skin cancer which are cancerous growths composed of melanocytes
Gender identity
one's inner sense of maleness or femaleness
blind spot
only area of the retina that is not sensitive to light; also known as the optic disc
pulmonary artery
only artery through which oxygen-poor blood flows
glottis
opening between the vocal cords
foramen magnum
opening of the occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes
aperture
opening, in the interventricular septum
cranial nerves
originate at the base of the brain and carry signals to and from the structures of the head and neck and the thoracic and abdominal cavities
sarcomas
originate in connective tissues such as bone, fat, muscle, cartilage, bone marrow, and lymphatic tissue
cartilage (chondr/o)
osseous tissue without the calcium sals; what the bones of the embryo begins
400-500
out of the 1 million at birth only this many sex cells will develop
neurilemma
outer cell membrane of a Schwann cell
epidermis
outer, avascular (without blood vessels) layer
intraocular pressure (IOP)
outflow of the aqueous humor is blocked
in vitro fertilization (IVF)
ova and sperm are combined in a glass laboratory dish
Dermoid cysts
ovarian tumors that contain different kinds of tissue, including fatty material, hair, teeth, bits of bone, and cartilage
gonads
ovaries
pelvic cavity
ovaries and other major organs of the female reproductive system are located here
estrogen
ovaries secrete
glans penis
overlap of erectile tissue at the tip of the organ forms the slightly bulging structure
venules
oxygen-poor (deoxygenated) and waste-filled blood then travels to small veins called ____
patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
oxygenated blood is allowed to flow from the aorta into the pulmonary artery through a small passageway or duct, the ductus arteriosus, which normally closes after birth
dysmenorrhea
painful menstral discharge
pustules
papule that are filled with pus; often caused from infection & inflammation of a hair follicle or swear pore
reproductive history
para (1) full term, (2) preterm, (3) aborted, and (4) living biological children
Quadriplegia and tetraplegia
paralysis of all four limbs
Paraplegia
paralysis of legs and lower portion of body
Hemiplegia
paralysis of one side of the body
Bell palsy
paralysis of the seventh cranial nerve—a nerve concerned with facial movement and the sensation of taste
percussion
part of a physical examination that involves tapping different parts of the body with fingers, hands, or small instruments to evaluate the size, density, and borders of various structures and to detect the presense of fluid
Lymphocytes (B cells and T cells)
part of adaptive immunity
parietal pleura
part of the membrane lying next to the chest wall
amblyopia
partial loss of vision (ambly/o = dull, dim)
remission
partial or complete disappearance of the signs of the diseas
Alzheimer disease (AD)
progressive neurologic condition; characterized by a gradual decline in mental ability
polypoid
projection-like growths that extend outward from a base
Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)
proliferation of immature lymphocytes
estrogen
promoting the development of reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics and initiating the menstrual cycle
exocrine gland
prostate gland; secretes an alkaline substance that, as part of the seminal fluid, helps protect the sperm from urethral and vaginal acidity and enhances sperm motility
perineal
prostate is removed through an incision between the anus and scrotum (the perineum)
Spina bifida cystica
protective coverings of the spinal cord—the meninges—may push through the defective closure of the cavity
Albumin
protein in plasma; helps maintain the proper balance of water between the capillaries and the tissues
Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)
proteins that stimulate the production of granulocytes
bone processes
protuberances; areas that extend out from the bone and serve as attachment points for muscles, tendons, and ligaments
thallium (Tl) scans
provide information about myocardial infarction
supportive psychotherapy
provides support and encouragement to people who are facing difficult life transitions or events
Voyeurism
psychosexual disorder in which sexual excitement and gratification is attained by secretly watching people who are undressing, naked, or engaging in sexual activity
pubis
pubic bone
pulmonary embolism (PE)
pulmonary artery clot (thrombus) arising from a peripheral vein and lodging in the pulmonary vasculature
ventricles
pump blood from the heart, through the arteries, and back to the body's tissues
Pericardiocentesis
puncture and remove (-centesis) the fluid from the sac surrounding (peri-) the heart (cardi/o)
exudates
pus filled material
pulse oximetry
quick and easy way to assess breathing by measuring the oxygen saturation of arterial blood with a simple in office decide
fractionation
radiation is believed in small, repeated doses rather than in fewer large doses
radiation therapy
radiation oncology; use of radiation to treat cancer
intercavitary therapy
radioactive material into cavity of a tumor
interstitial therapy
radioactive material into tumor
radionuclide scans
radioactive substances that are intravenously injected can detect tumors and metastase
chest x-rays (CXR)
radiographic pictures used to diagnose chronic bronchitis, pneumonia, pneumothorax, and pulmonary absccess
radionuclides
radioisotopes; an unstable form of an element
multiple-gated acquisition (MUGA) scanning
radionuclide method used to assess cardiac function
barium sulfate
radiopaque metallic powder used as a contrast medium in diagnostic studies of the GI tract
ventricular fibrillation (VF)
rapid contraction of the ventricles reflects a complete lack of organized electrical activity
oxytocia
rapid labor and delivery
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
rare degenerative disorder of the nervous system;a progressive loss of motor neuronsHuntington disease
testosterone
responsible for the maturation of secondary sex characteristics in males
epiglottis
rests above the glottis; closes over the larynx to prevent material from entering the lungs during swallowing and eating/drinking
secondary tumor
result of cancerous cells having spread from another site in the body
hyperparathyroidism
resulting from high levels of circulating PRH leads to excessive amounts of calcium in the bloodstream or hypercalcemia
primary open-angle glaucoma [POAG]
results in damage to the retina and optic nerve with a loss of vision
CF sweat test
reveal elevated levels of sodium and chloride when the disease is present
dedifferentiation
revert to more primitive, embryonic form that lacks differentiation or specialization
United States Pharmacopeia (USP)
reviews commercially available drugs and continually reappraises their effectiveness, safety, and purity
red bone marrow
rich in blood and both mature and immature blood cells
papillary layer
ridges of which form our fingerprints and footprints
bacilli
rod-shaped bacteria
hair follicle
root and shaft embedded within a saclike structure
condyle
rounded, knuckle like joint
dysphoria
sad, hopeless felling characterized by depression
dysphoria
sadness, hopelessness, and worry
vitrectomy
saline solution replaces the vitreous humor in which blood and scar tissue have accumulated
lymphoma
sarcoma in the lymphatic system
oropharynx
second section of pharynx; lies just behind the mouth (or/o)
B cells
secrete antibodies, which are special proteins that not only destroy viral antigens but also remain in the blood
ovaries and testes and outer region of the adrenal glands (cortex)
secrete steroid hormones
alpha cells
secrete the hormone glucagon
Thyrotropin, or thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
secreted by anterior PG to stimulate thyroid gland and thyroxine secretion
androgens
secreted by male gonads
adrenal medulla
secretes two important nonsteroidal hormones known as catecholamines: (1) epinephrine, also called adrenaline, and (2) norepinephrine, also called noradrenaline
erythrocyte sedimentation rate
sed rate or ERS; a measure of the rate at which erythrocytes blood specimen settled at the bottom of a test tube
photopsia
see bright flashes of light (phot/o)
psychiatry
seeks to understand and describe human behavior and to treat impaired mental and/or emotional functioning
Neutrophils
segmented, mature white blood cells and are therefore sometimes referred to as segs; neutral granules that do not intensely stain with either acidic or basic dye but show up only as a pale color
photophobia
sensitivity to light
phonophobia
sensitivity to sound
apheresis
separation of blood components by spinning them at high speeds in a centrifuge
Abruptio placentae
separation, or tearing away, of a normally implanted placenta from the uterine wall and often results in severe hemorrhage
serum creatine phosphokinase test
serum creatine kinase (CK); measure the levels of CPK in the blood serum
pulse points.
several spots where the pulse can be felt
CIN III
severe dysplasia to carcinoma in situ
growth hormone (GH)
somatotropin hormone (STH) affects the growth of the skeletal muscles and the long bones of the body
allogeneic marrow transplant
someone else donated the marrow
Acquired hemolytic anemia
sometimes caused by an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies develop and attack antigens on the red blood cell membrane
gestational diabetes
sometimes develops during pregnancy because of the overall hormonal change during that time
hysterosonogram.
sonographic (son/o) image (-gram) of the uterus (hyster/o)
stethoscope
sounds can be detected through the chest (steth/o) using an audio-examination instrument (-scope)
pleural cavity
space between the folds of the pleura
melanocytes
special cells distributed throughout the basal layer of the epidermis that contains the pigment melanin
antibodies
special proteins (immunoglobulins) in response to harmful pathogens
Duke staging system
specifically used for staging colon cancer, including hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (HNPCC)
dysphasia.
speech impairment of slur words
erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR or sed rate)
speed with which the erythrocytes fall down out of the plasma
testis, or testicle
sperm cells are produced within this organ
compound fracture
splits open the skin which allows more opportunity for infection
digital image communication (DICOM)
standard protocol for transmitting between imaging devices—such as CT scans and PACS workstation
Astrocytes
star-shaped extensions; largest and most numerous of the neuroglia; largest and most numerous of the neuroglia; transport water and salt from capillaries
morbidity
state of being unwell or disease
ankylosis
stiffness of a joint attributable to the abnormal adhesion or fusion of the bones of a joint
meglitinides
stimulate the beta cells in the pancreas to produce insulin
androgen (andr/o = male; -gen = producing, forming) and testosterone,
stimulate the development of male characteristics
oxytocin (OT, OCT)
stimulates contractions in the uterus during labor and childbirth
gastrin
stimulates gastric secretions
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
stimulates growth of the ova in female and sperm in male
secretin
stimulates pancreatic enzymes
prostaglandins
stimulates the contraction of smooth muscle, influence the inflammatory response, and are involved in gastrointestinal and vascular functions
thymosin
stimulates the development of the immune system and production of lymphocytes
parathyroid hormone (PTH), or parathormone
stimulates the release of calcium from bone tissue to increase the level of calcium in the blood
gastric adenocarcinoma
stomach cancer
autologous bone marrow transplant
stored marrow from the patients own body is rein fused with needed
orth/o
straight
Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
stroke;occurs when the normal supply of blood to the brain is interrupted
purgatives
strong
gamma rays
strongest; capable of penetrating several centimeters of soft tissue and one; have greater diagnostic value
congenital heart disease
structural or functional abnormalities of the heart that are present from birth
diagnostic radiologist
studies and interprets the x-ray images of the patients
oral administration
the drug is taken by mouth; slower and requires that the drug is able to withstand the digestive system
excretion
the drug's elimination from the body
umbilical cord
connects the placenta and embryo
presbyopia
farsightedness caused by old age
endarterectomy,
fatty deposits are surgically removed from the innermost lining of the artery
ovum
female sex cell
pyrexia
fever
tendons
fibrous connective tissues that connect muscles to bones
ligaments
fibrous tissue that connect bones to other bones
fascia
fibrous tissue which contains the muscles blood, lymph and nerve supply
pulmonary angiography
filming of the blood vessels in the lung after the injection of a contrast medium into the pulmonary artery or right side of the heart
Eclampsia
final and most severe phase of preeclampsia
Rales or crackles
fine crackling sounds heard during inhalation, caused by excess bronchial tube secretions in the alveoli
cilia
fine hairs lining the nasal cavity along with mucous membrane
digital rectal examination (DRE)
finger palpation of the prostate gland through the rectum
cervical (cervic/o) vertebrae
first seven vertebrae
metacarpals
five bones in the palm of the hand
delusions
fixed believes that are not easy to change in light of conflicting evidence
receptors
hormones interact with target tissues by binding to these on the surface of or within the tissues cells
whitehead
a closed comedones that forms when the pore is completely blocked
cyst
a closed, thick-walled sac that contains fluid or semisolid material
pneumothorax
a collection of air in the pleural space
crust
a collection of dried serum and cellular debris
Croup
a common acute viral infection in children, characterized by obstruction of the larynx; symptoms include a harsh, barking cough; and stridor
Kidney disease (diabetic nephropathy)
a common compilation of high levels of blood glucose
atrial fibrillation (AF)
a common condition in older people; 350-600 bpm; Electrical impulses randomly move throughout the atria
erythema infectiosum (fifth disease)
a common exanthematous viral disease
Colposcopy
a common follow-up procedure for abnormal Pap smears
proximal fifth metatarsal
a common fracture site
carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)
a common repetitive motion injury; median nerve is squeezed or constricted by a wrist ligament as the nerve passes between that ligament and the bones and tendons of the wrist
Diabetic retinopathy
a complication of diabetes mellitus affecting the blood vessels of the retina
kleptomania
a compulsion to steal things
Positron emission tomography (PET)
a computerized imaging technique that shows the chemical activity of the brain and offers excellent visualization of the extent of tissue damage
polycythemia (also known as polycythemia vera)
a condition characterized by a significant increase in the numbers of RBCs
exophthalmos
a condition characterized by an abnormal profusion of the eyeballs caused by increased deposits of fat in the tissues at the back of the eye socket
Raynaud disease
a condition characterized by intermittent attacks of ischemia that cause constriction and vasospasm in the arterioles in the fingers and toes
Nystagmus
a condition characterized by repetitive, rhythmic eye movements of one or both eyes and is usually caused by brain tumors or diseases of the inner ear
anemia
a condition in which insufficient iron is present in the blood
hydrarthrosis
a condition in which synovial fluid collects abnormally in the joint
Endometriosis
a condition in which the endometrial tissue that lines the uterus proliferates and is transferred to sites outside the uterine cavity
congestive heart failure (CHF)
a condition in which the heart is unable to pump the amount of blood needed to meet the body's metabolic needs
Placenta previa
a condition in which the placenta has developed in the lower portion of the uterus and covers the cervical opening
Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
a condition marked by inflexibility, preoccupation with perfection, restricted emotional expression, and a need for control and order.
