Endocrine :sample questions
13) The posterior pituitary gland secretes A) FSH. B) TSH. C) ACTH. D) ADH. E) MSH.
D) ADH
51) Pinealocytes produce A) MSH. B) FSH. C) LH. D) melanin. E) melatonin.
E) melatonin
82) The inner portion of the adrenal gland is the ________.
adrenal medulla
73) Peripheral cells that respond to a hormone are called ________.
target cells
79) Thyroid hormones are structural derivatives of the amino acid ________.
tyrosine
35) The zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex produces A) androgens. B) glucocorticoids. C) mineralocorticoids. D) epinephrine. E) norepinephrine.
B) glucocorticoids
41) Cells of the adrenal cortex produce A) epinephrine. B) norepinephrine. C) aldosterone. D) ACTH. E) angiotensin.
C) aldosterone
30) The C cells of the thyroid gland produce A) thyroxine. B) TSH. C) calcitonin. D) PTH. E) triiodothyronine.
C) calcitonin
31) A hormone that can lower blood levels of calcium ion is A) parathyroid hormone. B) thyroxine. C) calcitonin. D) glucagon. E) oxytocin.
C) calcitonin
15) Growth hormone does all of the following, except that it A) promotes bone growth. B) promotes muscle growth. C) causes fat accumulation within adipocytes. D) is glucose sparing. E) promotes amino acid uptake by cells.
C) causes fat accumulation within adipocytes
40) A hormone that is synergistic to growth hormone is A) aldosterone. B) insulin. C) cortisol. D) calcitonin. E) renin.
C) cortisol
1) Hormones known as "catecholamines" are A) lipids. B) peptides. C) steroids. D) amino acid derivatives. E) derivatives of reproductive glands.
D) amino acid derivatives
38) A hormone that promotes glucose formation in the liver is A) aldosterone. B) erythropoietin. C) thymosin. D) cortisol. E) parathormone.
D) cortisol
37) The adrenal medulla produces A) androgens. B) glucocorticoids. C) mineralocorticoids. D) epinephrine. E) corticosteroids.
D) epinephrine
29) Which of the following organs contain target cells for oxytocin? A) prostate B) ductus deferens C) mammary glands D) uterus E) all of the above
E) all of the above
23) The ovaries secrete ________ when stimulated by FSH. A) estrogen B) progesterone C) testosterone D) oxytocin E) gonadotropins
A) estrogen
55) If a diabetic patient received too much insulin, the low blood sugar could be corrected by injecting A) glucagon. B) GHIH. C) thyroid hormone. D) aldosterone. E) antidiuretic hormone.
A) glucagon
16) The pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) FSH. D) LH. E) GH.
A) TSH
18) The pituitary hormone that promotes egg development in ovaries and sperm development in testes is A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) FSH. D) LH. E) GH.
C) FSH
32) Increased levels of the hormone ________ will lead to increased levels of calcium ions in the blood. A) thymosin B) calcitonin C) PTH D) aldosterone E) cortisol
C) PTH
3) Steroid hormones A) are proteins. B) cannot diffuse through cell membranes. C) bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells. D) remain in circulation for relatively short periods of time. E) are transported in the blood dissolved in the plasma.
C) bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells
65) Hormones that dominate during the resistance phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) are the A) mineralocorticoids. B) androgens. C) glucocorticoids. D) catecholamines. E) gonadotropins.
C) glucocorticoids
49) The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar to enter its target cells is A) somatotropin. B) cortisol. C) insulin. D) glucagon. E) erythropoietin.
C) insulin
36) The zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex produces A) androgens. B) glucocorticoids. C) mineralocorticoids. D) epinephrine. E) norepinephrine.
C) mineralocorticoids
47) The F cells of the pancreatic islets produce A) insulin. B) glucagon. C) pancreatic polypeptide. D) cortisol. E) GH-IH.
C) pancreatic polypeptide
71) The intracellular protein ________ binds calcium ions. This complex can then activate enzymes.
Calmodulin
21) The two lobes of the pituitary gland together produce how many hormones? A) 3 B) 5 C) 7 D) 9 E) 16
D) 9
5) When a G protein becomes activated and causes an activation of enzymes, A) ATP is consumed. B) cAMP is formed. C) cAMP is broken down. D) ATP is consumed and cAMP is formed. E) none of the above
D) ATP is consumed and cAMP is formed
68) Too little secretion of cortisol causes A) goiter. B) diabetes mellitus. C) diabetes insipidus. D) Addison disease. E) Cushing disease.
