EMT-PREP

Integumentary system

Body's outer layer. consists of skin, hair, nails and glands. These organs and structures are your first line of defense against bacteria and help protect you from injury and sunlight. Your integumentary system works with other systems in your body to keep it in balance. Barrier- physical, chemical, biological agents Homeostatic- prevent water loss/regulates body temp Sensory- touch, pain and pleasure sensitivity Secretory- converts precursor molecules to vitamin D lubricate pheromones Excretory- sweat

brain stem

Connects the brain and spinal cord caveman brain vital functions breathing, vegetative functions, survival reflex, swallowing,

Systole

Contraction of the heart

proximal/distal

Core POV Proximal- close to body Distal- away from body

patient positions

-Supine - laying on back -Prone - laying on stomach -Fowlers: (sitting up) at a 45-60 degree angle. -Semi-fowlers: upper body is at less than a 45 degree angle. -High fowler- sit 90 degree because fluid build up in lungs when flat -Lateral recumbent: (recovery position) patient is laying on their left or right side. (unconscious/ seizure/ pregnant) -seated -Tripod seated shifted fwd easier to breathe

seizure 3 phase

1. preictal- before convulsions (not always noticed) 2. convulsions- tonic/clonic movements 3. postical - fatigue, confusion, combativeness after convulsions Epilepsy = chronic seizures Syncope= fainting

atrium

2 upper chambers of the heart entry ways for blood left- receives oxygenated blood from the lungs right- receives deoxygenated blood returning from other parts of body

Meninges

3 parts skull vertebrae dura mater- toughest outermost layer arachnoid matter- web of collagen pia mater- innermost layer, lines every fold of the brain, contours spinal cord very thin Brain/ spinal cord

Alveoli

700 billion tiny sacs of lung tissue specialized for the movement of gases between air and blood. CO2 off loaded in Alveoli O2 replaces it back to the heart to be distributed to rest of body

embolic stroke

A blockage of blood supply to part of the brain caused by a clot or debris (embolus).

pulmonary edema

A condition caused by too much fluid in the lungs. This fluid collects in the many air sacs in the lungs, making it difficult to breathe.

Tuberculosis

A potentially serious infectious bacterial disease that mainly affects the lungs. spread by cough or sneeze if grows can be fatal coughing blood

disrythmia

Abnormal heart rhythm

Joints

Areas where two or more bones join together Ligament- connect bone to bone Cartilage- end of bone connective tissue Tendons- bone to muscle

BP=COxPVR

BP-blood pressure CO- cardiac output, amount of blood pumped by heart in 1 minute. PVR- peripheral vascular resistance to blood flow due to narrowing of peripheral blood vessels. if vessels constrict BP goes up, if they dilate BP goes down.

cardiac distress

First sign of possible life-threatening cardiac condition, demonstrating pain, pressure, or discomfort in the chest or upper abdomen.

Respiration

GAS Exchange. The movement of air in and out. (breathe in O2 from air outside --> CO2 moves from blood to lungs--> then exhaled)

pulmonary contusion

Injury or bruising of lung tissue from trauma

Hypoxia

Low oxygen saturation of the body, not enough oxygen in the blood

Abdominal cavity

Lower torso. Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, appendix, liver, and other organs. Full of blood. Holds systems (digestive, reproductive, urinary)

Blood

More O2 brighter red, less = more blue blood 8% total body mass- nutrients exchange plasma 55% red blood cells 45% (red/white/platelets)

Abduction

Movement away from the midline of the body

Adduction

Movement toward the midline of the body

structures of respiratory tract

Nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi/Bronchioles Alveoli

Neurons

Neurons are information messengers. They use electrical impulses and chemical signals to transmit information between different areas of the brain, and between the brain and the rest of the nervous system.

