EMT-PREP
Integumentary system
Body's outer layer. consists of skin, hair, nails and glands. These organs and structures are your first line of defense against bacteria and help protect you from injury and sunlight. Your integumentary system works with other systems in your body to keep it in balance. Barrier- physical, chemical, biological agents Homeostatic- prevent water loss/regulates body temp Sensory- touch, pain and pleasure sensitivity Secretory- converts precursor molecules to vitamin D lubricate pheromones Excretory- sweat
brain stem
Connects the brain and spinal cord caveman brain vital functions breathing, vegetative functions, survival reflex, swallowing,
Systole
Contraction of the heart
proximal/distal
Core POV Proximal- close to body Distal- away from body
patient positions
-Supine - laying on back -Prone - laying on stomach -Fowlers: (sitting up) at a 45-60 degree angle. -Semi-fowlers: upper body is at less than a 45 degree angle. -High fowler- sit 90 degree because fluid build up in lungs when flat -Lateral recumbent: (recovery position) patient is laying on their left or right side. (unconscious/ seizure/ pregnant) -seated -Tripod seated shifted fwd easier to breathe
seizure 3 phase
1. preictal- before convulsions (not always noticed) 2. convulsions- tonic/clonic movements 3. postical - fatigue, confusion, combativeness after convulsions Epilepsy = chronic seizures Syncope= fainting
atrium
2 upper chambers of the heart entry ways for blood left- receives oxygenated blood from the lungs right- receives deoxygenated blood returning from other parts of body
Meninges
3 parts skull vertebrae dura mater- toughest outermost layer arachnoid matter- web of collagen pia mater- innermost layer, lines every fold of the brain, contours spinal cord very thin Brain/ spinal cord
Alveoli
700 billion tiny sacs of lung tissue specialized for the movement of gases between air and blood. CO2 off loaded in Alveoli O2 replaces it back to the heart to be distributed to rest of body
embolic stroke
A blockage of blood supply to part of the brain caused by a clot or debris (embolus).
pulmonary edema
A condition caused by too much fluid in the lungs. This fluid collects in the many air sacs in the lungs, making it difficult to breathe.
Tuberculosis
A potentially serious infectious bacterial disease that mainly affects the lungs. spread by cough or sneeze if grows can be fatal coughing blood
disrythmia
Abnormal heart rhythm
Joints
Areas where two or more bones join together Ligament- connect bone to bone Cartilage- end of bone connective tissue Tendons- bone to muscle
BP=COxPVR
BP-blood pressure CO- cardiac output, amount of blood pumped by heart in 1 minute. PVR- peripheral vascular resistance to blood flow due to narrowing of peripheral blood vessels. if vessels constrict BP goes up, if they dilate BP goes down.
cardiac distress
First sign of possible life-threatening cardiac condition, demonstrating pain, pressure, or discomfort in the chest or upper abdomen.
Respiration
GAS Exchange. The movement of air in and out. (breathe in O2 from air outside --> CO2 moves from blood to lungs--> then exhaled)
pulmonary contusion
Injury or bruising of lung tissue from trauma
Hypoxia
Low oxygen saturation of the body, not enough oxygen in the blood
Abdominal cavity
Lower torso. Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, appendix, liver, and other organs. Full of blood. Holds systems (digestive, reproductive, urinary)
Blood
More O2 brighter red, less = more blue blood 8% total body mass- nutrients exchange plasma 55% red blood cells 45% (red/white/platelets)
Abduction
Movement away from the midline of the body
Adduction
Movement toward the midline of the body
structures of respiratory tract
Nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi/Bronchioles Alveoli
Neurons
Neurons are information messengers. They use electrical impulses and chemical signals to transmit information between different areas of the brain, and between the brain and the rest of the nervous system.