thyrotoxicosis, or Graves disease
a condition of abnormally high or toxic levels of thyroid activity
hemothorax
a condition of blood in the chest or pleural cavity
panhypopituitarism
a condition of deficiency of all pituitary hormones
hypothyroidism
a condition of deficient activity of the thyroid gland
mood disorder
a condition of intense, abnormal mood that dominates a patient's entire mental life for an extended period
Azoospermia
a condition of no living sperm in the semen
pyothorax
a condition of pus in the chest or pleural cavity
spondyloisthesis
a condition resulting from the partial forward dislocation of one vertebra over the one beneath it
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)
a condition that is caused by excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland , leading to abnormal retention of water
transposition of the great vessels
a condition that occurs when the pulmonary artery arises from the left ventricle and the aorta from the right ventricle
cretinism
a congenital condition associated with severe hypothyroidism
Hypospadias
a congenital disorder in which the external opening of the urethra—the urinary meatus—is on the undersurface of the peni
Tetralogy of Fallot
a congenital malformation of the heart consisting of four (tetra-) distinct defects: stenosis, aperture, shifting, hypertrophy
scabies
a contagious dermatitis caused by penetration of the stratum corneum
meniscus
a crescent-shaped fibrocartilaginous structure in the knee that divides the joint cavity and acts as a protective cushion
Hypochromic anemia
a decreased concentration of hemoglobin in the red blood cells
neutropenia
a deficiency (-penia) of neutrophils in the blood
pancytopenia
a deficiency of all types of blood cells
achondroplasia
a deficiency or lack of the growth of cartilage at the epiphyses of the long bones and skulll (results in dwarfism)
reticular layer
a dense network of fibrous tissue
ophthalmoscope
a device consisting of a light, a mirror, and lenses of varying strengths; used to visually exam the eye
discography (diskography)
a diagnostic imaging procedure in which x-ray image of the cervical or lumbar intervertebral disk is obtained after the injection of contrast medium into the interior of the disk
scintigraphy
a diagnostic nuclear medicine test that uses radiopharmaceuticals and gamma cameras to create images
bronchography
a diagnostic procedure during which an x-ray image is taken of the bronchial tubes after the administration of iodized oil through the trachea
Cholangiography
a diagnostic procedure used to outline the major blle ducts either by intravenous injection or directly into the duct
hysterosalpingography (HSG)
a diagnostic test that involves the radiographic imaging (-graphy) of the uterus (hyster/o) and fallopian tubes (salping/o) after the injection of contrast dye
Pap (Papanicolaou) smear
a diagnostic tool for detecting abnormal changes in the cells of the cervix
remission
a disappearance of the signs of disease
tinea barbae
a disease of bearded portions of the neck and face
leukemia
a disease of blood-forming organs in which bone marrow is replaced by proliferating leukocytes and their precursors
Hemochromatosis
a disorder in which excessive amounts of iron are deposited throughout the body
Granulocytosis
a disorder in which the number of granulocytes—basophils, eosinophils, or neutrophils—is abnormally high
Sadomasochism
a disorder that includes elements of both sadism and masochism
Exhibitionism,
a disorder that primarily occurs in men, involves the compulsive need to expose one's genitals to unsuspecting strangers
Fibrillation
a disturbance of the heart's rhythm, during which very rapid, disorganized, and ineffectual contractions of the atria or ventricles occur
antidote
a drug that counteracts the unwanted effects of another drug
Myelin
a fatty substance formed by Schwann cells; insulates the axon while also helping to transmit the electrical impulse
zoophobia
a fear of animals and insects
acrophobia
a fear of being in high places
agoraphobia
a fear of leaving home or another safe place
claustrophobia
a fear of small, enclosed places
ganglion
a fluid-filled cyst arising from the joint capsule or tendon in the wrist
revision arthroplasty
a follow-up surgery to replace a worn-out joint replacement
digital radiography
a form of x-ray imaging in which digital sensors are used instead of traditional photographic film
onychomycosis
a fungal infection of the nails that may develop from the use of artificial fingernails
pneumatic retinopexy
a gas bubble is injected into the vitreous chamber to put pressure on the area of retinal tear until the retina is reattached
Reactive airway disease
a general term for conditions that involve wheezing and allergic reactions; not a synonym for asthma
Sickle cell anemia
a genetic disorder characterized by hemolysis and the production of abnormally shaped erythrocytes by abnormal hemoglobin, hemoglobin S (HbS)
Huntington disease
a genetically transmitted degenerative disorder; characterized by excessive, involuntary, dancelike movements
seminoma
a germinal tumor that forms in the seminiferous (semin/i) tubules
pleural friction rub
a grating sound that occurs as one layer of the pleural membrane slides over the other during breathing
tolerance
a greater amount of the substance must be consumed to achieve intoxication
fissure
a groove sore
tricuspid valve
connects the right atrium and the right ventricle
parasympathetic system
conserves and restores the body's resources and acts as a counterbalance
anterior chamber of eye
consists of anterior chambers and posterior chambers
Hemoglobin (hemoglobin/o)
consists of heme—the pigmented, iron-containing portion of the molecule—and globin, a protein chain
cardiovascular system
consists of the heart (cardi/o, coron/o) and a closed network of blood vessels (vascul/o) that carry blood throughout the body
lower respiratory tract
consists of the windpipe or trachea (trache/o), all segments of the bronchial tree, and the lungs (pulmon/o, pneum/o, pneumon/o)
bronchopneumonia
consolidation primarily occurs in the terminal bronchioles, affecting a smaller area and resulting in milder symptoms
stenosis
constriction of the pulmonary artery
anterior chamber
contain a clear, watery fluid, called aqueous humor
granulocytes
contain cytoplasmic granules
necrotic tumor
contains dead tissue
Snellen chart
contains letters of decreasing size, is often used to measure visual sharpness
Type O
contains neither A nor B antigens
pons
contains reflex centers for certain cranial nerve reflexes; controls eye and facial movement; helps regulate breathing
instinct
contains the basic inborn urges (hunger, thirst, sex)
diencephalon
contains the thalamus and the hypothalamus
Wheezes
continuous whistling sounds caused by air being forced through narrowed air passages
cholecystokinin
contracts the gallbladder
pyelography
contrast dye may be injected through a vein (intravenous pylogram (IVP)) or introduced through the urethra and bladder for direct injection into the ureter (retrograde pyelogram)
contrast agent
contrast medium; a substance, either radiopaque or radiolucent that is introduced into the body to cause structures to appear lighter or darker
glucocorticoids
control blood pressure and glucose levels; secreted by adrenal cortex
Voluntary activities
controlled by somatic nervous system
hypothalamus
controls anterior pituitary gland which secretes seven different hormones
medulla oblongata
controls the muscles of respiration, slows the heart when it is beating too rapidly, and participates in the constriction and dilation of the blood vessels
eye (ocul/o, ophthalm/o, optic/o, opt/o)
converts the energy of light into electrical nerve impulses and transmits those signals to the brain where they are interpreted as sight
cornea
convex, transparent structure through which light passes to other parts of the eye
hemoptysis
coughing up blood from the bronchial tubes and lungs
flat bones
cover soft body parts and include the shoulder blades, ribs, and pelvic bones
crackles
cracking sounds heard during inspiration when the alveoli are filled with secretions
intermittent claudication
cramplike pain in the calf muscles caused by exercise and relieved by rest
lymphoscintigraphy
creates scintigrams after the subcutaneous injection of a radiotracer and is helpful in detecting lymphatic tumors and evaluating lymphedema
tubal ligation
cutting, burning, or tying off (ligation) of the fallopian tubes, which prevents ova from entering the fallopian tubes and prevents sperm from reaching an egg
Rods
cylindrical cells that enable the detection of low-intensity light
Alzheimer disease
damage to neurons in the brain disrupts the neurons' ability to function properly
tertiary syphilis
damage to the central nervous and cardiovascular systems may occur,
color
dark black or have multiple coles
necrosis
death of lung tissue
beta-blockers
decrease muscular tone in blood vessels (leading to vasodilation), slow the heart rate, decrease the output of the heart, and reduce blood pressure by blocking the action of epinephrine at receptor sites in the heart muscle and blood vessels
cardiac muscle
found in the heart, striated, and not consciously controlled
long bones
found in the legs and arms
Macrophages
found in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow, and their job is to destroy worn out red blood cells
short bones
found in the writs and ankles
carpals
four bones in wrist
q.I.d, qid
four times per day
parathyroid glands
four tiny structures attached to the posterior wall of the thyroid gland
sacrum
fourth portion of vertebrae; curved and triangular
pathological fractures (spontaneous fractures)
fractures as a response to deterioration or progressive weakening from pathological conditions
medullary tumor
frequently encountered in the breast or thyroid gland; larger, soft and fleshy
fimbriae
fringelike projections on the outer end of each fallopian tube catch the egg
optic disk
from which the optic nerve arises and the macula lutea arrise
androgens
hormones that are normally produced by the testes and andrenal glands
cardiac catheterization (cath)
involves guiding a flexible catheter via a vein or artery into the heart to detect blood flow and pressure
cephalic version
normal, head is turned toward the cervix
estrogen
normally produced by ovaries
PSA
normally should measure no higher than 4 mg/L,
structures of the upper respiratory tract
nose, pharynx, pharyngeal tonsils, or adenoids, palatine tonsils, epiglottis, larynx, and trachea
benign tumor
not cancerous
type 2 diabes
not insulin-dependent and may take oral antidiabetic drugs
analgesic
not sensitive to pain
NPO
nothing by mouth
semilunar valves (SL)
the pulmonary and the aortic valve together
progressive disease (PD)
the tumor has an increased in size
stable disease (SD)
the tumor is neither shrinking nor growing
pubis symphysis
the two pubic bones anteriorly join at the midline to form the cartilaginous joint
toxicity
the unwanted and potentially dangerous effects of some drugs
mediastinoscopy
the use of an endoscope to examine the mediastinum visually through an incision just above the breast bone
chemotherapy
the use of drugs to destroy microorganisms, parasites, or malignant cells within the body
echocardiography (ECHO)
the use of high-frequency sound waves to show the structure and movement of the heart
Fetishism
the use of inanimate object such as clothing to arouse erotic feelings
Thrombolytic therapy
the use of pharmacologic agents (drugs) to break up or dissolve blood clots
Fluoroscopy
the use of x-ray beams and a fluorescent screen to produce real-time video images
total abdominal hysterectomy (TAH)
the uterus and cervix are removed through an abdominal incision
total vaginal hysterectomy (TVH)
the uterus is removed through the vagina
arthoscopy
the viewing of a joint with an instrument called an endoscope
mutinous
tumor filled with thick sticky mucus
ACE inhibitors
treats Congestive heart failure (CHF)
serous
tumor filled with watery fluid resembling serum
TNM:
tumor, nodes, and metastases
oncogenic viruses
tumor-producing viruses
atrioventricular (AV) valves
tricuspid and bicuspid valve together
Stem cells
unspecialized cells that become specialized when they mature
aura
unusual sensory sensation before the onset of a seizer
appendicular skeleton
upper and lower extremities plus shoulder girdle and the pelvic girdle
humerus
upper arm bone
base
upper boarder of the heart that lies just below the second rib
manubrium
upper part of the sternum
right lung has three lobes
upper, middle lower
nasopharynx
uppermost section of pharynx; located just posterior to the nasal cavity
transurethral incision of the prostate (TUIP)
urethra is widened by means of small incisions in the bladder neck and prostate gland; used when prostate gland is less enlarged
nonspecific urethritis (NSU)
urethritis not caused by an STI
fulguration
use electric sparks generated by a high frequency current to remove tumors
laser therapy
used for glaucoma; creating a hole in the iris (iridotomy) to improve aqueous humor outflow
corticosteroids
used for management of lupus
Alpha-fetoprotein test
used for testicular and liver cancers
debunking procedure
used if the tumor is attached to a vital organ and cannot be completely removed
adrenal corticosteroids, or glucocorticoids,
used in the treatment of inflammation, arthritis, cancer, and gastrointestinal, skin, respiratory, and blood disorders
antiandrogen drug
used in the treatment of prostate cancer because they interfere with androgen production or prevent their binding
narcotics
used to alleviate severe pain because they can cause dependence
glucose pen
used to deliver boluses of insulin
ionizing radiation therapy (RT), or radiotherapy
used to destroy tumor cells (radi/o = rays) by delivering a maximum dose of ionizing radiation to tumor tissue; radiation oncology
thallium-20
used to detect head and neck tumors, brain abnormalities appear as an increased accumulation of radioactivity
Absolute neutrophil count (ANC)
used to detect neutropenia by multiplying the total WBC count by the number of neutrophils present in the blood
gamma camera
used to detect scintiscanner and generates an image that helps map the distribution and rate of absorption
antinuclear antibody (ANA) test
used to detect the presence of an antibody present in the serum of a patient with systemic lupus erythematous and other autoimmune disease
Beta-hCG test
used to detect the presence of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in serumAlpha-fetoprotein test
oral glucose tolerance test (GTT)
used to diagnose both prediabetes and gestational diabetes
myelograms
used to diagnose injury to the spinal cord caused by trauma or disease
computed tomography (CT)
used to diagnose lesions that are difficult to assess with conventional radiography
cathartic agent
used to either relieve constipation or promote defecation for diagnostic or treatment procedures
Scintillation scanning
used to evaluate nodules of the thyroid gland
antibiotic
used to fight live disease-producing organisms
tonometer
used to measure intraocular pressure in a procedure called tonometry
polymorphonuclear
(poly- = many; morph/o = shape, form; nucle/o = nucleus; -ar = pertaining to)
sideropenia
(sider/o = iron; -penia = deficiency)
herniated disk
"slipped disk"; occurs when a tear in a disk causes portion of the disk to bulge out into the spinal canal and irritate the spinal nerves
corpus luteum
"yellow body."; ovarian follicles that is matured and ruptured
pleomorphic
(-ic = pertaining to; ple/o = many or more; morph/o = shape or form
needle biopsy
(1) by removing a thin core of tissue from an organ or mass using a large-bore needle (core-needle biopsy) or by extracting; or (2) by aspirating free cells from a fluid-filled cavity or from inside a solid tumor mass using a fine needle (fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy)
brainstem
(1) medulla oblongata or medulla, (2) pons (pont/o), and (3) midbrain
dysphagia
(dys- = difficulty; -phagia = swallowing condition)
hypercapnia
(hyper- = excessive; capn/o = carbon dioxide)
pleurisy
(pleuritis) an inflammation of the pleura; caused by bacterial or viral infections
anemia
-emia = blood condition; an- = no or without
peripheral nervous system
12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves
c
200 or more cone-shaped lobules that contain tiny coiled tubes
menopause
30-40 years after first menstration; marked by decreased estrogen production, which gradually causes ovulation and menstruation to become less frequent
retropubic approach
6-inch incision below the umbilicus allows the removal of the prostate gland, along with pelvic lymph node dissection
type A blood
A antigens are found on the erythrocyte membrane
prepuce
A fold of skin covering the tip of the penis
xanthelasma
A raised yellowish plaque on the eyelid, caused by a lipid disorder
laparoscopy, or peritoneoscop
A small incision is made in the abdominal wall (lapar/o) for insertion of a laparoscope, or peritoneoscope, to inspect the abdominal cavity for tumors
paranasal sinuses (sinus/o)
Air-filled cavities in the bones near the nose
antihemophilic factor VIII or factor IX
Approximately 80% of those with hemophilia have an absence or a deficiency of the
Days 13 and 14
As the estrogen content in the blood increases, the pituitary gland is stimulated to secrete luteinizing hormone (LH), causing the mature follicle to eject the ovum. Ovulation often occurs on day 14.