D) Addison disease
19) The pituitary hormone that promotes ovarian secretion of progesterone and testicular secretion of testosterone is A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) FSH. D) LH. E) GH.
D) LH
14) The hormone oxytocin A) promotes uterine contractions. B) is responsible for milk expression from the mammary glands. C) rises during sexual arousal. D) all of the above E) none of the above
D) all of the above
59) The kidneys secrete A) renin. B) erythropoietin. C) calcitriol. D) all of the above E) none of the above
D) all of the above
62) Decreased blood flow to the kidneys would lead to which of the following? A) increased blood levels of renin B) elevated blood levels of angiotensin C) increased blood levels of erythropoietin D) all of the above E) none of the above
D) all of the above
25) Identify the hormone labeled "1." A) mineralocorticoid B) cortisol C) dopamine D) corticotropin (ACTH) E) aldosterone
D) corticotropin (ACTH)
44) Damage to cells of the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex would result in A) the loss of axillary and pubic hair. B) increased volume of urine formation. C) decreased levels of sodium ion in the blood. D) decreased ability to convert amino acids to glucose. E) increased water retention.
D) decreased levels of sodium ion in the blood
9) After a steroid hormone binds to its receptor to form an active complex, A) adenylyl cyclase is activated. B) cyclic nucleotides are formed. C) G proteins are phosphorylated. D) gene transcription is initiated. E) protein kinases are activated.
D) gene transcription is initiated
70) Cushing disease results from an excess of A) growth hormone. B) parathyroid hormone. C) ADH. D) glucocorticoids. E) epinephrine.
D) glucocorticoids
8) All target cells A) have hormone receptors. B) respond to chemical signals. C) secrete hormones. D) have hormone receptors and respond to chemical signals. E) secrete hormones and have hormone receptors.
D) have hormone receptors and respond to chemical signals
7) Cells can respond to ________ hormone(s) at a time. A) only one B) one or two C) two D) several
D) several
27) Identify the hormone labeled "13." A) LH B) progesterone C) estrogen D) oxytocin E) testosterone
D) testosterone
28) A deficiency of which hormone can lead to excessive water loss? A) 3 B) 7 C) 2 D) 8 E) 14
E) 14
39) A hormone that helps to regulate the sodium ion content of the body is A) cortisol. B) parathormone. C) thymosin. D) somatotropin. E) aldosterone.
E) aldosterone
54) In persons with untreated diabetes mellitus, A) blood glucose levels are very high. B) excessive thirst is shown. C) glucose is present in the urine in large amounts. D) a large excretion of urine occurs. E) all of the above
E) all of rhe above
58) Proper growth requires which of these hormones? A) thyroid hormone B) calcitriol C) insulin D) growth hormone E) all of the above
E) all of the above
69) Inadequate iodine in the diet may lead to A) hypothyroidism. B) cretinism. C) goiter. D) high blood levels of TSH. E) all of the above
E) all of the above
67) If a patient is administered a powerful glucocorticoid (such as prednisone) to suppress the immune system, what unintended effects might this have on blood chemistry? A) increase of insulin B) decrease of insulin C) increase of blood glucose D) decrease of blood glucose E) both and increase of insulin and an increase of blood glucose
E) both and increase of insulin and an increase of blood glucose
56) When hormones interact they can produce any of the following kinds of effects, except A) antagonistic. B) synergistic. C) permissive. D) integrative. E) bucolic.
E) bucolic
43) Which of the following hormones increases and prolongs effects of the sympathetic nervous system? A) cortisol B) parathyroid hormone C) insulin D) growth hormone E) epinephrine
E) epinephrine
63) The hormone that dominates during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is A) testosterone. B) aldosterone. C) cortisol. D) thyroid hormone. E) epinephrine.
E) epinephrine
22) If the median eminence of the hypothalamus is destroyed, the hypothalamus would no longer be able to control the secretion of which of the following hormones? A) TSH B) ACTH C) PRL D) ADH E) melanocyte-stimulating hormone
E) melanocyte- stimulating hormone
93) Describe the four patterns of hormonal interaction.
Hormones can react in one of four ways: antagonistic interactions oppose each other; additive interactions enhance the effects of each hormone; permissive effects occur when one hormone is needed for another hormone to function; and integrative effects occur when the action of a hormone is different for differing target organs.
