EM Ch 6 Exam 1

strategies for developing a hypothesis

(1) Read an issue of a psychology journal (2) Observe how people behave in public places (3) Choose a real-world problem and try to  identify its cause.

how does a review of prior experiments help us develop a hypothesis (5)

1. Identifies questions that have not been conclusively answered or addressed at all 2. Suggests new hypotheses 3. Identifies additional variables that could mediate an effect 4. Identifies problems other researchers have experienced 5. Helps avoid duplication of prior research when replication is not intended

Psychological journal

A periodical that publishes individual research reports and integrative research reviews, which are up-to-date summaries of what is known about a specific topic.

how does serendipity help a hypothesis

A scientist who is open to unexpected results and who is sufficiently informed can understand the significance of unexpected findings.

Nonexperimental hypothesis

A statement of predictions of how events, traits, or behaviors might be related, but not a statement about cause and effect.

Synthetic statement

A statement that can be either true or false, a condition necessary to form an experimental hypothesis.

Testable statement

A statement that can be tested because the means exist for manipulating antecedent conditions and for measuring the resulting behavior.

Experimental hypothesis

A statement that is a tentative explanation of an event or behavior; it predicts the effects of specified antecedent conditions on a measured behavior.

Contradictory statement

A statement that is always false.

Analytic statement

A statement that is always true.

Parsimonious statement

A statement that is simple and does not require many supporting assumptions.

Falsifiable statement

A statement that is worded so that it is falsifiable, or disprovable, by experimental results.

Fruitful statement

A statement that leads to new studies.

Meta-analysis

A statistical reviewing procedure that uses data from many similar studies to summarize and quantify research findings about individual topics.

what is testability and why is it important

An experimental hypothesis is testable when it can be assessed by manipulating an IV and measuring the results on the DV. Without testability, we cannot evaluate the validity of a hypothesis.

Introduction

Beginning section of a research report that guides the reader toward your research hypothesis; includes a selective review of relevant, recent research.

Discussion

Concluding section of the research report, used to integrate the experimental findings into the existing body of knowledge, showing how the current research advances knowledge, increases generalizability of known effects, or contradicts past findings.

deductive model of hypothesis

Deduction is reasoning from general principles to specific predictions. This approach is used to test the assumptions of a theory.

how can researchers combine induction and deduction

Develop propositions using induction by examining specific cases. Then, make predictions using deduction.

inductive model of formulating a hypothesis

Induction is reasoning from specific cases to general principles to form a hypothesis. Researchers use inductive reasoning to construct theories by creating explanations that account for empirical data (observations).

intuition

Intuition is knowing without reasoning, or unconscious problem-solving. Intuition guides what we choose to study in an experiment.

why should a hypothesis be parsimonious

Parsimony means that we prefer a simple hypothesis over one requiring many supporting assumptions. A simple hypothesis allows us to focus our attention on the main factors that influence our dependent variable.

what is the most useful way to develop a hypothesis

Review research that has already been published. Both experimental and nonexperimental studies can prove helpful.

how can we build a theory using induction

Scientists can use the results of extensive experiments designed to test hypotheses to construct a theory that unifies their findings

Intuition

The development of ideas from hunches; knowing directly without reasoning from objective data.

Serendipity

The knack of finding things that are not being sought.

Deductive model

The process of reasoning from general principles to specific instances; most useful for testing the principles of a theory.

Inductive model

The process of reasoning from specific cases to more general principles to form a hypothesis.

Hypothesis

The thesis, or main idea, of an experiment or study consisting of a statement that predicts the relationship between at least two variables.

why must a hypothesis be a synthetic statement?

When we state a hypothesis, we then gather data that either support or contradict it. For this reason, a hypothesis must be capable of being true or false, which is a property of synthetic statements

value of metaanalysis

can provide helpful information about your topic. A meta-analysis is not an experiment, but rather a statistical analysis of many similar studies. It measures the average effect size of an independent variable across studies that share similar methodologies.This statistical procedure helps establish the strength and external validity of a causal relationship.

_____ statements are always false a. contradictory b. analytic c. heuristic d. synthetic

contradictory

All of the following primarily describe behaviors as they naturally occur but do not often include a hypothesis except: 1. case studies 2. naturalistic observation 3. field experiments 4. surveys

field experiments

Susan suspects that her husband is having an affair bc he brought her roses, washed the dishes and asked when her mother could visit. She is using: a. induction b. induction and deduction c. deduction d. serendipity

induction

experimental hypothesis

is a tentative explanation of an event or a behavior. It is a statement that predicts the effect of an independent variable on a dependent variable.For example, cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) produces less relapse than antidepressants.

hypothesis

is an explanation of a relationship between two or more variables.

researcher could use a _____ to statistically summarize studies of ritalins effectiveness in treating hyperactivity a. metaanlysis b. literature search c. case study d. factor analytical

metaanalysis

nonexperimental hypothesis

predicts how variables (events, traits, or behaviors) might be correlated, but not causally related. For example, red-haired patients receive less relief from pain medication than blonde patients.

to study a possible causal relationship between smoking and lung cancer, researchers start with human ____ and progress to animal _____ studies

quasi experimental, experimental