Emotional and Personality Development

List two significant roles emotions play during infancy.

1) Communication with others 2) Behavioral organization

At what age do babies begin to recognize themselves in the mirror using the rouge technique?

15-18 months

Fear usually first appears at about 6 months of age, but abused and neglected infants can show fear as early as __ months.

3

Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas found that about __% of children did not fit into a basic temperament type.

35%

When a baby is hungry, what kind of cry might we hear?

A basic cry

Slow-To-Warm-Up Child

A child who has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood

Easy Child

A child who is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts easily to new experiences

Difficult Child

A child who reacts negatively and cries frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and is slow to accept change

Michael Lewis

A leading expert on infant emotional development; distinguished between primary emotions and self-conscious emotions

Basic Cry

A rhythmic pattern, usually consisting of a cry, a briefer silence, a shorter inspiratory whistle that is higher pitched than the main cry, and then a brief rest before the next cry

Reflexive Smile

A smile that does not occur in response to external stimuli; it happens during the first month after birth, usually during sleep

Social Smile

A smile that occurs in response to an external stimulus, typically a face in the case of the young infant; social smiling occurs as early as two months of age

Pain Cry

A sudden appearance of a long, initial loud cry without preliminary moaning, followed by breath holding

Anger Cry

A variation of the basic cry, with more excess air forced through the vocal cords

Inhibition to the Unfamiliar

A way of classifying temperament coined by Jerome Kagan; characterized by shyness with strangers, and avoidance of unfamiliar situations; begins at about 7-9 months

How long does the average newborn cry each day?

About 25 minutes

How long does the average 5-week-old cry each day?

About 40 minutes

Separation Protest

An infant's distressed crying when the caregiver leaves; appears between 7 and 8 months, peaks at around 15 months

Stranger Anxiety

An infant's fear and wariness of strangers; it tends to appear during the second half of the first year of life

Describe the timespan of stranger anxiety.

Appears at 6 months More intense by 9 months Peaks at around 12 months Decreases after this

How would a child develop a sense of autonomy?

As toddlers learn motor skills and mental abilities develop, parents must allow toddlers the independence to try new things and be patient as they do

According to research, when does an infant's fear usually peak?

At about 10 months

According to Erik Erikson, the second year of life is characterized by the ____________ stage of development.

Autonomy-Vs-Shame and Doubt

What do behaviorists John Watson and Jacob Gewitz believe should be done when an infant cries?

Be slow and selective in response, so the crying does not become reinforced behavior

According to Erik Erikson, how does a child learn to trust a caregiver?

Being cared for in a consistent, warm manner; these include things like being well-fed and kept warm

Effortful Control (Self-Regulation)

Children who are capable of attentional focusing and shifting, inhibitory control, perceptual sensitivity, and low-intensity pleasure; maintain a reasonable level of arousal and have methods to self-soothe

Extraversion/Surgency

Children who are easily approached, pleasurable, active; uninhibited children

Negative Affectivity

Children who often show fear, frustration, sadness, and discomfort; easily distressed and cry often; inhibited children

What are a baby's first two forms of communication?

Cries and smiles

Mary Rothbart and John Bates

Developmental psychologists that argue effortful control is an important detail when looking at temperament

Researchers have found that _________ infants display less frequent and less intense positive and negative emotions than non-Latino white infants.

East Asian

Primary Emotions

Emotions that are present in humans and other animals early in life; examples are joy, anger, sadness, fear, and disgust (Also mentioned in the text are surprise and interest)

Self-Conscious Emotions

Emotions that require self-awareness, especially consciousness and a sense of "me"; examples include jealousy, empathy, and embarrassment

Research on infants' emotional development show that what complex, thoughtful emotion can likely be expressed before one year?

Empathy

How should a parent respond to a child prone to distress in order to improve the quality of mother-child interaction?

Extra support and altering demands, which can improve the goodness of fit for a child

True or False?: 'Inhibition to the unfamiliar' is typically grown out of by toddler age.

False; it shows considerable stability through early childhood, and may even be related to later social phobia or mental health issues

What are some contexts that affect an infant's emotional regulation?