64) If stress lasts longer than a few hours, an individual will enter the ________ phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS). A) alarm B) resistance C) exhaustion D) extension E) prolonged
B) resistance
24) Identify the hormone labeled "4." A) thyroid-releasing hormone B) thyroid-stimulating hormone C) thyroxin D) thyrotropin E) calcitonin
B) thyroid- stimulating hormone
17) The pituitary hormone that controls the release of steroid hormones from the adrenal cortex is A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) FSH. D) LH. E) GH.
B) ACTH
75) The anterior lobe of the pituitary is also known as the ________.
adenohypophy
95) Jane lives in Appalachia and suffers from hypothyroidism. Her thyroid gland is enlarged, her body temperature is low, and her hair and skin look brittle and dry. Blood tests show very low levels of circulating iodine, T3, and T4, but high levels of TSH. What is your diagnosis? What treatment would you recommend?
Jane appears to suffer from nutritional goiter due to insufficient iodine intake. This explains the low thyroid levels, the enlarged thyroid, and the high level of TSH. The recommended treatment would be iodized salt or iodide supplements.
83) The adrenal cortex produces steroid hormones called ________.
corticosrteroids
10) The most complex endocrine responses that integrated the nervous and endocrine system involve the A) thyroid gland. B) pancreas. C) adrenal glands. D) hypothalamus. E) thymus gland.
d) hypothalamus
88) The hormone that dominates the alarm phase of the stress response is ________.
epinephrine
89) The consistent pattern of hormonal and physiological responses to stresses of different kinds is called the ________.
general adaptation syndrome
76) Hormones that regulate the male and female reproductive organs are collectively called ________.
gonadotropins
87) Hormones that produce different but complementary results are called ________.
integrative
77) The two lobes of the thyroid gland are connected by the ________.
isthmus
74) The posterior lobe of the pituitary is also known as the ________.
neurohypophys
86) When one hormone is needed for a second hormone to produce an effect, it is called ________.
permissive
85) Two hormones that have additive effects are called ________.
synergists
34) The zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex produces A) androgens. B) glucocorticoids. C) mineralocorticoids. D) epinephrine. E) norepinephrine.
A) androgens
60) The enzyme renin is responsible for the activation of A) angiotensin. B) cortisol. C) erythropoietin. D) atrial natriuretic peptide. E) adrenaline.
A) angiotensin
6) All of the following are true of steroid hormones, except that they A) are produced by the adrenal medulla. B) are derived from cholesterol. C) are produced by reproductive glands. D) bind to receptors within the cell. E) are lipids.
A) are produced by the adrenal medulla
48) The pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) A) contain four types of endocrine cells. B) make up almost half of the pancreas. C) produce some digestive enzymes. D) all of the above E) none of the above
A) contain four types of endocrine
12) The exhaustion phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is A) decreased resistance to disease and infection. B) increasing ability to produce glucose from glycogen. C) increased pumping effectiveness of the heart. D) all of the above E) none of the above
A) decreased resistance to disease and infection
11) The hypothalamus acts as both a neural and a(n) ________ organ. A) endocrine B) cardiovascular C) renal D) muscular E) hepatic
A) endocrine
2) Norepinephrine and epinephrine are considered to be ________ when released into the bloodstream, but ________ when released at synapses. A) hormones; neurotransmitters B) neuropeptides; neurotransmitters C) neurotransmitters; hormones D) neurotransmitters; neuropeptides E) neuropeptides; neurohormones
A) hormones; neurotransmitters
53) The term used to describe excess production of urine is A) polyuria. B) polydipsia. C) hematuria. D) glycosuria. E) none of the above
A) polyuria
61) In general, the effects of natriuretic peptides are ________ to those of the renin-angiotensin system. A) synergistic B) antagonistic C) permissive D) additive E) integrative
B) antagonistic
20) The primary function of ADH is to A) increase the amount of sodium lost at the kidneys. B) decrease the amount of water lost at the kidneys. C) decrease blood pressure. D) increase digestive absorption. E) delay urination.
B) decrease the amount of water lost at the kidneys
42) The adrenal medulla produces the hormones A) synephrine and neosynephrine. B) epinephrine and norepinephrine. C) corticosterone and testosterone. D) androgens and progesterone. E) norcortisol and cortisol.
B) epinephrine and norepinephrine
57) Which of these hormones increases production of red blood cells? A) cortisol B) erythropoietin C) thymosin D) aldosterone E) atrial natriuretic peptide
B) erythropoietin
45) When blood glucose levels fall, A) insulin is released. B) glucagon is released. C) peripheral cells take up more glucose. D) protein synthesis increases. E) glucagon is released and protein synthesis increases.