Aerobic metabolism
Oxygen is used to metabolize glucose. Energy is produced in an efficient manner with minimal waste products.
pneumonia
Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs. The air sacs may fill with fluid or pus (purulent material), causing cough with phlegm or pus, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing. A variety of organisms, including bacteria, viruses and fungi, can cause pneumonia.
Axial skeleton
Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebrae Ribs (12) - 7 true attached to sternum, 5 floating Skull (4) cranial bones 14 facial bones Vertebrae (33) bones
Skeletal system
Protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to support movement. Made up of bones and joints
4 chambers + 4 valves entry/ exit doors of heart
R atrium- tricuspid valve R ventricle- pulmonary valve L atrium- mitral valve L ventricle- aortic valve Septum- divides left/right
Diastole
Relaxation of the heart
dyspnea
SOB, difficulty breathing
Physiology
Study of function
Anatomy
Study of structure
sympathetic and parasympathetic division
Sympathetic- arousing nerves fight or flight mobilizes reserves under stress- pupils dilated/fast heart beat Parasympathetic- rest and digest. pupils constrict heart relaxes
sensory (afferent) neurons
The afferent or sensory division transmits impulses from peripheral organs to the CNS. The efferent or motor division transmits impulses from the CNS out to the peripheral organs to cause an effect or action.
Aorta
The aorta is the main artery that carries blood away from your heart to the rest of your body. Largest artery in the body CO2 and O2 sensor most oxygenated takes blood to rest of body
Thorax
The area of the body between the neck and the abdomen upper torso. Contains vital organs, including the heart, major blood vessels, esophagus, and lungs. most vital, above diaphragm
Homeostasis
The body's natural tendency to keep the internal environment and metabolism steady and normal
cardiovascular system/ circulatory system
The circulatory system (cardiovascular system) pumps blood from the heart to the lungs to get oxygen. The heart then sends oxygenated blood through arteries to the rest of the body. co-dependent with respiratory system loss of blood-->loss of O2--> hyperfusion--> shock--> close to death
Anaerobic metabolism
The metabolism that takes place in the lack of oxygen; the principle product is lactic acid.
Pharynx
The pharynx is a hollow tube that starts behind the nose, goes down the neck, and ends at the top of the trachea and esophagus. nasopharynx- nose oropharynx- oral laryngopharynx- bottom
vasodilation
Vasodilation occurs naturally in your body in response to triggers such as low oxygen levels, a decrease in available nutrients, and increases in temperature. It causes the widening of your blood vessels, which in turn increases blood flow and lowers blood pressure.
Carina
Where trachea splits into the left and right Mainstem bronchi.
Trachea
Windpipe- Allows air to pass to and from lungs
pulmonary embolism
a blockage in one of the pulmonary arteries in your lungs.
Emphysema
a condition in which the air sacs of the lungs are damaged and enlarged, causing SOB
angina pectoris
a condition marked by severe pain in the chest, often also spreading to the shoulders, arms, and neck, caused by an inadequate blood/oxygen supply to the heart.
Epiglottis
a flap of tissue that sits beneath the tongue at the back of the throat. Its main function is to close over the windpipe (trachea) while you're eating to prevent food entering your airway.