Aerobic metabolism

Oxygen is used to metabolize glucose. Energy is produced in an efficient manner with minimal waste products.

pneumonia

Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs. The air sacs may fill with fluid or pus (purulent material), causing cough with phlegm or pus, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing. A variety of organisms, including bacteria, viruses and fungi, can cause pneumonia.

Axial skeleton

Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebrae Ribs (12) - 7 true attached to sternum, 5 floating Skull (4) cranial bones 14 facial bones Vertebrae (33) bones

Skeletal system

Protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to support movement. Made up of bones and joints

4 chambers + 4 valves entry/ exit doors of heart

R atrium- tricuspid valve R ventricle- pulmonary valve L atrium- mitral valve L ventricle- aortic valve Septum- divides left/right

Diastole

Relaxation of the heart

dyspnea

SOB, difficulty breathing

Physiology

Study of function

Anatomy

Study of structure

sympathetic and parasympathetic division

Sympathetic- arousing nerves fight or flight mobilizes reserves under stress- pupils dilated/fast heart beat Parasympathetic- rest and digest. pupils constrict heart relaxes

sensory (afferent) neurons

The afferent or sensory division transmits impulses from peripheral organs to the CNS. The efferent or motor division transmits impulses from the CNS out to the peripheral organs to cause an effect or action.

Aorta

The aorta is the main artery that carries blood away from your heart to the rest of your body. Largest artery in the body CO2 and O2 sensor most oxygenated takes blood to rest of body

Thorax

The area of the body between the neck and the abdomen upper torso. Contains vital organs, including the heart, major blood vessels, esophagus, and lungs. most vital, above diaphragm

Homeostasis

The body's natural tendency to keep the internal environment and metabolism steady and normal

cardiovascular system/ circulatory system

The circulatory system (cardiovascular system) pumps blood from the heart to the lungs to get oxygen. The heart then sends oxygenated blood through arteries to the rest of the body. co-dependent with respiratory system loss of blood-->loss of O2--> hyperfusion--> shock--> close to death

Anaerobic metabolism

The metabolism that takes place in the lack of oxygen; the principle product is lactic acid.

Pharynx

The pharynx is a hollow tube that starts behind the nose, goes down the neck, and ends at the top of the trachea and esophagus. nasopharynx- nose oropharynx- oral laryngopharynx- bottom

vasodilation

Vasodilation occurs naturally in your body in response to triggers such as low oxygen levels, a decrease in available nutrients, and increases in temperature. It causes the widening of your blood vessels, which in turn increases blood flow and lowers blood pressure.

Carina

Where trachea splits into the left and right Mainstem bronchi.

Trachea

Windpipe- Allows air to pass to and from lungs

pulmonary embolism

a blockage in one of the pulmonary arteries in your lungs.

Emphysema

a condition in which the air sacs of the lungs are damaged and enlarged, causing SOB

angina pectoris

a condition marked by severe pain in the chest, often also spreading to the shoulders, arms, and neck, caused by an inadequate blood/oxygen supply to the heart.

Epiglottis

a flap of tissue that sits beneath the tongue at the back of the throat. Its main function is to close over the windpipe (trachea) while you're eating to prevent food entering your airway.

mechanism of injury (MOI)

a force or forces that may have caused injury

thrombotic stroke

a stroke resulting from thrombosis or narrowing of the blood vessel from blood clot

cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

a.k.a. "Stroke". Lack of blood supply to the brain causing brain damage 87% strokes caused by blood clot

epi-, supra-

above

trans

across

post

after

Functional brain

alert: eyes tracking, looking at you Oriented: who, what, when, where, they are 4 questions 4/4 = functioning

dysfunctional brain

altered level of conciousness ALOC/ AVPU alert verbal/pain stimuli unresponsive A/O = 0/4

infarction

area of dead tissue

peri-, circum-

around

Types of bleeding

arterial- strong/spewing venous- slow/a lot capillary- cut/small bleed different under pressure

blood vessels 3 major types

artery/aorta- biggest artery- take blood away from heart. thicker muscle more pressure Vein- bring blood to heart has valves Capillary- diffusion O2-CO2 gas exchange