Fatigue Hunger Time of Day Present People Environment

Emotion

Feeling, or affect, that occurs when a person is in a state or interaction that is important; emotion is characterized by behavior that reflects (expresses) the pleasantness or unpleasantness of the state a person is in or the transactions being experienced

Which gender do parents tend to be more sensitive to during instances of irritable mood and crying?

Female

What physiological characteristics have been linked to inhibited temperament?

High/stable heart rate High level of cortisol High right frontal lobe activity (These features may be tied to excitation of the amygdala)

How does the study using rouge test an infant's sense of self?

If the infant begins touching its nose more upon seeing the rouge in the mirror, it is believed the rouge violates the infant's idea of self

Temperament

Involves individual difference in behavioral style, emotions, and characteristic ways of responding; determines how quickly an emotion is shown, how strong it is, how long it lasts, and how quickly it fades away

Japanese parents try to prevent their children from experiencing negative emotions, but ________ mothers are more likely to respond after their children become distressed to help them cope.

Non-Latino white

What does it mean when we say interactions are "reciprocal" or "synchronous"?

Parents change their emotional expressions in response to infants' emotional expressions, and infant also modify their emotional expression in response to those of their parents.

What do temperament experts Ann Sanson and Mary Rothbarts suggest to do

Pay attention to the individual child Structure the child's environment appropriately Avoid "difficult" label, but acknowledge the child may be more challenging to parent

Jerome Kagan argues that children inherit a certain ________ that biases them to have a particular type of temperament, but ___________ may allow the child to learn to modify their temperament.

Physiology; experience

Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas

Psychiatrists that studied and identified the three basic temperament types in infants

Goodness of Fit

Refers to the match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope

What do infancy experts Mary Ainsworth and John Bowlby believe should be done when an infant cries?

Show a quick, comforting response, which helps to develop a strong bond between the infant and caregiver; it is not possible to respond to crying too much during the first year of an infant's life

Why is physical self-recognition more important in Western cultures?

Some cultures' infants aren't familiar with mirrors

What is the most frequent expression of fear in infants?

Stranger anxiety

How do infants soothe themselves?

Sucking their thumb Depending on caregiver response Later: Redirection of attention or distracting self

Contemporary View of Temperament

Temperament is a biologically-based, but evolving aspect of behavior; it evolves as the child's experiences are incorporated into a network of self-perceptions and behavioral preferences that characterize the child's personality

What do the Differential Susceptibility Model and the Biological Sensitivity Model emphasize is significant in a child temperament?

The certain characteristics that make children more vulnerable to setbacks in adverse contexts also make them more susceptible to optimal growth in supportive conditions

Personality

The enduring personal characteristics of individuals

Some experts on infant socioemotional development, such as Jerome Kagan, believe it is unlikely an infant under one year old can experience emotions requiring thought. Why is this?

The infant's brain is structurally immature

In the study where mothers showed attention to a doll over their own infant, why can it not be concluded the infant's negative emotions were signs of jealousy?

The negative emotions could also be signs of frustration over wanting to explore the novel toy

Why are some self-conscious emotions referred to as "other-conscious emotions"? (Examples are embarrassment, shame, and guilt)

They involve the emotional reactions of other when they are generated; for example, approval from parents provides a base for pride in self

True of False?: Biological evolution has endowed human beings to be emotional.

True

True or False?: Children who leave infancy with a sense of trust can later develop a sense of mistrust if something traumatic occurs.

True

True or False?: Embeddedness in relationships and culture with others provides diversity in emotional experiences.

True

True or False?: Social relationships provide the setting for the development of a rich variety of emotions.

True

According to Erik Erikson, the first year of life is characterized by the ____________ stage of development.

Trust-vs-Mistrust

How might a toddler show sense of self-awareness?

Using adjectives like "big" to describe themselves Labeling their internal emotions Showing independence

Self-Regulation

Variations in the extent or effectiveness of an individual's ability to control his or her emotions

Reactivity

Variations in the speed and intensity which which an individual responds to situations with positive or negative emotions

How would a toddler develop a sense of shame/doubt?

When caregivers are impatient and do for toddlers what they are capable of doing themselves, or criticize the normal mistakes made during the learning process

How does a toddler typically react when they hear their parents quarreling?

With distress and play inhibition