mechanism of injury (MOI)
a force or forces that may have caused injury
thrombotic stroke
a stroke resulting from thrombosis or narrowing of the blood vessel from blood clot
cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
a.k.a. "Stroke". Lack of blood supply to the brain causing brain damage 87% strokes caused by blood clot
epi-, supra-
above
trans
across
post
after
Functional brain
alert: eyes tracking, looking at you Oriented: who, what, when, where, they are 4 questions 4/4 = functioning
dysfunctional brain
altered level of conciousness ALOC/ AVPU alert verbal/pain stimuli unresponsive A/O = 0/4
infarction
area of dead tissue
peri-, circum-
around
Types of bleeding
arterial- strong/spewing venous- slow/a lot capillary- cut/small bleed different under pressure
blood vessels 3 major types
artery/aorta- biggest artery- take blood away from heart. thicker muscle more pressure Vein- bring blood to heart has valves Capillary- diffusion O2-CO2 gas exchange
Vertebrae
backbone cervical, thoracic, lumbar most common 33 bones 7 cervical- neck/arm 12 thoracic- chest/arm/abdomen 5 lumbar- pelvis/leg
BPM
beats per minute top # systolic bottom # diastolic
pre
before
sub-, infra-
below or under
Flexion
bend/flex joint
Cerebrum
big brain higher function/ decisions 8 sections 4 lobes x2 one on each side frontal lobe- speech/motor/memory/personality/ motivation attention parietal lobe- sensory info/body location/language/math/ analytical occipital lobe- back of brain eyes optics temporal lobe- sides sounds hearing 8 cranial bones 1 frontal, 2 parietal, 2 temporal, 1 occipital
melan
black
hemo
blood
cyan
blue
Central Nervous System (CNS)
brain and spinal cord skull and vertebrae protective structure
Takotsubo
broken heart syndrome because brain is sad
contusion
bruise
alveolar
capillary membrane gas exchange occurs
Brain 3 parts
cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem
asphyxiation
choking
COPD
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease long lasting lung disease
Automic Nervous System
communicated with internal organs/glands
Muscular system
composed of specialized cells called muscle fibers. skeletal: voluntary muscle move cardiac: involuntary muscle -heart smooth: involuntary- organs
hemoptysis
coughing up blood
laceration
cut
hypoventilation
decreased rate or depth of air movement into the lungs slow breathing
Patient signs
deformity, vomiting, fever, bleeding, cough, hypotension (low bp)
pathy-
disease
respiratory distress/ failure
distress- occurs when fluid builds up in the tiny, elastic air sacs (alveoli) in your lungs. The fluid keeps your lungs from filling with enough air, which means less oxygen reaches your bloodstream. This deprives your organs of the oxygen they need to function. failure- Respiratory failure is a serious condition that makes it difficult to breathe on your own. Respiratory failure develops when the lungs can't get enough oxygen into the blood.
Sagital
down the middle
Structural organization of human anatomy
elements, cells, tissue, organs, systems
-megaly
enlargement
Head injuries
epidural hematoma- rapidly expanding with arterial blood. skull fracture sub-dermal hematoma- slowly expanding venous blood. no skull fracture. looks like headache/ concussion --> assume worst can be fatal
Functions or respiratory system
exchange of gasses regulation of blood ph protection voice production olfaction (sense of smell) protects/filters air intake
signs of stroke
face drooping, arm weakness, speech difficulty act fast- deprivation of O2 or flooded very time sensitive
tachy-
fast
Tachypnea
fast breathing
Tachycardia
fast heart rate
3 main functions of upper respiratory system
filter warm humidify
Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF)
flows through brain and clears out toxins through a series of channels that expand during sleep 150 ml
Frontal
front/back
chlor
green
poli
grey
cardi
heart
myocardial infarction
heart attack
hyper-
high, excessive
Asthma
hyperactive airway/ smooth muscle spasm airways narrow and swell and may produce extra mucus. This can make breathing difficult and trigger coughing (wheezing) and shortness of breath.
-itis
inflammation
chronic bronchitis
inflammation of the bronchi persisting over a long time coughing, mucus, sob
Systems of the Human Body
integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive
Accessory breathing
involving other muscles around shoulders, neck, upper chest to breathe when having difficulty
nephr
kidney
ischemia
lack of blood flow
hepat
liver
Diaphragm
located below the lungs, is the major muscle of respiration. It is a large, dome-shaped muscle that contracts rhythmically and continually, and most of the time, involuntarily. Upon inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and flattens and the chest cavity enlarges.