B) glucagon is released
52) Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) is secreted by the human pars intermedia A) in old age. B) in very young children. C) in times of stress. D) in healthy adults. E) all of the above
B) in very young children
33) Before the discovery of these glands, thyroid surgery often led to a rapid drop in blood calcium levels, which triggered muscle contractions and cardiac arrhythmias. What glands are these and which hormone is lacking? A) thyroid glands; calcitonin B) parathyroid glands; calcitonin C) parathyroid glands; parathyroid hormone D) thyroid glands; levothyroxine E) parathyroid glands; levothyroxine
C) parathyroid glands; parathyroid hormone
4) When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell, the A) hormone receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm. B) cell membrane becomes depolarized. C) second messenger appears in the cytoplasm. D) cell becomes inactive. E) hormone is transported to the nucleus where it alters the activity of DNA.
C) second messenger appears in the cytoplasm
12) The hypothalamus controls secretion by the anterior pituitary by A) direct neural stimulation. B) indirect osmotic control. C) secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system. D) altering ion concentrations and pH in the anterior pituitary. E) gap synaptic junctions.
C) secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system
26) Identify the hormone labeled "5." A) thyroid-releasing hormone B) thyroid-stimulating hormone C) thyroxin (thyroid hormones) D) thyrotropin E) parathyroid hormone (PTH)
C) thyroxin (thyroid hormone)
90) Communication between cells is key to organism-level regulation of the internal environment to maintain health, that is, nearly constant internal conditions (homeostasis). Outline and compare the intercellular communication pathways that function to provide homeostasis.
Intercellular communication occurs mostly through the nervous and endocrine systems. The nervous system performs short-term "crisis-management," while the endocrine system regulates more long-term, ongoing metabolic processes. The nervous system communicates by sending an impulse along an axon that reaches a neuron or some other effector. This is a very fast and specific process of communication. In contrast, the endocrine system blindly releases chemical messengers to the whole body through the blood and interstitial fluids. This process is slow, and relies on the response of different target cells.
91) When patients who are receiving glucocorticoid therapy (for example, with prednisone) need to stop taking it, the doctor will prescribe a series of doses of tapering size to gradually lower the dose rather than suddenly stop it. Explain this dosage strategy in terms of the negative feedback control of cortisol secretion.
Since glucocorticoids inhibit the production of corticotrophin releasing hormone and ACTH, a patient receiving this therapy will have pretty low levels of ACTH and so the zona fasciculate of the adrenal cortex that has not been stimulated for a while cannot do much synthesis. By slowly reducing the dosage, it gives the patient's own ability to make cortisol a chance to recover and prevents serious effects of suddenly withholding the corticosteroid.
92) What does it mean to say that the pancreas is both an endocrine and an exocrine organ?
The pancreas contains both exocrine and endocrine cells. The endocrine cells form clusters called pancreatic islets and secrete hormones into the interstitial space where it is diffused into nearby capillaries and enters circulation. The exocrine cells form structures called pancreatic acini that secrete digestive enzymes into tiny duct that enter the intestine and aid in digestion.
94) Describe the three phases of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) that constitute the body's response to stress. Which endocrine secretions play dominant roles in the alarm and resistance phases?
The three phases are alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. During the alarm phase, energy reserves are mobilized and the body prepares itself with the "fight-or-flight" responses. During the resistance phase, glucocorticoids are released to mobilize lipid and protein reserves, conserve glucose, elevate and stabilize blood glucose concentrations, conserve salts and water, and lose K+ and H+. During the exhaustion phase, homeostatic regulation breaks down. Epinephrine dominates during the alarm phase, and glucocorticoids dominate the resistance phase.
46) The beta cells of the pancreatic islets produce A) insulin. B) glucagon. C) somatostatin. D) cortisol. E) peptide P.
a) insulin
50) When blood glucose levels rise, A) insulin is released. B) glucagon is released. C) peripheral cells take up less glucose. D) protein synthesis decreases. E) peripheral cells break down glycogen.
a) insulin is released
80) The ________ gland sits along the superior border of the kidney.
adrenal
81) The outer layer of the adrenal gland is the ________.
adrenal cortex
72) Receptors for ________, peptide hormones, and eicosanoids are found in the cell membranes of target cells.
amino acid deriatives
84) Two hormones that have opposing effects are called ________.
antagonists
78) The thyroid gland is composed of many ________ that produce and store thyroid hormone.
thyroid follicles