Alkylating agents
Attack DNA molecules, causing strand breaks
Type B blood
B antigens are found on the erythrocyte membrane
Antimitotics
Block mitosis (division or replication) in cells
Molecularly targeted therapy
Blocks the function of growth factors, their receptors, and signaling pathways in tumor cells
Myelosuppression
Bone marrow (myel/o) depression (-suppression = to stop)
protein marker tests
CA-125 test and the CEA test, which detects carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) associated with colorectal and other gastrointestinal tumors
Lumbar puncture (LP) (spinal tap)
CSF is withdrawn from the spinal cavity using a needle directed into the subarachnoid space
vagus nerve
Cranial nerve X; reaches the larynx, trachea, bronchi, aorta, esophagus, and stomach and is the only cranial nerve that leaves the head and neck region
vegetations
Cauliflower-like lesions that form on the endocardium or valve surface
Thrombocytopenia
Deficiency of platelets or thrombocytes (-penia = deficiency; thromb/o = clot; cyt/o = cell)
slit-lamp microscopy
Diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and retinal detachment can sometimes be identified
neuropathies
Diseases (-pathy) of the peripheral nerves (neur/o); can effect sensory, motor, or autonomic functions
Xerostomia
Dryness of the mouth (-ia = condition; xer/o = dry; stom/o = mouth)
Days 1 to 5
During each month in which an ovum is not fertilized, menstruation occurs, and patches of dead cells, torn tissue, and blood from torn arteries are shed from the endometrium and discharged from the uterus through the vagina
cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)
Dysplasia that is observed on a biopsy of the cervix
ENT
Ears, nose, throat
Phase II trial
Experimental drug or treatment is tested for risks to a specific population and disease among a larger group of people (200 to 300).
Phase III
Experimental drug or treatment is tested in a more definitive trial for risks vs. benefits in a larger group of people (100s or 1000s).
erythropoietin (EPO)
Erythrocytes are produced in response to the kidney's secretion of the hormone
neurons
Fibers exiting from microscopic nerve cells
transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)
Gradual occlusion of a blood vessel may be signaled by the occurrence of temporary neurologic disturbances
HEENT
Head, Eyes, Ears, Nose, Throat
Infertility
Inability to contribute to conception
Pneumonitis:
Inflammation (-itis) in the lungs (pneumon/o)
Mucositis
Inflammation and ulceration of mucous membranes (mucos/o)
Antimetabolites
Inhibit synthesis of DNA components, or block DNA replication
Phase IV
Large studies are conducted after the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved a drug for marketing. These trials are designed to monitor safety and to identify new indications, if possible.
right lymphatic duct
Lymph from the right upper quadrant of the body and the right side of the head drains into _______
purified protein derivative (PPD)
Mantoux skin test; can indicate exposure to tuberculosis
agranulocytes
Monocytes and lymphocytes
granulocytes
Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
secondary tumors
New types of tumors originating at a site separate from the primary tumor, including sarcomas, carcinomas, or leukemias arising from damaged tissue
Days 6 to 12
Now the cells of the uterine lining reproduce, and the endometrium undergoes a period of repair. At the same time, another ovarian follicle—containing a maturing ovum—is developing, and the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is causing estrogen production to increase toward its peak level.
Alopecia
Partial or complete hair loss
Antibiotics
Promote breakage of the DNA strands, preventing their replication
thyroid carcinoma (thyrocarcinoma)
Radioactive iodine uptake and the performance of a thyroid scan can help establish the diagnosis of
projective (personality) tests
Rorschach inkblots test and the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) use ambiguous or unstructured stimuli to bring out associations and sometimes uncover emotional conflict
Epilepsy
a group of disorders that involve an abnormal discharge of electrical activity from the nerve cells of the cerebral cortex
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis
Samples of CSF are examined to measure protein, glucose, red and white blood cells, and other chemical contents
lactiferous ducts
Small tubular structures—the lactiferous ducts—extend from the milk-secreting cells, slightly expanding into lactiferous sinuses as they converge in a spoke-like fashion toward the nipple
multidetector CT (MDCT) scanners
State-of-the-art scanners are now 64, 128, 256, and 320 slices
muscular dystrophy (MD)
a group of inherited disorder characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of muscle fibers without involvement of the NS
two types of lymphotes
T cells and B cells
pneumoconiosis
a group of occupational-related restrictive lung disease characterized by inflammation, infection, and bronchitis
Partial thromboplastin time (PTT)
a test that assesses defects in the coagulation pathway
paraphilia
a group of psychiatric disorders in which sexual urges are expressed in ways that are socially prohibited and/or biologically undesirable
polyp
a growth extended from the surface of the mucous membrane
pilonidal cyst
a hair-containing cyst found in the sacral region of the back
sperm
a head, a cylindrical midpiece, and an elongated tail region
Hemophilia
a hereditary bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency in one of the factors necessary for the blood to clot
angiography
an x-ray image is taken after the injection of a contrast dye into one of the blood vessels
bicuspid valve
connects the left atrium and the left ventricle
multiple endocrine neoplasia
a hereditary disorder characterized by a number of adenomas and carcinomas that can occur throughout the endocrine system
stridor
a high-pitched sound on inspiration
percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography
The contrast material for this procedure may also be delivered through (per-) the skin (cutane/o) or through the liver (hepat/o)
chorion
The outermost layer of the membranes surrounding the embryo; gives rise to the placenta
visceral pleura
The portion of the pleura closest to the lungs
left lung has two lobes
To accommodate for the space that the heart takes up in the chest cavity
TNM staging system and the Gleason scoring system
Two scoring systems are used to determine how aggressive the prostate cancer is
labia minora
Two smaller folds of tissue
V/Q scan
VPS creates these images; (V = ventilation; Q = rate of blood flow or blood volume).
occipital lobe
Visual images are registered; visual association areas
petechiae
When emboli come to rest in small vessels, pinpoint hemorrhages
H and H
When hemoglobin and hematocrit are measured together, it is called this
Days 15 to 28
With the ovum moving through the fallopian tubes for possible fertilization, the uterine lining again begins to prepare for pregnancy. LH triggers the corpus luteum to secrete an increased level of progesterone, and, in response, the uterine lining becomes thicker and develops a greater blood supply. When fertilization does not occur, secretions from the corpus luteum diminish, progesterone levels drop, endometrial cells die, and the reproductive cycle repeats with the onset of menstrual bleeding
rotation
a circular movement around an axis
Analgesics
a class of drugs that relieves pain
Lymph (lymph/o)
a clear, watery liquid that flows through the thin-walled lymphatic vasculature
corpus callosum
a band of nerves at the base of the fissure that connect the two hemispheres of the brain
cardiac pacemaker
a battery-powered device that initiates the heartbeat
flexion
a bending movement around a joint; angle is decreased
osteochondroma
a benign growth projecting outward from the cartilaginous surface of a bone
seborrheic keratosis
a benign lesion that is dark in color and results from an overgrowth of the upper epidermis
hemangioma
a benign tumor made of a bundle of blood vessels
verruca or wart
a benign tumor of the epidermial layer of the skin
gastric adenoma
a benign tumor of the glandular epithelial cells that line the stomach
Cushing disease
a benign tumor of the pituitary; which causes hyper secretion of ACTH which then stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce excess cortisol
ilium
a blade-shaped section of the hip on each side of the pelvic girdle
coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
a blood vessel is grafted onto one of the coronary arteries to bypass the area of occlusion
inversion
a body part involves turning inward
olecranon
a bony process on the medical lower arm
anal fissure
a break in the skin lining the anal canal
eczematous dermatitis
a breakdown of the epidermis, with eruption of erythematous, pruritic vesciles
diaphragm (phren/o)
a broad band of muscle that separates the chest and abdomen
Squamous cell carcinoma
a cancerous (carcin/o) tumor (-oma) that arises from the squamous epithelial cells of the epidermis and is most often found in sun-damaged skin previously affected by actinic keratosis
adenocarcioma
a cancerous tumor of the epithelium that originates in glandular tissue
disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD)
a category of otherwise unrelated drugs that work together to slow the progression of the disease
hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HST)
a cell in the bone marrow that gives rise to all types of red blood cells
blepharoptosis
a change in elasticity or shape of the eyelid caused by neuromuscular problems
Cervical dysplasia
a change in the size, shape, and/or appearance of the cells that form cervical tissue; often caused by HPV
diethylstilbestrol (DES)
a chemical carcinogen; synthetic estrogen that was given to pregnant women who had previous miscarriages or premature deliveries; was show to cause cancer in children in utero
ionization
a chemical process during which the energy of an x-ray beam causes the neutral particles of the substance to become charged particles called ions
retinoblastoma
a childhood cancer arising from immature cells in the retina, the light-sensitive surface at the back of the interior of the eye
neuroblastoma
a childhood cancer arising from immature tissues in the autonomic nervous system or adrenal medulla
myasthenia gravis (MG)
a chronic autoimmune disorder in which the motor neurons fail to transmit impulses to the muscles to cause contraction
Herpes genitalis
a chronic infection caused by the type II herpes simplex virus (HSV II)
psoriasis
a chronic inflammatory autoimmune skin disorder in which thick, scaly lesions form because of an excessive growth rate of epithelial cells
Vulvodynia
a chronic pain with no identifiable cause that affects the vulvar area
Dysthymia, or persistent depressive disorder
a chronic psychiatric illness involving a low level of depression for a period of at least 2 years
Asthma
a chronic, intermittent inflammatory disorder in which the bronchi in the lungs become obstructed by swelling (bronchial edema), constriction, and increased mucous production
lens (phac/o, phak/o)
a highly elastic, transparent structure behind the iris; Contraction or relaxation of the ciliary body changes the shape and size
aspiration
a hollow needle is inserted to withdraw the lens tissue
arthrodesis
a joint is fused to provide stability
arthroscopy
a joint is visualized using an endoscope inserted through a small incision
actinic keratosis
a keratosis caused by overexposure to ultraviolet light
radioimmunoassay studies (RIA)
a laboratory measure that assesses hormone levels in plasma
White matter
a large bundle of myelinated axons; surrounds the core of the spinal cord
thoracic duct
a large lymphatic vessel that drains lymph from the lower body and the left side of the head
patch
a large macule, greater than 1 centimeter in diameter
tuberosity or tubercle
a large protuberance on a bone where muscles or tendons attach
keloid
a lesion that results from excessive collagen formation in the skin during tissue repair after a trauma or surgical incision
diffuse tumor growth
a less encouraging sign
unconscious
a level of mental functioning that is beyond our awareness
Cooley anemia
a life-threatening disease in which both physical and mental growth may be retarded
laryngoscopy
a lighted, flexible endoscope is passed from the mouth or nose into the throat to visualize the larynx or voice box
aneurysm
a localized weakness in its wall
psychotherapy
a long term, intense interaction between a psychiatrist and a patient during which the patient freely shares thoughts and associations with the analyst
arachnoid membrane
a loosely attached weblike covering
amnesia
a loss of memory
oligospermia
a low sperm count
Endometrial carcinoma
a malignant (carcin/o) tumor (-oma) of the endometrium, or the inner lining of the uterus
synoviosarcoma
a malignant neoplasm arising in the synovial membrane of the joints and in synovial cells of bursar and tendons
Ovarian carcinoma
a malignant neoplasm of the ovaries; serous (clear fluid) and mucinous (thick, pasty fluid) cystic adenocarcinomas
tumor or neoplasm
a mass or growth that arises from normal tissue
prothrombin time (PT)
a measure of blood clotting ability excluding factor VIII
red blood cell (RBC) count
a measure of the number of erythrocytes per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood
serum calcium (Ca)
a measurement of the level of calcium in serum
pharmacologist
a medical physician or professional who hold a doctorate degree and specializes in pharmacology
psychiatrist
a medical physician who specializes in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental disorders
pleura
a membrane that enfolds both lungs and lines the chest wall
cyclothymia
a mild form of bipolar disorder involving several recurring (cycl/o) periods of depression and hypomania (-thymia = mood), although not significant enough to meet the criteria
sedative
a mildly hypnotic drug that relaxes without necessarily producing sleep
vaccination
a modified toxin (tox/o = poison) or antigen capable of inducing antibody production against a specific disease that may be encountered in the future
film badge
a monitoring device used to detect radiation exposure
eversion
a movement that involves turning a body part outward
conjunctiva
a mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the eye
carcinogenesis
a mutation of genetic material in normal cells that lead to uncontrolled cell division
fissure
a narrow and deep slitlike opening
aortic valve
connects the left ventricle and the aorta
Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)
a nonsurgical intervention for the treatment of CAD; a balloon-tipped catheter and a meshlike device called a stent are threaded into a coronary artery to dilate the clogged vessel
Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
a nuclear imaging technique that is similar to PET scanning. It involves the injection of a more stable radioactive substance than the substance used in PET scanning and uses different detectors
thyroid scan
a nuclear medicine technique used to visualize the shape, size and position of the thyroid gland by passing a scanning device over the neck after a radioactive substance has been given to the patient
radiculitis
a painful disorder in which the nerve root (radicul/o) of a spinal nerve becomes inflamed
spinal stenosis
a painful, abnormal narrowing of the lumbar spinal canal
palatine tonsils
a pair of small rounded masses of lymph tissue, lie just beyond the base of the tongue, on each side of the throat
supination
a palm that faces up
pronation
a palm that is down
Basophilia
a pathologic condition associated with certain types of leukemia in which an overgrowth occurs in the number of immature basophilic leukocytes in the blood
prone
a patient who is in a recumbent position; laying face down
External respiration
a person inhales and air travels down the trachea into the lungs; oxygen enters the tiny capillaries that surround the alveoli
psychologist
a person who has earned a masters or doctorate degree in psychology (not medical) and will typically specialize in a partiular field of application
psychosis
a person with significantly unable to appraise the external world accurately
narcissism
a pervasive interest in the self with no empathy for others
cone
a photoreceptor cell in the retina that transforms light energy into a nerve impulse; responsible for color and central vision
rod
a photoreceptor cell of the retina that is essential for vision in dim light and for peripheral vision
radiation oncologist
a physician who has completed special training in the use of ionizing radiation to treat cancer
orthopedist
a physician who treats bone, joints, and muscles conditions in children and adults
oncogenes
a piece of DNA whose activation is associated with the conversion of normal cells into cancerous cells
patch test
a piece of gauze or filtered paper containing an allergen extract is applied to the skin to see whether is produces a reaction
Holter monitor
a portable electrocardiographic device that can be worn to provide an extended recording of the heart's electrical activity
scrotum
a pouch of skin suspended between the thighs
packed cells
a preparation of red blood cells separated from liquid plasma
laser photocoagulation and cryotherapy
a procedure during which a freezer burn is used to create scar tissue that seals holes in the eye's innermost layer
Endometrial biopsy (EMB)
a procedure during which a tissue sample is taken from the endometrial lining of the uterus
lumpectomy
a procedure during which the tumor and immediate surrounding tissue are removed while preserving the remaining breast tissue
Bone marrow aspiration
a procedure that uses suction produced by a syringe to collect the sample
mitral commissurotomy
a procedure, during which the mitral valve is divided at the juncture of its cusps to treat stenosis
reflex arc
a process that is mediated through the spinal cord
cataract
a progressive, abnormal condition of the lens characterized by a loss of transparency
Mood
a prolonged emotional state that dominates the personality and colors a person's view of the world
prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
a protein produced by the prostate; identify prostate cancer by checking for elevated levels of PSA in the blood
bulimia
a psychiatric disorder marked by the insatiable craving for food and recurrent episodes of binge eating (rapid food consumption), often followed by purging (such as self-induced vomiting and misuse of laxatives or enemas), depression, and deprivation.