How to check pulse
look for arteries next to major bone palpate- feel for pulse radial artery next to thumb carotid artery throat..doesn't guarantee radial pulse
Hypoglycemia
low blood sugar
hypo-
low, less than normal
ventricle
lower chamber of the heart blood pushed out of heart into circulatory system
Inferior
lower, below
lateral/medial
midline POV
psych
mind
Ventilation
movement of air in and out of the lungs gas exchange Inspiration- active phase air in Expiration- passive phase air out
circulation
movement of substances in body fluids pulmonary circ- heart to lungs systemic circ- body systems coronary circ- heart to heart heart takes care of itself
myo
muscle
vasoconstriction
narrowing of blood vessels. Normally, the vessels that supply blood to the skin constrict or narrow in response to cold temperatures. This reaction, called "vasoconstriction," decreases blood flow to the skin, which helps to minimize heat loss from the warm blood and therefore preserve a normal internal or "core" temperature.
Atherosclerosis
narrowing of the arteries from plaque build up
Pulse Rate Rhythm
neonate (1mo) 100-180 infant (1mo-1yr) 100-160 child (1yr-pub) 70-150 adult (pub +) 60-100
neur
nerve
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
nerves outside the brain and spinal cord, rest of body
motor (efferent) neurons
neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands
hemorrhagic stroke
occurs when a blood vessel in the brain leaks or ruptures; also known as a bleed. too much blood build up
OPQRST
onset: fast/ slow occur provocation: better/ worse moving quality: pain/feeling radiation: other areas of body severity: scale 1-10 how bad time: when did it start
cirrh
orange-yellow
ecto-, extra-
outside
main treatment for respiratory problem
oxygen
2 vital nutrients
oxygen + glucose - travel via blood create energy to power metabolism
11 elements = human
oxygen- 65% carbon- 18.5% hydrogen- 9.5% nitrogen- 3.2% calcium- 1.5% phosphorus- 1% potassium- 0.4% sulfur- 0.3% chlorine- 0.2% sodium- 0.2%
-algia
pain
Patient symptoms
pain, nausea, chills, blurred vision, sore throat, dizziness
somatic nervous system
part of the peripheral nervous system associated with the voluntary control of body movements via skeletal muscles.
sputum
phlegm coughed up from respiratory tract
mitral
prevents blood flowing back into left atrium from left ventricle
heart
primary job- blood flow generates its own electricity feeds itself oxygenates itself only deoxygenated artery with oxygenated vein
diaphoresis
profuse sweating
motor neurons
receive signals from brain and pass it onto muscle tissue
erythr
red
-ectomy
removal
Lungs different shapes
right- shorter, 3 lobes makes room for liver left- 2 lobes has cardiac notch for the heart
ipsi-
same
Abrasion
scrape
sensory neurons
send signals to brain from sensory organs
Appendicular skeleton
shoulder girdle pelvic girdle arm leg hand foot
brady-
slow
Bradyphea
slow breathing
Bradycardia
slow heart rate
Cerebellum
small brain muscle/body coordination
Logy
study of
Kinesiology
study of movement
Dermatology
study of the skin (15-20%) total body mass hair glands nails sensory receptors
edema
swelling
Hyperventilation
the condition of taking abnormally fast, deep breaths
Hyperextension
the extreme or overextension of a limb or body part beyond its normal limit
Perfusion
the passage of fluid through the circulatory system to an organ or a tissue.
Causes of Neurological Dysfunction
too little or too much oxygen, temperature, glucose hyper/hypo: oxic/ thermic/ glycemic respiratory/cardiovascular distress
Transverse
top and bottom
Superior
top/ above
tricuspid
valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle opens and closes to ensure that blood flows in correct direction
emesis
vomit
nature of illness (NOI)
what is medically wrong with a patient inside body
capillaries and alveoli
where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs
leuk
white
endo-, intra-
within, inside
a/an
without
CNS + PNS
work together in unison originate in brain --> travel down in the spinal cord --> branch off to innervate skeletal smooth muscle tissue