Vertebrae

backbone cervical, thoracic, lumbar most common 33 bones 7 cervical- neck/arm 12 thoracic- chest/arm/abdomen 5 lumbar- pelvis/leg

BPM

beats per minute top # systolic bottom # diastolic

pre

before

sub-, infra-

below or under

Flexion

bend/flex joint

Cerebrum

big brain higher function/ decisions 8 sections 4 lobes x2 one on each side frontal lobe- speech/motor/memory/personality/ motivation attention parietal lobe- sensory info/body location/language/math/ analytical occipital lobe- back of brain eyes optics temporal lobe- sides sounds hearing 8 cranial bones 1 frontal, 2 parietal, 2 temporal, 1 occipital

melan

black

hemo

blood

cyan

blue

Central Nervous System (CNS)

brain and spinal cord skull and vertebrae protective structure

Takotsubo

broken heart syndrome because brain is sad

contusion

bruise

alveolar

capillary membrane gas exchange occurs

Brain 3 parts

cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem

asphyxiation

choking

COPD

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease long lasting lung disease

Automic Nervous System

communicated with internal organs/glands

Muscular system

composed of specialized cells called muscle fibers. skeletal: voluntary muscle move cardiac: involuntary muscle -heart smooth: involuntary- organs

hemoptysis

coughing up blood

laceration

cut

hypoventilation

decreased rate or depth of air movement into the lungs slow breathing

Patient signs

deformity, vomiting, fever, bleeding, cough, hypotension (low bp)

pathy-

disease

respiratory distress/ failure

distress- occurs when fluid builds up in the tiny, elastic air sacs (alveoli) in your lungs. The fluid keeps your lungs from filling with enough air, which means less oxygen reaches your bloodstream. This deprives your organs of the oxygen they need to function. failure- Respiratory failure is a serious condition that makes it difficult to breathe on your own. Respiratory failure develops when the lungs can't get enough oxygen into the blood.

Sagital

down the middle

Structural organization of human anatomy

elements, cells, tissue, organs, systems

-megaly

enlargement

Head injuries

epidural hematoma- rapidly expanding with arterial blood. skull fracture sub-dermal hematoma- slowly expanding venous blood. no skull fracture. looks like headache/ concussion --> assume worst can be fatal

Functions or respiratory system

exchange of gasses regulation of blood ph protection voice production olfaction (sense of smell) protects/filters air intake

signs of stroke

face drooping, arm weakness, speech difficulty act fast- deprivation of O2 or flooded very time sensitive

tachy-

fast

Tachypnea

fast breathing

Tachycardia

fast heart rate

3 main functions of upper respiratory system

filter warm humidify

Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF)

flows through brain and clears out toxins through a series of channels that expand during sleep 150 ml

Frontal

front/back

chlor

green

poli

grey

cardi

heart

myocardial infarction

heart attack

hyper-

high, excessive

Asthma

hyperactive airway/ smooth muscle spasm airways narrow and swell and may produce extra mucus. This can make breathing difficult and trigger coughing (wheezing) and shortness of breath.

-itis

inflammation

chronic bronchitis

inflammation of the bronchi persisting over a long time coughing, mucus, sob

Systems of the Human Body

integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive

Accessory breathing

involving other muscles around shoulders, neck, upper chest to breathe when having difficulty

nephr

kidney

ischemia

lack of blood flow

hepat

liver

Diaphragm

located below the lungs, is the major muscle of respiration. It is a large, dome-shaped muscle that contracts rhythmically and continually, and most of the time, involuntarily. Upon inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and flattens and the chest cavity enlarges.