pulmonary abscess
a pus-filled lesion in the lung, usually caused by the aspiration of bacteria
sciatica
a radiculopathy that affects the sciatic nerve root in the back
Myelography
a radiographic imaging of the spinal cord after the injection of an iodine-based contrast agent into the subarachnoid space surrounding the spinal cord
Hysterosalpingography
a radiographic procedure used to assess irregularities of the uterus and fallopian tubes
nuclear medicine physician
a radiologist who is skilled in the use of radioactive substances that are used to diagnose and treat disease
retinal detachment
a separation in the layers of the retina
syphilis
a sexually transmitted disease caused by a spirochete, which is a spiral-shaped bacterium
fossa
a shallow cavity either in or on a bone
Albuterol
a short-acting beta agonist (SABA) used to treat acute symptoms of asthma
staging laparotomy
a significant wider incision is made in the abdomen to enable the surgeon to explode the abdominal cavity to determine the extent of the spread of a malignant disease
zygote
a single cell with a complete set of chromosomes
proton stereotactic radiosurgery, or PSRS (also called stereotaxic radiosurgery)
a single large dose of radiation is delivered from several different angles under highly precise (stereotactic) guidance to treat small intracranial or arteriovenous abnormalities; gamma knifer surgery
bradycardia
a slowing (brady-) of the heart's (cardi/o) normal rate
chalazion
a small localized swelling, or granuloma, caused by chronic inflammation of the lid's sebaceous glands
atrioventricular (AV) node
a small mass of cardiac muscle tissue located in the right atrium near the ventricle (ventricul/o)
skin biopsy
a small piece of living tissue from a lesion is removed for miscroscopic examination to look for cancer cells
scratch test
a small quantity of a solution contains an allergy-causing substance is placed on a lightly scratched area of the skin to assess sensitivity
poly
a small tumor like growth projecting from the surface of any mucous membrane
clitoris
a small, rounded organ that is situated near the anterior folds of the labia minora
papule
a small, solid raised skin lesion that is less than 1 centimeter in diameter
wheal
a smooth, edematous (swollen), irregularly shaped, solid elevation of the skin
corn
a smooth, thick mass that develops from the epidermis of the feet and toes and demonstrates a hard, whitish core
meibomian glands
a special kind of sebaceous gland at the rim of the eyelids and are responsible for the supply of meibum, an oily substance that prevents evaporation of the eye's tear film
ophthalmologist
a specialist (-ist) in the study (log/o) and treatment of disorders of the eye (ophthalm/o)
delirium
a state of agitated excitement; Symptoms include confused and disorganized thinking, incoherent speech, difficulty paying attention, disorientation, and memory impairment
dissociation
a state of uncomfortable feelings that are separated from their real object
cryosurgery
a subfreezing temperature is used to destroy the malignant tumor
erythropoietin
a substance that stimulates the production of red blood cells (RBCs)
obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)
a sudden cessation (a-) of breathing (-pnea) during sleep
dissociative amnesia
a sudden inability to recall important personal information that is too extensive to be explained by ordinary forgetfulness occurs
Acute leukemia
a sudden onset, a rapid progression, and large numbers of undifferentiated, immature leukocytes in the blood
episiotomy
a surgical incision (-tomy) in the perineum to surgically enlarge the space in which the baby is delivered
thoracotomy
a surgical incision into the chest
cesarean section (C-section)
a surgical incision is made across the belly just above the pubic area
dermabrasion
a surgical procedure for removing scars
diskectomy
a surgical procedure to remove herniated disk material that is pressing on a nerve root or the spinal cord
intradermal injection
a suspected allergen is injected into the skin to assess sensitivity
continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS)
a system that continuously senses and records blood glucose levels
neoplasms
a term that describes any abnormal growth or formation (-plasm) of new (neo-) tissue whether benign or malignant
Rheumatic heart disease
a term that describes damage caused to the heart muscle and heart valves by rheumatic fever
additive
actions one in which the combination of two or more drugs taken together is equal to the sumo f the effects of each
sublingual nitroglycerin
acts as a vasodilator; increases coronary blood flow, lowering blood pressure to decrease the work of the heart
bacteriostatic antibiotic
actually kill rather than inhibit
Hyaline membrane disease (HMD)
acute lung disorder often associated with prematurity and low birth weight; caused by a lack of surfactant
visceral pericardium
adheres to the heart's surface
oxytocin
administered after labor to promote uterine contractions
sublingual nitroglycerin
administrated to dilate coronary blood vessels, slow the heart rate, and put more force into the hearts contractions
two regions of the adrenal glands
adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla
dysplastic cells
adult cells that are abnormal in size, shape and organization
cystic fibrosis (CF)
affects the cells that line the respiratory tract and causes chronic airway obstruction, infection, bronchiectasis, and sometimes respiratory failure
tinea unguium
affects the nails using scraping from the skin lesions helps diagnose the type of fungal growth
p.c., pc
after a meal
parturition
after child birth
parturition
after childbirth when the placenta is expelled from the uterus
tropical antiseptic
agents act against infection or sepsis
Antianxiety
agents lessen tension, agitation, and anxiety, especially those associated with panic attacks
expectorants
agents that help expel mucus
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC)
aggressive cancer that forms in the tissues of the lungs; rapid spread; treatment with chemo and radiation
Antinauseants, also called antiemetics
aid in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by inner ear disturbances
Electrocardiography
aids in the diagnosis of rhythmic irregularities of the heart by recording (-graphy) the heart's (cardi/o) electrical (electr/o) activity
cannabis drugs
all of the substances containing psychoactive ingredients from the flowering tops of hemp plants
laminectomy
allows the surgeon to better see the herniated disk
Doppler ultrasound
allows visualization of a moving structure; so blood can be observed as it flows through the vessels
Ophthalmoscopy
allows visualization of changes to the optic disk, is one of several procedures used to diagnose glaucoma
electromagnetic radiation
alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma rays
sexual dysfunction
alterations in the sexual response cycle that do not have a physical cause
Anemia
an abnormal blood condition (-emia) marked by a reduction in or loss of the number of red blood cells
tardive dyskinesia (TD)
an abnormal condition characterized by involuntary, repetitive muscle movements
Type I diabetes
an autoimmune disease; Little or no insulin is produced in the body because the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans that secrete the hormone have been decreased in number by an abnormal autoimmune process; insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
premature ventricular contractions (PVCs)
an electrical impulse, arising from a place other than the SA node, causes the ventricles to contract before the normal time
Fear
an emotional reaction to a specific object or situation
creatine phosphokinase (CPK)
an enzyme found in the heart, brain, and skeletal muscles
euphoria
an exaggerated felling of well-being
cocaine
an extract from the leaves of the coca plant, is also a central nervous system stimulant.; brief but intense feeling of euphoria
radiograph
an image of the internal structures of the body obtained by passing x-ray beams through the body and allowing the radiation to act on a specially sensitized detector
endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS)
an imagining procedure performed during bronchoscopy
reticulocyte
an immature red blood cell that especially appears during the regeneration of lost blood
antibody
an immunoglobin with a specific amino acid sequence that causes it to interact only with the antigen that brought about its synthesis
fibrosis,
an increase in connective tissue in normal tissues, along with loss of surface lining cells and blood vessel damage
tachycardia
an increase in the heart rate
Human papilloma virus (HPV)
an infection of the skin and mucous membranes, usually shows up as a genital wart
virus
an infectious agent that uses the host's genetic material to make copies of itself
tuberculosis (TB)
an infectious disease caused by inhalation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis—rod-shaped bacteria, or bacilli (sing., bacillus), that invade the lungs
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
an inflammation and infection of any number of organs in the pelvic region—including the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and cervix
endocervicitis
an inflammation of the inner (endo-) lining of the cervix (cervic/o)
Rheumatic fever
an inflammatory disease that potentially involves all of the layers of the heart and often follows an untreated streptococcal infection of the upper respiratory tract
spondylitis or rachitis
an inflammatory disorder of the vertebral column
Allergic rhinitis
an inflammatory response that causes a runny nose, sneezing, and other symptoms related to the nose (rhin/o)
albinism
an inherited deficiency or absence of pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes caused by an abnormal production of melanin
dopamine
an inhibitory effect on movement
sprain
an injury to a ligament when the joint is scarred through a range of motion (ROM) greater than tis normal range without dislocation or fracture
slit lamp
an instrument that combines a microscope and a light source, allowing magnified examination of the interior of the eye
spirometer
an instrument that measures and records the volume of inhaled and exhaled air
entropion
an inversion (en- = in, within) of the eyelid, in which the eyelashes actually rub against the eye
pyromania
an obsession with fire and a compulsion to set fires
blackhead
an open comedones that develops when the pore is only partially obstructed
ulcer
an open sore on the skin or mucous membrane that is deeper than an erosion
genitourinary (GU)
an organ system made up of the organs related to the production and excretion of urine, and reproduction
Hair (pil/o, trich/o)
an outgrowth from the skin of flexible, keratinized fibers
transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)
an outpatient procedure that uses sound waves to create an image of the prostate gland (trans- means across)
Ectropion
an outward (ec- = out, outside) sagging, or eversion, of the eyelid
macula lutea
an oval spot at the center of the retina
Antihistamines
an relieve the symptoms of anaphylaxis, and some are also used to prevent motion sickness since they have strong antiemetic properties
compulsion
an uncontrollable urge to perform an act repeatedly
Idiosyncrasy
an unexpected and uncommon side effect that develops in an individual patient after the administration of a drug
Computed tomography (CT)
an x-ray beam encircles the body while projecting through it; the beam is then detected by multiple sensors in a CT scanner
CT
an x-ray beam is used with a computer to provide a cross-sectional images
sexual aversion disorder
aversion to or avoidance of genital sexual contact with a partner
external rotation
away from the center of the body
carbon dioxide (capn/o
back to the lungs for expiration.
gangrene
bacterial invasion and the subsequent decomposition of necrotic tissue; an event hat interrupts the blood supply
Treatment Options for Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)
balloon angioplasty (angi/o = artery; -plasty = surgical repair), atherectomy (ather/o = plaque; -ectomy = removal), and embolic protection devices, which are filters that capture embolic debris during stenting
utero-ovarian ligaments.
bands of fibrous tissues, connect uterus and ovaries
muscles
bands of strong tissue that are responsible for movement
types of contrast media
barium (Ba) sulfate, iodine, and nitrogen gas
cuticle
base of each nail
grading
based on the microscopic appearance of the tumor cells
decubitus ulcer (deuce)
bedsore, which is an open sore over a bony prominence caused by an external pressure source
a.c., ac
before meal
carcinomas
begin in the epithelial tissue that lines external and internal body surfaces
Impulse conduction
begins when the receptors of our sensory (or afferent) neurons detect (sense) a change in the environment
flexion
bending motion at joint
subcutaneous (SC)
beneath the dermis, spongy porous layer with a rich blood supply and a wealth of fat-producing cells
adenomas
benign tumors that arise from epithelial cells
Antidysrhythmic medications
beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and digoxin; convert fibrillation to a normal sinus rhythm
protein
bind with receptors on the plasma membrane of the target tissue cells
anthracosis
black lung disease, caused by the inspiration and accumulation of coal dust in lungs
dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB)
bleeding more than usual
cerebral hemorrhage,
bleeding within the brain from a ruptured cerebral blood vessel
Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)
block neurotransmitter reuptake at nerve endings
tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
block neurotransmitters by blocking their reuptake from synapses between nerve cells
cerebral aneurysm,
blood building up in the spaces surrounding her brain
thrombus
blood clot
deep vein thrombosis
blood clot, or thrombus, is formed in a large vein
coagulation
blood clotting
veins
blood comes from venues to this and carry it back to the heart
Rh positive
blood contains this antigen
hematuria.
blood in the urine
thrombotic stroke
clot or fatty deposits narrow and eventually block, or occlude, the vessel opening
talipes
clubfoot, foot is twisted out of shape or position
floaters
clumps of vitreous humor that look like black spots in the field of vision; signs of renal detachment
irregular bones
clustered into groups; also called the sesamoid bones
islets of Langerhans
clusters of cells scattered throughout the pancreas that form the endocrine portion of the gland
Rhonchi (sing., rhonchus)
coarse, loud rumbling sounds similar to snoring; caused by congestion and inflammation in the larger bronchi
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
collagen in connective tissue throughout the body becomes chronically inflamed, affecting tendons, ligaments, bones, and cartilage
atelectasis
collapsed lung; the collapse of part or the entire lung; without (a-) complete (tele/o) expansion (-ectasis)
clavicle
collarbone
abscess
collection of pus in a confined space
Doppler flow studies
color-flow imaging; can record blood flow velocity, as well as detect obstructions caused by atherosclerotic plaques
CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA)
combines CT scanning and angiography and is used to examine the pulmonary circulation to air the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism
CT-PET fusion imaging
combines the anatomic details of a CT scan with the molecular metabolic information of a PET scan
guaiac
comes from the name of the paper surface used in the test, which contains a chemical compound that is extracted from the resin of Guaiacum trees
follicular tumor cells
common in thyroid gland cancer and can form glandular sacs of their own
hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD)
common viral illness in children caused by enterovirus
Bone scintigraphy
commonly called a bone scan
lung scintigraphy
commonly called a lung scan
Spinal nerves
communicate with the chest, abdomen, and extremities, making sensation and movement possible
radiocurable
completely eradicated by radiation therapy
neonatology
concentrates on the care of newborns
estrogen receptors (ERs)
concentration in tumor cells of patients with breast cancer is used more to guide treatment choices than to diagnose
fibromyalgia
condition characterized by diffuse pain and areas that are increasingly sensitive to touch (tender points)
erythema
condition of redness (erythem/o, erythemat/o) of the skin caused by dilation and congestion of the capillaries
Efferent (motor)
conduct impulses away (ef-) from the brain and spinal cord toward the muscles and glands
Valves (valvul/o, valv/o)
connect the upper and lower chambers of the heart and keep blood flowing in one direction
spondylosis
degenerative osteoarthritis of the spine; involves degenerative changes to the intervertebral disks accompanied by the formation of osteophytes
osteoarthritis
degernative arthritis or degenerative joint disease is caused by wear and tear on the joints and produces a narrowing of the joint space attributable to a loss of cartilage
Aphasia and dysphasia
degrees of speech impairments
repression
deliberately "forgetting" unacceptable thoughts, feelings, impulses, or memories
transdermal patches
deliver drugs directly into the systemic circulation through the skin and are used for pain relief, birth control, hormone replacement, and nicotine delivery for smoking cessation therapy
exocrine glands
deliver their secretions through ducts
radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFA)
delivers radiofrequency energy to destroy tissue that causes arrhythmias
Internal respiration
delivery of that oxygen from the capillaries into tissue cells all over the body and the uptake of carbon dioxide, which is sent back to the lungs and exhaled
colleagen
dense connective tissue strands
radiopaque
dense substances that absorb most of the x-ray beams aimed at it
scirrhous tumor
densely packed and overgrown with fibrous tissue; common in breast and stomach cancers
sedatives and hypnotics
depress the CNS to help promote drowsiness and sleep
general anesthetic
depresses the activity of the central nervous system and produces a loss of consciousness to block pain perception
alcoholism
depresses the functions of the central nervous system, damage mucosal lining of stomach, cause inflammation or the esophagus
sulci
depressions or grooves on the cerebral cortex
mixed-tissue tumors
derived from several different types of cells capable of differentiating into both epithelial and connective tissue
Pulmonary circulation
describes the blood's route from the heart through the lungs (pulmon/o)—where it is oxygenated (ox/o = oxygen)—and back to the heart
macrophages
destroy old red blood cells and platelets in a process called hemolysis (in the spleen)
Cryogenic surgery
destroys cancerous cells using extreme cold
cauterization
destroys the tumor by burning it
electromyography (EMG)
determine the severity of nerve impingement and rule out possible peripheral neuropathy or other problems
melanin
determines the darkness of a persons skin
antiglobulin test (Coombs test)
determines the presence of antibodies in infants of Rh-negative women or in patients with autoimmune hemolytic anemia
squamous cell carcinoma
develop from the lining of the bronchial passages; better prognosis
stable angina
develops during exertion and resolves at rest
silicosis
develops from the accumulation of silica or glass dust in the lungs
withdrawal state
develops with the abrupt removal (withdrawal) of the substance being abused
CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure)
device used to deliver air into the airway
chest x-ray (CXR) image
diagnostic for pneumonia
play therapy
during which children use toys to express feelings they cannot directly communicate.
bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)
diagnostic procedure during which the bronchoscope is passed through the mouth or nose into the lung and fluid is put into a small part of the lung and then recollected for examination
echocardiography
diagnostic sonography of the heart and blood vessels
inspiration,
diaphragm contracts and descends; enlarges the area in the thoracic cavity, which decreases internal air pressure allowing air to flow into the lungs
dyspnea
difficult breathing
Dystocia
difficult labor and delivery
erectile dysfunction (impotence) (ED)
difficulty achieving or maintaining an erection
dyspnea
difficulty breathing
sensory aphasia
difficulty understanding language and may easily pronounce words but may not use them appropriately
calcium channel blockers
dilate the blood vessels, lowering blood pressure
intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)
direct injection of sperm into harvested ova
encephalopathy
disease (-pathy) of the brain (encephal/o)
sarcoidosis
disease caused by small areas of inflammation; most common in the lungs (pulmonary sarcoidosis)
radiculopathy
disease that affects the nerve root of spinal nerves
myelopathy
disease that affects the spinal cord
Cluster C
disorders characterized by anxiety and fear
hysterosalpingogram
displays an outline of the organs, revealing their size, shape, and position
ligation and stripping procedure
distended vein is tied off (ligated) and removed
chronic bronchitis
distinguished by the excessive production of mucus and a recurrent cough; slow, progressive and continuous onset of the disease
interatrial septum
divides the right and left atria
interventricular septum
divides the right and left ventricles
endocrinologist
doctors who specialize in the endocrine system
simple fracture
does not rupture the skin
diplopia,
double (dipl/o) vision (-opia)
Cluster B
dramatic and emotional personality disorders; antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic
radiopharmaceutical (pharmaceut/o = drug), or a labeled compound
drug containing the radionuclide
antipyretic
drug fights against (anti-) fever (pyret/o)
receptor
drug moves across cell membrane in a process called transport
sublingual administration
drugs are dissolved under the tongue rather than swallowed; faster route and bypasses the digestive tract
antiviral antibiotic
drugs do the same against viruses, such as the herpes virus and human immunodeficiency virus
Anticoagulant and antiplatelet
drugs that affect blood clotting
opioids
drugs that are derived from the opium poppy; depress CNS; morphine, codeine, and heroin
radiosensitizers
drugs that increase the tumor's sensitivity to x-rays
controlled substances
drugs that produce dependence and have a potential for abuse or addition
xerophthalmia
dry eye; a lack of adequate tear production and eye lubrication
xerostomia
dry mouth
endocrine glands
ductless; secrete chemicals directly into the bloodstream
three meningeal layers
dura mater, arachnoid, pia
estrogens
estradiol and estrone, are responsible for the expression of female sexual characteristics and for maintaining the proper sequence in the female reproductive cycle
cranial bones
ethmoid, frontal, occipital, parietal, sphenoid, and temporal
antipsychotics
euroleptic drugs, is the medical intervention of choice
thyroid gland
euthyroid; secretes thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and calcitonin
Apgar score
evaluates five factors that may indicate a need for immediate intervention once baby is born; heart rate, respiration, muscle tone, color, and response to skin stimulation
q2h
every 2 hours
qhs
every bedtime
qPM
every evening
q.h., qh
every hour
qAM
every morning
mild tranquilizers
ex. benzodiazepines; control minor anxiety symptoms
intrathecal injection
ex. chemotherapy; drug is delivered into the space underlying the membranes, or meninges that surround the spinal cord and brain
major tranquilizers
ex. phenothiazines; control more severe behavior disturbances and disorders
Cytogenetic analysis
examines chromosomes for breaks, translocations, or deletions of DNA
moles or nevi
example of dysplastic cells
patella
examples of an irregular bone
hypoglycemia
excess secretion of insulin lowers the blood glucose level; insulin shock
adrenal virlism
excess secretion of the androgens by the inner layer of the adrenal cortex
Phobic disorders
excessive and unreasonable fear (-phobia) of a particular object or situation
hypersecreton
excessive production
polydipsia
excessive thirst
menometrorrhagia
excessive uterine bleeding that occurs both during and between menstrual periods
paranoia
excessive, delusional suspicions of harassment or persecution
photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) and laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK)
excimer laser is used to reshape the cornea and thus correct the refractory error
polyuria
excretion of excessive quantities of urine
hypothalamus
exerts control over virtually all of the internal organs; maintain the body's water balance, regulates body temperature and sleep cycles
expiration
exhalation—breathing out
hydrocephalus
exhibits an enlarged head (cephal/o), an abnormally small face, and eyes that appear to be depressed within their sockets; caused by a interference in cerebrospinal fluid flow
ulcerating tumor
exhibits an exposed surface from the death of overlying tissue
id
exists entirely within the unconscious; instict; motivates all behavior; governed by the please principle
sweat glands
exocrine glands that produce a transparent watery liquid that travels through a duct to the surface of the skin
diastolic pressure
expected blood pressure range 60 to 90 mm Hg
systolic pressure
expected blood pressure range is 100 to 140 mm Hg
sessile polypoid tumor
extends from a broad base
pedunculated polypoid tumor
extends from a stalk or stem
vulva
external structures of the female reproductive system
perineum
external, diamond-shaped area observed between the scrotum and anus
blue babies
extreme cyanosis (cyan/o = blue) and hypoxia (hypo- = deficient; ox/o = oxygen; -ia = condition); anoxia is an absence (an-) of oxygen in tissues
miotics
eye drops; to improve drainage of aqueous humor and to decrease its production
external structures of the eye
eyelids (blephar/o, palpebr/o), eyebrows, and eyelashes
Contraindications
factors in the patients condition that make the use of a drug dangerous and ill advised
cor pulmonale
failure of the right side of the heart to pump sufficiently to the lungs, which causes the right ventricle to enlarge
syncope
fainting; a temporary loss or cutting off of consciousness attributable to diminished blood flow to the brain
macule
flat, circumscribed lesion less than a centimeter in diameter
negative symptoms
flatness of affect and unwillingness to initiate purposeful activities; a behavior or feeling that is normally present but is absent or diminished in mental illness
pleural effusion
fluid accumulating between the lining of the lungs and chest cavity
peripheral edema
fluid backs up into other parts of the body, causing swelling of the abdominal organs and of the extremities
pericardial fluid
fluid between the visceral and parietal pericardium; allowing the layers of the pericardium to move without friction
ventricles
fluid filled spaces in the brain
surfactant
fluid in the pleural cavity that helps keep the lungs inflated and lubricates the lungs as they expand and contract during respiration
culdocentesis
fluid is removed through a needle inserted through the vagina into the cul-de-sac (culd/o)
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
fluid that circulates within ventricles; as well as the fluid around the brain and spinal cord,
lobar pneumonia
fluid, blood cells, and other debris consolidate, or solidify, within the alveoli of one or more lobes
infiltrate
fluid-filled area seen in chest x-ray that is the sign of pneumonia
transudates
fluids from congestive heart failure, pulmonary embolism, or cirrhosis
exudates
fluids from tumors or infections
Cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT)
focus of CBT is on the difficulties the patient is experiencing with thinking, behaving, and communicating in his life now, rather than on early childhood experiences
social psychology
focused on social interactions and their influence on an individuals behavior
Staging
focuses on the extent of metastasis, or spread, rather than on microscopic appearance
generic
for legal and scientific purpose; name that is easier to recognize
continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
for patients with serious sleep apnea; used to relieve airway obstruction
ulna
forearm
palatine bones
form part of the hard palate of the mouth
Alveolar tumor cells
form patterns that resemble small, microscopic sacs (alveol/o); commonly found in tumors of muscle, bone, fat, and cartilage
interstitial (Leydig) cells
form the connective and supportive tissue (stroma) of the testes; manufacture testosterone
temporal bones
form the lower sides and base of the cranium
Thrombosis
formation of a clot or the accumulation of hardened fatty deposits within a blood vessel; most frequent cause of stroke
hematopoiesis
formation of all types of blood cells in the bone
Atherosclerosis
formation of fatty plaque (ather/o) that hardens (-sclerosis) the arterial wall,
blood-brain barrier (BBB)
formed by astrocytes; protective barrier between the blood and brain cells
rib cage
formed by the thoracic vertebra, sternum & ribs, and costal cartilages
proteins
formed from amino acids
temporomandibular joint
formed from the mandible and temporal bone together
sphenoid
forms part of the floor and walls of the eye sockets, extending to form part of the base of the skull
frontal bone
forms the forehead and roof over the eye sockets
acetabulum
forms the hip socket for the head of the femurs
third degree burn
full thickness, all layers of the skin have been injured
ovaries and testes
function as glands because they secrete hormones
pancreas
functions as both endocrine gland and digestive organ
immunoglobulins (Ig)
gamma globulins; protect the body from antigens—substances capable of eliciting an immune response
vitreous humor
gelatin-like substance (vitre/o = glassy) that also helps preserve the eyeball's shape
osteogenesis imperfecta (OI)
genetic disorder characterized by bones that easily break, often from little to no apparent cause
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
genetic material
dyspareunia
genital pain associated with sexual intercourse
Nonseminomatous germ cell tumors (NSGCTs)
germ cell tumors that contain embryonal stem cells; (1) embryonal carcinoma, (2) yolk sac tumor, (3) choriocarcinoma, and (4) teratoma.
Ovarian cysts
globular sacs filled with fluid or semisolid material that develop in or on the ovaries
palliative care
goal is to relieve as many symptoms as possible including pain
Antidepressants
gradually return a patient to a more even state with less persistent and less severe depressive symptoms
Basophils
granules stain dark blue or purple in response to basic (bas/o) or alkaline dye, are the least numerous of the white blood cells; active in fighting parasitic infections
diameter
greater than 6 miilimeters
callus
grown on the weight-bearing areas of the feet and on the palmar surface of the hands
ankylosing
grown together
stool guaiac test
guaiac fecal occult blood test (gFOBT), which detects the presence of blood in feces (occult = hidden, not visible).
hirsutism
hair growth on the face and body
Ependyma
hairlike processes, or cilia, that help the fluid to circulate
osseous tissue
hard connective tissue that bone is made of
keratin
hard, water-repellent protein
autologous bone marrow transplant (ABMT)
harvesting of one's own healthy bone marrow, which is then stored for reintroduction later
Type AB
has both A and B antigens
right and left bronchial tubes
have a muscular wall surrounded by cartilage rings
selective estrogen-receptor modulators (SERMs)
have estrogen-like effects on bone; cause an increase bone mineral density
grade I tumors
have the highest survival rate and patients with subsequent grades have poorer survival rates
Pernicious
having a harmful effect or being destructive
Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)
he average volume, or size, of a single red blood cell
acrosome
head of the sperm which contains the nucleus; carrier of genetic information
cephalgia
head pain
Chronic glaucoma
headaches, blurred vision, and eye pain may be present, in addition to the loss of peripheral vision
chiropractors
health care professional that focuses on disorders of the musculoskeletal and nervous sytem
myocardial infarction
heart attack
acute myocardial infarction
heart attack; (1) the coronary artery becomes blocked by plaque; (2) the artery ruptures or a blood clot develops, causing thrombotic occlusion; (3) blood flow decreases (ischemia); and (4) death (necrosis) of part of the myocardium occurs
thoracic cavity
heart lies in the _____; behind the breastbone in the mediastinum
extracorporeal circulation
heart-lung machine is used to divert blood from the heart and lungs to be artificially oxygenated outside (extra-) of the body (corpor/o) and then returned to an artery
Inflammation
heat, redness, pain, and swelling, helps contain the infection and promote a return to normal by stimulating the arrival of white blood cells to the injured site
menorrhagia
heavy menstral bleeding
electroencephalography (EEG)
help detect abnormal electrical discharges from the brain and to locate the specific area from which they originate
Oligodendrocytes
help hold nerve fibers together; produce myelin to form sheaths that surround the brain and spinal cord
lymphocytes
help mediate the body's immune response
monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
help neurotransmitters work longer by blocking their natural inhibitor, the enzyme monoamine oxidase
insulin-producing beta cells
help regulate blood glucose levels
intramuscular (IM) injection
helps avoid skin irritation and is useful for large volumes of long-acting drugs
epinephrine
helps body response to stress by elevating the blood pressure, increasing heart rate, dilating the bronchial passages increase respiration and making more glucose available to the cells
insulin
helps glucose to be picked up by the body's cells and it promotes the conversion of glucose to glycogen
pharmacy technician
helps licensed pharmacists provide medications and other health care products to customers
cerebellum
helps maintain balance and posture; perform coordinated and smoothly executed movements
aqueous humor (aque/o = water)
helps maintain the shape of the eyeball and nourish the iris, lens, and cornea
occupational therapy
helps patients perform fine-motor functions and improve their ability to perform activities of daily living
Antiosteoporosis drugs
helps prevent abnormal loss of bone density and increase calcium deposition in bone
Erythroblastosis fetalis
hemolytic disease in the newborn (HDN) caused by a blood group (Rh factor) incompatibility between the mother and the fetus
meningocele
herniation (-cele) of the meninges (mening/o)
Secondary hypertension
high blood pressure that is a consequence of another condition, such as renal disease, endocrine disorders, or neurologic disorders
hypertension
high blood pressure; blood pressure greater than 140/90
placenta
highly vascular organ that serves as a bridge to the maternal circulation for the exchange of nutrients and wastes
sella turcica
holds pituitary gland
bone depression
hollows; open regions that serve as connections between bones or nerves
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
hormone made by the hypothalamus that causes the pituitary gland to release follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
hormone secreted by placenta; chemical component present in the urine of a pregnant woman; promotes the continued secretion of estrogen and progesterone
progesterone
hormone that stimulates growth of the endometrial lining of the uterus to support the fertilized ovum should pregnancy occur
target tissues and organs
hormones affect these specific tissues
cushing syndrome
hyper secretion of cortisol from the adrenal cortex may reflect the effect of excessive levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), also called adrenocorticotropin, on its target organ—the adrenal gland—or it may be caused by a tumor of the adrenal cortex
gigantism
hyper secretion of growth hormone before puberty; a condition characterized by excessive size and stature
hyperopia
hypermetropia and farsightedness, the rays of light entering the eye are brought into focus at a point behind the retina, which causes the perceived image to appear blurred
Addison disease
hypo function of the adrenal cortex; all three categories of adrenal steroids—mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens—are deficient
diabetes insipidus (DI)
hypo secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH); kidney fails to reabsorb needed salts and water
pituitary dwarfism
hypo secretion of growth hormone; body is properly proportional but growth is stunted and height typically does not exceed 4 feet
tenosynovitis
if the inflmmation of a tendon involves synovial membrane
igital subtraction angiography (DSA)
images of blood vessels filled with contrast medium; and computer is used to subtract those from images in which contrasts was not used to form a composite x-ray
mammography
imaging technique specifically used for the early detection of cancer of the breast
plantar flexion
imitates the action of stepping on the gas while driving
osteoblasts
immature bone cells; small; produce the bony tissue that replaces cartilage during ossification
Myeloblasts
immature bone marrow cells, give rise to granulocytes
oocyte
immature ovum
sutures
immovable joints between the bones of skull
ectopic pregnancy
implantation outside of the uterus
sedative-hypnotics (or sedatives and hypnotics)
important medical uses (hypn/o = sleep)
largest clusters of lymph nodes are found
in the neck (cervical), in the armpit (axillary), between the lungs (mediastinal), and in the groin (inguinal)
teratoma
in the testes is malignant
shave biopsy
incising the lesion with a cut that is parallel to the skin
vasectomy
incision is made into the scrotum, and the vas deferens (vas/o) is surgically cut and tied off for the purpose of sterilization
tracheotomy
incision made to create the opening in the throat
Graphomotor projection tests
include the Draw-a-Person test (in which the patient is asked to draw a body) and the Bender-Gestalt Test, which picks up deficits in mental processing and memory caused by brain damage and is often used to screen children for developmental challenges or delays
Abnormal motor behavior
includes involuntary movements and mannerisms from childlike silliness to unpredictable agitation
Interventional radiology
includes procedures such as percutaneous biopsy, placement of drainage catheters, and radiofrequency ablation (removal) of tumors and tissues
triiodothyronine (T3) and tetraiodothyronine (T4)
increase body cell metabolism, as well as calcitonin to decrease the levels of blood calcium (calc/o, calci/o)
SERMs (selective estrogen-receptor modulators)
increase bone formation
acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)
increase in the number of immature granulocytes, particularly in the bone marrow but also in the bloodstream
biguanides
increase the body sensitivity to insulin and reduce liver production of glucose
Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)
increase the levels of these two neurotransmitters in the brain
hemolysis
increased break down of red blood cells; could be a cause of anemia
fecal occult blood (FOB)
indicate colorectal cancer, and other noncancerous conditions such as peptic ulcers and inflammatory bowel disease
opioids
induce a near unconsciousness that inhibits mental and physical activity
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
induces the development of ovarian follicles and their secretion of estrogen
hormones
influent or control the activities of other tissues or organs
inspiration
inhalation—breathing in
Cystic fibrosis (CF)
inherited (genetic) disorder that affects the mucous membranes of the respiratory system; mucous glands produce thick, abundant secretions that cause chronic airway obstruction
Thalassemia
inherited defect in the ability to produce hemoglobin, which leads to hypochromia
spherocytic anemia
inherited trait results in the production of erythrocytes that are spheroid (spher/o = round; -oid = resembling, derived from) rather than round and biconcave
growth hormone release-inhibiting factor, or somatostatin
inhibits the production of natural growth hormone
Thromboplastin
initiates further coagulation—the clotting (coagul/o) process—by converting the plasma protein prothrombin to thrombin in the presence of calcium
intravenous (IV) injection
injection delivered directly into the vein for an almost immediate effect and when delivered into other tissue would not be a safe route
intradermal injection
injection is made into the upper layer of the skin; used for skin testing for allergies
intracavitary injection
injection made into a body cavity
Sclerotherapy
injection of a solution that scars and closes the varicose veins (scler/o = hard)
parenteral administration
injections involved with the administration of a drug from a tube syringe through a hollow needle placed under the skin
gonadocorticoids
inner layer of the adrenal cortex which secrets the male and female sex hormones
endometrium
inner lining of the uterine mucous membrane or tissue
fundus
inner posterior surface of the eye
tracheostomy
insert a tue into a surgically created opening in the trachea
amniocentesis
insertion of a needle through the abdomen for aspiration of amniotic fluid (16 weeks)
vocal cords
inside larynx
asbestosis
inspiration and accumulation of asbestos particles
resectoscope
instrument used to excise prostatic tissue
iron-deficiency anemia
insufficient iron in the blood to synthesize hemoglobin
type 1 diabetes
insulin-dependent; receive daily injections of insulin
hypnotic drugs
intended to induce sleep
endocrine drugs
intended to mimic the actions of specific, natural-occurring (endogenous) hormones
nasal cavity
interior of the nose; lies over the roof of the mouth and is separated by a midline partition known as the septum
emetic
invaluable in inducing vomiting in the case of certain ingested poisons
Tonic-clonic seizures
involuntary muscle contractions that often alternate with rigidity
smooth muscles
involuntary or visceral muscles which operate internal organs blood vessels, and glandular ducts
obsession
involuntary, persistent idea or emotion
Substance abuse and substance-related disorders
involve a maladaptive pattern of use of a psychoactive chemical.
In vitro
involve the addition of a radioactive material to a blood or urine specimen after it has been collected
tuberculin tests
involve the introduction of purified protein derivative (PPD) of the tubercle bacilli into skin
Ependymal cells
involved in the production of the fluid that fills these central nervous system spaces
Humoral immunity
involves B cells, also called B lymphocytes
dry AMD
involves atrophy and deterioration of retinal cells, along with deposits of clumps of extracellular debris, or drusen
pruritus
itching
KUB
kidney, ureters and bladder
thyroid function tests (TFTs)
laboratory methods that measure the levels of thyroid hormone in the blood
asphyxia
lack of (a-) pulse (-sphyxia); can lead to abnormally deficient oxygen levels in the arterial blood (hypo- + ox/o + -emia = hypoxemia)
hypotonia
lack of muscle tone
Rh negative
lack the antigen
prolactin (PRL)
lactogenic hormone; secreted by anterior PG; stimulated the growth and development of the mammary glands
nerve tracts
large bundle of nerve fibers that are divided into smaller bundles
osteoclasts
large cells that function to reabsorb, or digest bony tissue; also called bone phagocytes
Eosinophils
large cytoplasmic granules that stain red (eosin/o) with the acidic dye eosin; respond to parasitic infections and become phagocytes in allergic reactions
plexus
large network of nerves in the peripheral nervous system
cystic
large open spaces filled with fluid; frequently found in ovaries
macrophages
large phagocytes that are found in the lymph nodes and are capable of engulfing and destroying infectious agents
ecchymoses
large, bluish-purple spots—commonly known as bruise
apocrine glands
larger excretory organs deeply embedded in the dermal lay of skin under the arms (axilla)
aorta (aort/o)
largest artery in the body
frontal lobe
largest lobe, responsible for voluntary control over most of the skeletal muscles, personality and higher mental processing
calcaneus
largest tarsal bone, heel
radius
lateral bone in forearm, in line with thumb
strabismus
lazy eye; the inability of the eyes to focus simultaneously on the same object
T lymphocytes
learn to identify and accept the body's antigens
subcutaneous injection
least invasive parenteral administration; a small hypodermic needle is inserted into the subcutaneous tissue under the skin
Group therapy
led by a health professional who acts as a neutral moderator as patients with similar problems gain insight into their own personalities through discussions and interaction with each other
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
legal responsibility for deciding whether a drug may be disseminated and sold
leukoplakia
lesion that has a tendency to become cancerous, evolving into squamous cell carcinoma; thick white pates on the tongue or cheek
transports
nutrients and oxygen (O2) to the cells (oxygenated transport) to power the body's many functions
hemoglobin (Hb, Hgb) test
mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), a measure of the average concentration of hemoglobin in a single cell (corpuscle), and the mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), the average amount of hemoglobin in a single cell
ped/o
meaning child
pedophilia,
means "to love a child."; disturbance is marked by the experience of fantasies or actions that involve engaging in sex with prepubertal children
osseous
means pertaining to bone
tinea
means ringworms; a fungal infection of the skin that may affect the stratum corneum, the hair, or the nails
infiltrative
means the tumor extend into adjacent healthy tissue
rubeola
measles
pharmacokinetics
measure how quickly drugs disappear from the bloodstream and tissues and investigate drug routes (oral, intravenous) and schedules to determine how best to achieve the goal of tumor destruction with the least harm to normal cells.
serum and urine tests
measure the number of hormones, electrolytes, glucose and other substances to assess a number of endocrine functions
sphygmomanometer
measures blood pressure
fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) test
measures specific antibodies to the syphilis bacterium
exophthalmometry
measures the forward displacement of the eyes in the person with Graves disease
bleeding time test
measures the time required for blood to stop flowing from a tiny puncture wound; normal is 8 minutes or less
physiatrists
medical physicians whose focus is on rehab of muscles, bones, and nerves after an injury or illness
mycosis
medical term for a fungal infection
urticaria
medical term for hives
pharynx (pharyng/o)
medical term for throat; serves as a passageway for food and air
pleura (pleur/o)
membranous layer which folds over to line the chest wall
pericardium
membranous sac that surrounds the outside of the heart
Lymph capillaries
merge to form large tubulars called lymph vessels
Positron emission tomography (PET)
method used to image the body cell with the use of radioactive tractor that is injected before imaging begins
capillaries
microscopic blood vessels with walls thin enough to permit the exchange of oxygen and nutrients from the blood into the tissue fluid surrounding the body's cells
Exfoliative cytology
microscopic examination of scraped cells
semen analysis
microscopic examination of the semen to determine the number, motility, and shape of the sperm cells
synapse
microscopic space between neurons
myocardium
middle muscular layer of heart
diaphysis
middle shaft of the long bone
laxatives
mild
CIN I
mild dysplasia
Hypomania
milder in degree; not result in the impairment
mitral valve stenosis and aortic stenosis
mitral and aortic valves are most commonly affected
mitral valvulitis
mitral valve becomes inflamed
CIN II
moderate-to-marked dysplasia
nevus
mole; hyper pigmented area of the skin
Absence seizures
momentary alterations in consciousness
glycosylated hemoglobin test (HbA1c),
monitors long-term glucose control by measuring the percentage of red blood cells with glucose attached
leukocytes
mononucleaur
secondary syphilis,
months later, papulosquamous eruptions or erythematous papules, hair loss, swelling of the lymph nodes, and bone and joint pain
salpingectomy
resection of the fallopian tube
dermatitis
name given to any skin inflammation
proximal epiphysis
nearer to the midline of body
myopia
nearsightedness; the most frequently occurring type of refractive error
cervix
neck of the uterus
the brain (encephal/o), spinal cord (myel/o), and nerves (neur/o)
nervous system communications infrastructure—a high-speed information network
Cerebral palsy(CP)
neurological disorder; partial paralysis; lack of muscle coordination; inability to make purposeful movements; impairment of speech, vision, and hearing; and varying degrees of mental retardation
pulmonary neoplasm
new formation or structure
Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)
new minimally invasive, catheter-based technology used to treat aortic stenosis and mitral stenosis;involves the placement of a balloon-expandable aortic heart valve into the body via a catheter
mammary papilla
nipple
anesthesia
no (an-) discernible feeling or nervous sensation (esthesi/o, -esthesia)
benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
noncancerous condition; characterized by the enlargement of portions of the prostate gland; can obstruct urine flow
fiberoptic colonoscopy
noninvasive procedure that uses a fiberoptic instrument to perform a visual examination of the colon
transurethral microwave thermotherapy (TUMT)
nonsurgical way to treat BPH; heat capable of destroying excess prostatic tissue is delivered to a designated area using a device
second degree burn
partial thickness, involving the epidermis and dermis
septa (sing., septum)
partitions that separate right from left side
steroid
pass through the plasma membrane and bind with receptors inside the cell
systemic circulation
pathway of blood from the heart to the capillaries and back to the heart
Pt
patient
Motor aphasia
patient knows what he or she wants to say but cannot pronounce the words
clinical psychology
patient oriented; trained to diagnose and treat patients
Autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT)
patients serve as his or her own donor for stem cells
white blood cell differential
percentage of different types of leukocytes in the blood
thoracentesis
performed if the cause of the effusion is unknown
punch biopsy
performed to remove the core of then abnormal tissue when excision of the entire lesion is not possible
avoidant personality disorder
person is hypersensitive to criticism and disapproval; leads to avoidance of social interactions
disorganized thinking (speech)
person may switch from one topic to another, resulting in incoherent, incomprehensible speech
apical
pertaining to (-al) or located at the apex of the lung
basilar
pertaining to the base of the lung
Microglia
phagocytic cells that play a role when brain tissue becomes injured or infected
adenoids
pharyngeal tonsils; located behind the nasal cavity
Systole
phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart contracts
radiologic technologists
physicians that assist by allied health professionals
Interventional radiologists
physicians who perform minimally invasive procedures under CT guidance or fluoroscopy
rheumatologist
physicians who specialize in the nonsurgical treatment of joint problems
PACS
picture archival and communication system
tinea corporis
pink-to-red ringlike plaques with raided borders
estrogen (estradiol) receptor assay
pinpoints the tumor's receptivity to estrogen
endocrine glands (aden/o)
pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, and adrenal glands
scleral buckling
placing a silicone band over the detached area, forcing the layers of the retina together
sublingual
placing it under (sub-) his tongue (lingu/o)
thrombocytes
platlets
origin
point attachment to an immovable or stationary bone; always proximal
insertion
point of attachment to a bone that moves; always distal
schizotypal
poor interpersonal relatedness, exhibiting an aloofness and indifference to others
cancellous bone
porous with a spongy latticework of separated bony fibers
fetal presentation
position of the baby in relation to the birth canal
collagen
the protein fiber that gives the skin its strength
neurohypophysis
posterior pituitary; downward projection of the brain and is made up of nervous tissue
endometrial hyperplasia
precursor for endometrial carcinoma; Overgrowth of the endometrium caused by sustained estrogen stimulation
side effects
predictable toxic effects that are considered tolerable
pharmacist
prepares and dispenses drugs through a pharmacy in response to a written order from a physician
sympathetic nervous system
prepares the body to act during times of stress; "fight-or-flight"
progesterone
prepares the uterine lining for pregnancy and maintains it during pregnancy
Natural immunity
present at birth; its development does not require previous exposure to a disease-producing substance
anticoagulant
prevent clotting in conditions such as thrombosis and embolism or int he blood used in transfusions
anticonvulsant
prevent or reduce the frequency of convulsions in various types of seizer disorders or epilepsy
birth control pills
prevent ovulation
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
prevent the neurotransmitter serotonin from being taken up into nerve endings, allowing it to remain longer in the space between nerve cells
demyelination
preventing production of new myelin
intrauterine device (IUD)
prevents implantation of an embryo
bone marrow
primarily consists of fat cells
blood cultures and blood analysis
primarily focus on growth hormones and growth factors, prolactin, gonadotropin, parathyroid hormone, calcium, and corisol
Coronary artery disease (CAD)
primary cause of angina, and atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries is usually the cause of CAD
cortisol
primary glucocorticoids; helps regulate glucose, fat, and protein metabolism
Bone marrow transplant (BMT)
procedural intervention that is an alternative to traditional excision or resection
echocardiogram
procedure that produces ^^^^
ophthalmoscopy
process in which the fundus is visualized
coronary circulation
process of providing the heart its own blood supply
Hallucinogens
produce mood changes, anxiety, hallucinations, and impaired thinking
lacrimal glands
produce the tears (lacrim/o, dacry/o) that moisten the eye and the eye muscles
Cone cells
produce vision in bright light and help see color; three types of cells for three primary colors—red, blue, and green
"dub"
produced by the closure of the pulmonary and aortic valves at the end of systole
Iatrogenic effects
produced by treatment itself or as a result of errors or individual sensitivity
Identical twins
produced from a single fertilized ovum; always the same sex
thymus (thym/o),
produces a kind of lymphocyte called a T cell (T lymphocyte); lies in the mediastinum; single organ with two lobes containing lymphoid cells
yolk sac
produces blood cells in an embryo
Electron beam radiation
produces low-energy rays to treat skin cancer and surface tumors
apoptosis
programmed cell death
Multiple sclerosis (MS)
progressive disorder in which the myelin sheath surrounding neurons in the brain and spinal cord is destroyed
peripheral arterial occlusion
progressive narrowing and eventual obstruction of the arteries, particularly those carrying blood to the legs, arms, kidneys, and other organs
mesothelioma
rare malignant tumor that is derived from mesothelial tissue
lyme arthritis (LA)
rash develops of the site optic bite an flu like symptoms; later symptoms include joint pain and neurological problems
atria
receive blood returning to the heart from the veins throughout the body
right atrium
receives venous blood from the inferior and superior venae cavae to tricuspid valve
Leukotriene modifiers,
recent additions to antiinflammatory therapy for asthma, prevent asthma attacks by blocking the bronchoconstrictor leukotriene from binding to respiratory tissue receptors.