How to check pulse

look for arteries next to major bone palpate- feel for pulse radial artery next to thumb carotid artery throat..doesn't guarantee radial pulse

Hypoglycemia

low blood sugar

hypo-

low, less than normal

ventricle

lower chamber of the heart blood pushed out of heart into circulatory system

Inferior

lower, below

lateral/medial

midline POV

psych

mind

Ventilation

movement of air in and out of the lungs gas exchange Inspiration- active phase air in Expiration- passive phase air out

circulation

movement of substances in body fluids pulmonary circ- heart to lungs systemic circ- body systems coronary circ- heart to heart heart takes care of itself

myo

muscle

vasoconstriction

narrowing of blood vessels. Normally, the vessels that supply blood to the skin constrict or narrow in response to cold temperatures. This reaction, called "vasoconstriction," decreases blood flow to the skin, which helps to minimize heat loss from the warm blood and therefore preserve a normal internal or "core" temperature.

Atherosclerosis

narrowing of the arteries from plaque build up

Pulse Rate Rhythm

neonate (1mo) 100-180 infant (1mo-1yr) 100-160 child (1yr-pub) 70-150 adult (pub +) 60-100

neur

nerve

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

nerves outside the brain and spinal cord, rest of body

motor (efferent) neurons

neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands

hemorrhagic stroke

occurs when a blood vessel in the brain leaks or ruptures; also known as a bleed. too much blood build up

OPQRST

onset: fast/ slow occur provocation: better/ worse moving quality: pain/feeling radiation: other areas of body severity: scale 1-10 how bad time: when did it start

cirrh

orange-yellow

ecto-, extra-

outside

main treatment for respiratory problem

oxygen

2 vital nutrients

oxygen + glucose - travel via blood create energy to power metabolism

11 elements = human

oxygen- 65% carbon- 18.5% hydrogen- 9.5% nitrogen- 3.2% calcium- 1.5% phosphorus- 1% potassium- 0.4% sulfur- 0.3% chlorine- 0.2% sodium- 0.2%

-algia

pain

Patient symptoms

pain, nausea, chills, blurred vision, sore throat, dizziness

somatic nervous system

part of the peripheral nervous system associated with the voluntary control of body movements via skeletal muscles.

sputum

phlegm coughed up from respiratory tract

mitral

prevents blood flowing back into left atrium from left ventricle

heart

primary job- blood flow generates its own electricity feeds itself oxygenates itself only deoxygenated artery with oxygenated vein

diaphoresis

profuse sweating

motor neurons

receive signals from brain and pass it onto muscle tissue

erythr

red

-ectomy

removal

Lungs different shapes

right- shorter, 3 lobes makes room for liver left- 2 lobes has cardiac notch for the heart

ipsi-

same

Abrasion

scrape

sensory neurons

send signals to brain from sensory organs

Appendicular skeleton

shoulder girdle pelvic girdle arm leg hand foot

brady-

slow

Bradyphea

slow breathing

Bradycardia

slow heart rate

Cerebellum

small brain muscle/body coordination

Logy

study of

Kinesiology

study of movement

Dermatology

study of the skin (15-20%) total body mass hair glands nails sensory receptors

edema

swelling

Hyperventilation

the condition of taking abnormally fast, deep breaths

Hyperextension

the extreme or overextension of a limb or body part beyond its normal limit

Perfusion

the passage of fluid through the circulatory system to an organ or a tissue.

Causes of Neurological Dysfunction

too little or too much oxygen, temperature, glucose hyper/hypo: oxic/ thermic/ glycemic respiratory/cardiovascular distress

Transverse

top and bottom

Superior

top/ above

tricuspid

valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle opens and closes to ensure that blood flows in correct direction

emesis

vomit

nature of illness (NOI)

what is medically wrong with a patient inside body

capillaries and alveoli

where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs

leuk

white

endo-, intra-

within, inside

a/an

without

CNS + PNS

work together in unison originate in brain --> travel down in the spinal cord --> branch off to innervate skeletal smooth muscle tissue