histrionic personality disorder
recognizable in the patients excessive emotionality and attention-seeking behaviors
T cells
recognize and remember specific antigens and produce stronger attacks each time the antigen is encountered
urethritis
recognized by painful or burning sensation on urination and urethral discharge; sign of chlamydia in men
Chemotherapy
recommended for nonseminomatous tumors
coitus
record helps plan the timing of sexual intercourse
electrocardiogram
record produced by electrocardiography
erythrocytes
red blood cells
myeloid tissue
red bone marrow
purpura
red or purple discoloration seen on the surface of the skin caused by bleeding under the skin
Cholesterol-reducing agents (statins), or HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors,
reduce cholesterol production in the liver
Anesthetics
reduce or eliminate sensitivity to all kinds of sensation
Aromatase inhibitors
reduce the amount of estrogen
mood stabilizers
reduce the levels for manic symptoms such as rapid speech, hyperactive movements, grandiose ideas, agitation and irritability, and the decreased need for sleep
carotid endarterectomy
reduces the risk of stroke
angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
referred to as ACE inhibitors (type 1),
Refraction
refers to the bending of light rays as they pass through the cornea, lens, and other structures of the eye en route to the retina
mediastinum (mediastin/o)
region between the lungs in the chest cavity that contains the trachea, heart, lymph nodes, aorta, esophagus, and bronchial tube
mineralocorticoids
regulate the amount of salts in the blood; outer layer of cortex
Involuntary functions
regulated by the autonomic nervous system
neurotransmitters
released from vesicles, or sacs, at the end of the axon
antidepressants
relieve depression in a variety of ways: by elevating mood, increasing activity and alertness, and improving appetite and sleep patterns
sublingual nitroglycerin, oxygen, and aspirin
relieved his coronary spasms (chest pain)
vertebroplasty
relieves pain from compression fractures of the vertebrae
-pheresis
removal
orchiectomy
removal of a testis
enucleation
removal of the entire eye ball
hypophysectomy
removal of the tumor in cushing disease
biopsy
removes a living tissue sample for visual examination
plasmapheresis
removes only the plasma
radioresistent tumors
require large doses of radiation to produce cell death
Clinical trials
research studies designed to test the risks and efficacy of new drugs.
migraine
severe, recurring, unilateral, vascular headache
transvestic fetishism
sexual arousal and relief are achieved by dressing in clothing of the opposite sex
paraphillias
sexual arousal occurs in response to objects or situations that are not normally considered erotic
coitus
sexual intercourse
asymmetry
shape
red blood cell morphology
shape of red blood cells
tibia
shin bone
ejaculatory ducts
short tubes that begin at the base of the prostate gland, pass through the gland, and end in the prostatic portion of the urethra
SOB
shortness of breath
scapula
shoulderblad
pyelograms (urograms)
show the size and location of the kidneys, the filling of the renal collecting structures, the potency or the urinary tract and the presence of any cysts or tumors within the kidney
balanitis
simply an inflammation of the glans penis, caused by an overgrowth of either yeast or bacteria
integumentary system
skin and accessory organs (hair, nails, and sweat/sebaceous glands)
axial skeleton
skull, spinal column, ribs, and sternum
hemiparesis
slight paralysis effecting half of the body
monoparesis
slight paralysis effecting one limb
benzodiazepines
slow down the transmission of nerve impulses to the brain
fovea centralis
small depression in the middle of the macula that is the area of clearest vision; cones concentrated there
chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
small lymphocytes—predominantly B cells—proliferate in the bone marrow, blood, liver, and lymphoid organs
Lymph nodes (lymphaden/o)
small oval glands that occur in clusters along the path of the lymph vessels; contain special cells to fight infection and vary in size
pulmonary sarcoidosis
small patches of inflamed cells can appear on the alveoli, bronchioles, or lymph nodes
graafian follicles, or ovarian follicles
small sacs which contain the ova
vesicles
small, circumscribed elevations on the skin that contain serous fluid
epicondyle
small, rounded process above the condyle
arterioles
smaller arteries,carry blood to the tiniest of the blood vessels
microcytic
smaller than normal
paronychia
soft tissue that surrounds the nail border
osteomalacia
softening of the bones
plant/o
sole of foot
nodules
solid, round, or oval-elevated lesions that are at least 1 centimeter in diameter
antigens
substances capable of inducing an immune system response
corticosteroids
substances derived from the adrenal cortex; three types of steroid hormones ; glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and sex hormones
psychoactive substances
substances that alter mood and behavior by their effect on the central nervous system [CNS]
radiolucent
substances that are less dense and permit the passage of x-ray beams
local anesthetic
such as Novocaine inhibits the conduction of pain impulses in sensory nerves in the single region where it is applied
cholesterol-binding drug
such as cholestyramine; bind to dietary cholesterol to prevent its uptake from the gastrointestinal tract
seizures
sudden uncontrolled bursts of neural activity
dissociative fugue
sudden, unexpected travel away from home or work with an inability to recall the past and often with the assumption of a new identity
unstable angina
suddenly occurs, often at rest or with minimal exertion or at lesser degrees of exertion than the individual's previous angina (crescendo angina)
pituitary gland
supplies numerous hormones that affect almost every bodily function; sometimes call the master gland
left coronary artery
supply the left atrium, the left ventricle, and a portion of the right ventricle
right coronary artery
supply the right atrium, the right ventricle, and a portion of the left ventricle
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
suppress the monoamine oxidase (MAO) enzyme that normally degrades neurotransmitters
adrenalectomy
suppressing hormone overproduction with medication or by surgically removing the adrenal gland,
aneurysmectomy
surgical excision (-ectomy) of the aneurysm (aneurysm/o)
castration
surgical excision of the testicles; can reduce the production and secretion of the hormones that stimulate the growth of malignant cells;
ventriculoperitoneal shunt
surgical intervention to relieve pressure on the brain by inserting a tube to drain the excess of cerebrospinal fluid
valvotomy
surgical opening (-tomy) of a collapsed valve (valv/o)
vasovasostomy
surgical operation to reopen (-stomy) the vessel by rejoining the two ends of the severed vas deferens; aka reversal of vasectomy
Hysterectomy
surgical removal of the uterus
tendoplasty
surgical repair of a tendon
encapsulated
surrounded by fibrous capsule; typical of benign tumors
Hypertension
sustained elevation of blood pressure of 140/90 mm Hg or above
perspiration
sweat; watery secretion produced by the sweat glands that helps regulate body temperature through the cooling process of evaporation
edema
swelling of the brain tissue
Varicose veins (varicosities)
swollen and twisted veins, usually found in the lower extremities
tab
tablet
coccyx (coccyg/o)
tailbone
arthrography
taking radiographs of a joint after injecting the joint with opaque contrast material
gonadotropic hormones
target organs are the gonads
adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)
targets the outer portion of the adrenal gland (adrenal cortex) and causes it to secret three steroid hormones
alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
temporarily block enzymes that digest sugars
alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
test can reveal multiple gestations and can detect conditions such as neural tube defects (14-19 weeks)
Acid phosphatase test and the prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
test for prostate cancer
genetic screening
tests family members to determine whether they have inherited a cancer-causing gene
empathy
the ability to understand and share the feelings of other people
alopecia
the absence or loss of hair from ares where it normally grows, especially in the scalp
Phlebotomy
the act of drawing or removing blood through a cut or puncture to obtain a sample for analysis
cardiac tamponade
the amount of accumulated fluid in the pericardial space becomes significant, then compression of the heart
dose
the amount of drug that is administered
half-life
the amount of time required for a radioactive substance to lose 50% of its radioactivity
dorsiflexion
the angle is decreases as the food bends upward
topical administration
the application of a drug via a spray, ointment, cream or lotion
cryosurgery
the application of subfreezing liquid nitrogen to destroy the lesion
perineum
the area between the vagina and the anus
Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
the aspiration of placental tissue, can be performed to diagnose genetic abnormalities
extracapsular extraction
the back part of the thin capsule that surrounds the lens is left in place
menarche
the beginning of mensuration at puberty
thrombotic occlusion
the blocking of a coronary artery by a blood clot (thromb/o)
Erythrocytes i
the blood carry oxygen away from the lungs to all parts of the body
tolerance
the body gets so used to a medication that greater amounts are required to achieve the same effect
Adaptive immunity
the body's ability to recognize and remember specific antigens in an immune response
spiral
the bone has been twisted and broken
Obstetrics
the branch of medicine concerned with pregnancy and childbirth
Thrombolysis
the breakdown (-lysis) of a blood clot (thromb/o)
nasal septum
the cartilage that separates the nasal cavities
Carcinoma in situ (CIS)
the cells are more abnormal than those with dysplastic changes, but they have not yet invaded adjacent structures; strong predictor of cervical cancer
melanocyte
the cells that produce the black (melan/o) pigment melanin
metabolism
the change the drug undergoes in the body
chemical name
the chemical formula that specifies the exact chemical making of the drug
pupil (cor/o, pupill/o)
the circular opening in the middle of the iris
Serum
the clear, watery fluid portion of the blood that remains after a clot has formed
expectoration
the clearing of sputum from the airway by coughing or spitting
coagulation
the clotting process
iris
the contractile disk that forms the colored portion of the eye
internal movement
the contraction and relaxation of muscles in the viscera
external movement
the contraction and relaxation of muscles that are attached to the bones
gray matter
the core of the spinal cord; cell bodies and dendrites of what are, predominantly, interneurons and motor neurons, are unmyelinated
pulmonary infarction
the death (necrosis) of lung tissue caused by an interrupted blood supply
fissures
the deepest sulci
pia mater
the delicate, inner layer that has a rich supply of blood vessels to nourish the nervous tissue
response
the desired and beneficial therapeutic effect of the drug
Cauterization
the destruction of tissue by burning with chemicals (silver nitrate) or an electrically heated instrument
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
the development of symptoms of anxiety and avoidance after a traumatic event
expiration
the diaphragm relaxes and ascends; the area in the thoracic cavity smaller, thus increasing air pressure in the chest
aneurysm
the dilation, or ballooning (aneurysm/o = widened blood vessel), of a weakened portion of an arterial wall
posteroanterior (PA)
the direction of the beam is from back (posterior) to front (anterior)
denominator
the distance from which the person being tested can read the letters; larger = poorer vision
cachexia
the most severe (cac/o = bad; -hexia = state or condition) form of malnutrition associated with cancer and other chronic, severe diseases and leads to wasting, emaciation, and decreased quality of life
myxedema
the most severe form of hypothyroidism; swelling of hands, face, and feet caused by accumulation of a mucuslike substance under the skin
Convergence
the movement of the eyes in unison toward a common point of fixation
ewing sarcoma
the name of the osteosarcoma in children
electrons
the negatively charged components of atoms
ego
the only part of the personality that maintains contact with reality, has the role of running interference; rational
thoracic vertebrae
the only vertebrae that articular with the 12 pairs of ribs; next twelve after first seven cervical
vertebral foramen or neural canal
the opening in the middle of the vertebra
neurons (neur/o), or nerve cells
the parenchymal tissue of the nervous system
decubitus (decub) position
the patent lies on the right or left side and the x-ray beam travels horizontally, creating an image that is either an AP or a PA view
insight-oriented psychotherapy
the patient can have face-to-face discussions with a therapist on life problems and feelings
autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura
the patient generates an antiplatelet antibody—in other words, antibodies that attack his or her own platelets
somatic symptom disorder, also called somatoform disorder
the patient has physical (somat/o = body) symptoms that cannot be explained by an actual physical disorder or other well-defined mental disorder
peripheral (blood) stem cell transplant (PSCT)
the patient receives a rein-fusion of stem cells selected and harvested from his or her own peripheral blood or from someone else blood to repopulate the bone marrow with blood cells
complete response (CR)
the patient's tumor has disappeared
partial response (PR)
the patients tumor is now one half its original size
modified radical mastectomy
the pectoral muscles are preserved
hematocrit (Hct) value
the percentage of erythrocytes present in a volume of blood
Diastole
the period during which the heart relaxes between contractions
sonographer
the person who performs ultrasound procedures
radiologist
the physician who specializes in interpreting radiographic images
endotracheal intubation
the placement of a tube through the mouth into the pharynx, larynx, and trachea to establish an airway
joints
the points were the bone comes together and are connect and enable the body to bend and flex
barium swallow
the powder is mixed with water and orally administered for better visualization of the esophagus, stomach and small intestine
metastasis
the process by which tumor cells spread from one part or organ to another not directly connected with it
mitosis
the process in cell division which the nucleus, certain genetic material of the cell, divides
ventilation
the process of air exchange between the lungs and the ambient air (the air around us)
ossification
the process of bone formation
Phagocytosis
the process of eating or swallowing (-phage) cells (cyt/o)
tagging
the process of following the radionuclide
transfusion
the process of introducing whole blood or blood components into a recipient's bloodstream
Pelvimetry
the process of measuring (-metry) the dimensions of the maternal pelvis
respiration
the process of moving air in and out of the lungs, or breathing [spir/o]
Angiography
the process of obtaining a radiographic image of blood vessels (angiogram) after injecting a contrast dye
Arteriography
the process of recording an artery or arteries
absorption
the process of the drug's passing into the bloodstream
lactation
the production and secretion of nutrient-rich milk
radiographer
the professional who creates radiographic images (radiologic technologist)
ventilation-perfusion scanning (VPS)
the radiopharmaceutical is inhaled (ventilation) to help show the gas exchange capacity of the lungs and is injected into a vein (perfusion) to trace its passage through the respiratory tract to detect the adequacy of blood flow to the vessels that supply the lungs
Cervical conization (cone biopsy)
the removal of a cone-shaped sample of tissue from high in the cervical canal
incisional biopsy
the removal of a piece of the tumor for diagnosis and may be followed by additional treatment to remove the bulk of the tumor
Pelvic exenteration
the removal of all the organs and adjacent structures of the pelvis
bone marrow biopsy
the removal of bone marrow, usually from the sternum or ilium by needle puncture for examination to diagnose certain blood disease
debridement
the removal of damaged tissue when someone has a serious burn
resection arthroplasty
the removal of one or both articular surfaces of a joint
mastectomy
the removal of one or both breasts
radical mastectomy
the removal of the breast, lymph nodes, and adjacent chest wall muscle
lung biopsy
the removal of the suspected cells from microscopic examination to confirm a diagnosis of cancer
En bloc resection
the removal of the tumor along with a large area of the surrounding tissue and usually lymph node removal as well
excisional biopsy
the removal of the tumor, along with a margin of normal tissue
dissociative disorder
the repression of emotional conflict occurs to such a degree that it brings on an altered state of consciousness or a state of confusion about one's identity
cicatrix
the scar tissue that develops during the process of normal healing
visual acuity (VA)
the sharpness of visual perception
Mohs surgery
the single most effective technique for removing basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma; the two most common skin cancers
dermatology
the speciality or study of the disorders and treatments of the skin
semen
the sperm cells and secretions from the prostate, form the seminal fluid
glial cells (gli/o) (or neuroglia)
the stroma—the connective, supportive tissue cells that do not carry impulses
Pharmacokinetics
the study of a drug's absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion over time
oncology
the study of diagnosis and treatment of tumors (onc/o)
toxicology
the study of harmful effects of drugs and chemicals on the body
Molecular pharmacology
the study of how drugs interact with sub cellular entities such as DNA, RNA, and enzymes
medicinal chemistry
the study of new drug synthesis and the relationship between chemical structure and biologic effects
pharmacology
the study of the discovery, properties, uses, and side effects of drugs
Pharmacodynamics
the study of the effects of drugs on the body
gynecology
the study of the female reproductive organs
cardiac arrest
the sudden cessation of the heart's activity
heart transplantation
the surgical removal of a donor heart and the transfer of the organ to a recipient
radial prostatectomy
the surgical removal of the entire prostate gland, plus some surrounding tissue
bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy
the surgical removal of the fallopian tubes (salping/o) and ovaries (oophor/o) on both sides
circumcision
the surgical removal of the prepuce
biopsy
the surgical removal of tissue for microscopic examination
autonomic nervous system
the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system
pilosebaceous unit
the term used for the combination of the hair follicle and the attached sebaceous gland
Hemostasis
the termination (-stasis) of bleeding (hem/o)
dura mater
the thick outermost layer of brain
coagulation time
the time required for venous blood to clot in a test tube
schedule
the timing and frequency of its administration
apex
the tip of each lung
Dilation and curettage (D&C)
the widening of the uterine cervix and scraping off of the endometrial lining of the uterus
anteroposterior (AP) view
the x-ray beam enters the anterior aspect of the body and exits at the posterior aspect
lateral (later/o) projection (LAT)
the x-ray beam travels from one side of the body to the other
thyroid hormones
therapeutically administered when the patients thyroid gland produces an insufficient quantity
femur
thigh bone, the longest bone in body
serous membrane
thin sheet of tissue in the pericardium
ethmoid bone
thin, delicate bone that supports the nasal cavity and forms part of eye sockets
laryngopharynx
third section of the pharynx; opens into the larynx and the esophagus
lumbar vertebrae
third set of vertebrae; 5; strongest and largest of the back bones
thoracocentesis
thoracentesis; helps diagnose excessive fluid accumulates in the pleural space; a surgical puncture with the insertion of a needle or catheter into the pleural space (thorac/o) to obtain pleural fluid for analysis
vertebral canal
three meningeal coverings of the spinal cord—the cerebrospinal fluid, a cushion of fatty tissue, and blood vessels
t.I.d, tid
three times per day
proton therapy
tightly focuses positive subatomic particles (protons) to a finite target point using a cyclotron
hair shaft
tightly woven network of keratinocytes
paresthesia
tingling, burning, and "pins and needles" sensations
pulmonary edema
tiny air sacs of the lungs become filled with fluid
Petechiae
tiny hemorrhagic spots
eccrine glands
tiny, coiled structures located in the dermis, the ducts of which open directly onto the surface of the skin as pores
angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, also called ACE inhibitors
to improve the heart's performance and to reduce its workload, as well as keep the blood vessels (angi/o) dilated to lower blood pressure by preventing angiotensin I from converting into the powerful vasoconstrictor
peristalsis
to increase fecal bulk, which prompts movement of the intestinal wall
cathartic drugs job
to lubricate the intestinal tract which softens stool
trabeculectomy
to modify the outflow channels or to create a new opening for the escape of aqueous humor from the anterior chamber
sterilization
to prevent the body from producing or releasing reproductive cells
tricuspid valve
to right ventricle
right ventricles
to the pulmonary valve and into the pulmonary artery, which carries the blood to the lungs
shifting of the aorta
to the right
cytology
tool used in the initial evaluation and diagnosis of lung cancer; collect samples for microscopic study
sclera
tough outermembrane that helps maintain the size and shape of the eyeball and attaches to the muscles that move the eye; white of eye
internal rotation
toward the center of body
hydrocarbons
toxic chemical associated with smoking and exhaust
brand name
trade name made up by each manufacturer to differentiate it from is competitors products
lymphatic system
transports proteins and excess tissue fluid that leak from the capillaries back to the venous blood
TRAM flap
transrectus abdominis musculocutaneous tissue is used for the reconstruction
Varicocele
treated by surgical ligation, or tying off of the spermatic cord
crohn disease
treated with anti-TNF (tumor necrosis factor) drugs, which are also used to treat rheumatoid arthritis
Cataracts
treated with the surgical removal of the lens
psoralen-ultraviolet A (PUVA)
treatment of psoriasis; a light therapy
protocol
treatment plan
fun gating tumors
tumors in the colon with a mushrooming pattern of growth
radiosensitive tumors
tumors in which radiation can cause the death of cells without serious damage to surrounding tissues
costals
twelve pairs of ribs
testicular torsion
twisting of the spermatic cord, which contains the blood vessels supplying the testis and epididymis
Fraternal twins
two different spermatozoa fertilize two different ova
labia majora
two elongated folds of fatty tissue on each side of the vaginal orifice that extend back from the mons pubis
ventricles (ventricul/o)
two lower chambers
trochanters
two on each bone; the greater and lesser; points where hip and thigh muscles attach to the femur
central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system
two primary systems in CNS
Cowper glands, or bulbourethral glands
two round, pea-sized exocrine glands that lie just below the prostate gland; secrete a fluid into the urethra that helps transport sperm and contributes to the survival of the male sex cells
seminal vesicles
two saclike structures that lie between the bladder and the rectum; secrete a thick, yellowish substance that serves to nourish the sperm
adrenal or suprarenal glands
two small secretory organs which sit atop a kdiey
Bartholin glands
two small, mucus-secreting organs that lie to the left and right of the vaginal orifice
b.I.d, bid
two times per day
non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)
two types adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma
atria (atri/o) (sing., atrium)
two upper chambers
parietal bones
two; form the roof and upper sides of cranium
universal recipients
type AB; their blood contains neither the anti-A nor anti-B antibodies
universal donor blood type
type O blood;contains neither antigen A nor B and can be administered with minimal risk of clumping of the blood cells
Rh factor
type of antigen found on the erythrocyte surface in many people
Pernicious anemia
type of blood dyscrasia in which large, immature nucleated cells called megaloblasts—which are the forerunners of RBCs—circulate in the blood and do not function as blood cells
esotropia
type of strabismus; characterized by an inward (eso-) deviation or turning (-tropia) of one eye
hypertropia
type of strabismus; one eye deviates upward
exotropia
type of strabismus; one eye turns outward (exo-)
phacoemulsification
ultrasonic vibration is used to break up the lens
palpitations
uncomfortable chest sensations
defense mechanisms
unconscious reactions or coping tools a person uses to either resolve or conceal conflicts and the anxiety that goes along with them
hyposecretion
under production
base
undersurface of the lungs; rests on the diaphragm
Fertilization
union of sperm and ovum to form a zygote
hallucinations
unreal sensory perceptions that do not correspond to objective reality
rapid plasma reagin (RPR) test
used to screen asymptomatic patients for syphilis, to diagnose symptomatic infections, and to monitor the disease in response to treatment; measures nonspecific antibodies that are produced when Treponema pallidum interacts with human tissue.
cardiac stress testing
used to test the hearts response to exercise
anti diabetic drugs
used to treat diabetes mellitus; a condition in which the hormone insulin is either not produced by the pancreas or the body tissues have developed an insensitivity to insulin
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
uses a magnetic field and pulses of radio-wave energy to create images of the brain and spinal cord
laser photocoagulation
uses a precisely focused laser to seal leaky blood vessels and to prevent the growth of new ones
bronchial brush cytology
uses a small brush to collect the biopsy sample from the airways
Cryosurgery
uses cold temperatures to destroy tissue
Chemotherapy (chemo)
uses drugs or chemicals to damage the DNA of cancer cells
mantoux skin test
uses intradermal injection
mammography
uses low-dose x-ray beams to visualize breast tissue
Plateletpheresis
uses only the platelets
MRI
uses radio waves and a magnetic field to create images of soft tissue
nuclear bone scan
uses radioactive substances placed within the body to diagnose and treat disease
Doppler ultrasound
uses sound waves focused to bounce off red blood cells in the vessels
microdiskectomy
uses special microscope to view the disk and nerve
positron emission tomography (PET) scan
uses the injection of a radionuclide into a body part to be scanned; radioisotopes are used instead of a contrast material and x-rays
interposition arthroplasty
uses tissue from another location to cushion the damaged surface of an elbow joint
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
using elective charge to produce a brief convulsion to relieve depression
adenocarcinoma
usually develops in the peripheral lung tissue
intraocular lens (IOL)
usually implanted in the eye at the time of cataract removal.
chest x-ray (CXR)
usually taken standing up
metrorrhagia
uterine (metr/o) bleeding between menses
perimetrium,
uterine serosa, an external (peri-) membranous layer of the uterus
valvuloplasty
valve (valvul/o) repair (-plasty),
hemorrhoid
varicose vein near the anus
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
vasopressin; protein hormone taht controls water conservation in the body
Spina bifida
vertebral column fails to close completely
bulia
vesicle larger than 1 centimeter
digital subtraction angiography (DSA)
video equipment and a computer to produce radiographic images of the blood vessels
concussion
violent shaking up or jarring of the brain with no apparent damage to brain tissue
Herpes zoster (shingles)
viral infection that affects the peripheral nerves; painful eruptions that follow the path of the spinal or cranial nerves around the trunk of the body
nail body
visible part of the nail
thoracoscopy
visual examination of the chest
larynx (laryng/o)
voice box, forms part of the vital airway to the lungs
striated muscles
voluntary, responsible for moving all of the bones
emesis
vomiting
trachea (trache/o), or windpipe,
walls are encircled by firm rings of cartilage.
venous
walls of the veins are thinner and less elastic; valves present backflow
verrucous tumor
warlike pattern; seen in the gingiva or cheek
atrophy
wasting, without development of growth
rheumat/o
watery flow
myasthenia
weakness
CT myelography
when CT scans are taken after the injection
curettage
when a lesion is scraped away using a scoop-shaped tool called a curette
metastasis
when cancer spreads to more tissues within the body other than the original site
podagra
when gout involves the big toe
auscultation of lungs
when listening through a stethoscope for body breath sounds
sciatica
when pain originates in the lower back but radiates down the leg
plaques
when papule run together and create elevated flat lesions
pleural rub
when the pleura are roughened and thickened by inflammation, infection, scarring, or neoplastic cells
petechiae
when the purpora spots are as small as pinpoints
uterine tube or fallopian tube
where fertilization normally occurs
acromioclavicular (AC) joint
where the acromion and clavicle articulate
fundus.
where the body of the uterus rounds into an upper prominence
Purkinje fibers
where the chemical signal terminates
leukocytes
white blood cells
lunula
white half-moons at the base of each nail,
exenteration
wide resection involving not only the removal of the tumor but also its original site and the surrounding tissue in the body space,
Laryngeal muscles
widen and narrow the opening between the vocal cords
vasodilation
widening of a blood vessel
aspirate
withdraw fluid or air from a cavity
medullary cavity
within he compact bone that contains yellow bone marrow
agranulocytes
without (a-) granules (granul/o) in their cytoplasm
prescription
written order