ENG 143 Test 2
Paul Broca
French; Broca's area; anterior
Carl Wernicke
German; Wernicke's area; posterior
Constituent analysis
a grammatical analysis of how small constituents (or components) go together to form larger constituents in sentences
Conduction aphasia
a language disorder associated with damage to the arcuate fasciculus in which repeating words or phrases is difficult
Wernicke's aphasia
a language disorder in which comprehension is typically slow which speech is fluent, but vague and missing content words
Anomia
a language disorder in which it is difficult to find words, often associated with Wernicke's aphasia
Broca's aphasia
a language disorder in which speech production is typically reduced, distorted, slow and missing grammatical markers
Slips of the ear
a processing error in which one word or phrase is heard as another, as in hearing great ape when the utterance was "gray tape"
Collocation
a relationship between words that frequently occur together ( e.g. salt and pepper)
Generative grammar
a set of rules defining the possible sentences in a language
Structural ambiguity
a situation in which a single phrase or sentence has two (or more) different underlying structures and interpretations
Spoonerisms
a slip of the tongue in which two parts of words or two words are switched, as in a dog of bag food (for "a bag of dog food")
Slip of the tongue
a speech error in which a sound or word is produced in the wrong place, as in black bloxes (instead of "black boxes")
Malapropisms
a speech error in which one word is used instead of another with a similar beginning, end and number of syllables (e.g. medication used instead of "meditation")
Gender
a term used in three ways: (1) a biological distinction between male and female, also called natural gender; (2) a distinction between classes of nouns as masculine, feminine (or neuter), also called grammatical gender; (3) a distinction between the social roles of men or women, called social gender
Perseveration
a type of slip of the tongue in which a sound carries over from one word to the following word(s), as in black bloxes ("black boxes") 2nd word mess up
Anticipation
a type of slip of the tongue in which a sound is used in a word in anticipation of that sound in a following word, as in a tup of tea ("Cup of tea") 1st word mess up
Exchange
a type of slip of the tongue in which sounds in two words are switched, as in you'll soon beel fetter ("feel better")
Polysemy
a word having two or more related meanings (e.g. foot, of person, of bed, of mountain)
Hedges
a word or phrase used to indicate that you are not really sure that what you are saying is sufficiently correct or complete
Metonymy
a word used in place of another with which it is closely connected in everyday experience (e.g. he drank the whole BOTTLE ( = the liquid)
Inference
additional information used by a listener/reader to create a connection between what is said and what must be meant
Semantic features
basic elements such as "human", included as plus (+human) or minus (-human), used in an analysis of the components of word meaning
kept brain cool
cold sponge
Overextension
in L1 acquisition, using a word to refer to more objects than is usual in the language (ball used to refer to the moon)
Overgeneralization
in L1 acquisition, using an inflectional morpheme on more words than is usual in the language (e.g. two foots)
Insertion sequence
in conversation, an adjacency pair that comes between the first and second parts of another pair
Adjacency pair
in conversation, an automatic sequence of a first part from one speaker and a second part from another speaker (how are you? ~ fine, thanks)
Completion point
in conversation, the end of a turn, usually marked by a pause at the end of a phrase or sentence
Turns
in conversation, the unit of talk by one speaker, ended by the beginning of the next speaker's unit of talk
language ability
left hemisphere
surface structure
linear order of words
Richard Sheridan
malapropisms
Clear
manner
NP --> Art (Adj) + N
noun phrase --> article (can have adjective, optional) + noun
NP --> Art + N
noun phrase --> article + noun
NP --> {Art (Adj) N, Pro, PN}
noun phrase --> you choose to either do article (adjective) noun, pronoun, or proper noun
spatial deixis
places ex. there, here, this table
PP --> P + NP
preposition phrase --> preposition + noun phrase
honest
quality
succinct
quantity
relevant
relation
"all and only" criterion
requires that the analysis must account for ALL the grammatically correct phrases and sentences and ONLY those grammatically correct phrases and sentences in whatever language they are analyzing from.
Lexical rules
rules stating which words can be used for constituents generated by phrase structure rules
Face-saving act:
saying something that reduces a possible threat to another person's self-image
Face-threatening act
saying something that represents a threat to another person's self-image
S --> NP VP
sentence --> noun phrase + verb phrase
Pragmatic markers
short expressions such you know, I MEAN or WELL, that indicate the speaker's attitude to the listener or the utterance
negative face
show concern about imposition
politeness
showing awareness and consideration of another person's face
Cataphora
similar to anaphora, but reversing the antecedent-anaphora relationships, often beginning with a pronoun and a descriptive noun phrase later
positive face
solidarity and draws attention
Anglican clergyman @ Oxford
spoonerisms
effects of repression
steam engine
Telegraphic speech
strings of words (lexical morphemes without inflectional morphemes) in phrases (daddy go bye-bye) produced by two-year-old children
_____ is the most common cause of aphasia
stroke
____________ that are followed to create "well-formed" phrases, clauses, and sentences. ____ include words and their arrangement, verb tense, and punctuation.
syntactic rules
Phase structure rules
syntactic rules, these rules state the structure of a phrase of a specific type will consist of one or more constituents in a particular order; phase structure generate structures
_____ literally means "arrangement" or "putting together". It refers to the structure and ordering of components within a sentence.
syntax
Person
the grammatical category distinguishing first person (involving the speaker, ME), a second person (involving the hearer, YOU) and third person (involving any others, SHE, THEM)
Tense
the grammatical category distinguishing forms of the verb as present tense and past tense
Number
the grammatical category of nouns as singular or plural
Agreement
the grammatical connection between two parts of a sentence, as in the connection between a subject (Cathy) and the form of a verb (loveS chocolate)
Object
the grammatical function of the noun phrase after the verb that typically undergoes the action of the verb (ex. The boy stole THE BOOK)
Subject
the grammatical function of the noun phrase typically used before the verb to refer to who or what performs the action of the verb (ex. THE BOY stole it)
Superordinate
the higher level term in hyponymy (e.g FLOWER- daffodil)
Language typology
the identification of a language as one of a specific type, often based on word order such SVO or SOV
Cohesive ties
the individual connections between words and phrases in a text
Structural analysis
the investigation of the distribution of grammatical forms in a language
Input
the language that an acquirer/learner is exposed to, in contrast to output
Hyponymy
the lexical relation in which the meaning of one word is included in the meaning of another (e.g. "faffodil" is a hyponym of "flower")
Synonyms
the lexical relation in which two or more words have very closely related meanings (e.g. "conceal" is a synonym of "hide")
Antonyms
the lexical relation in which words have opposite
Word order
the linear order of constituents in a sentence (ex. Subject-Verb-Object), used in language typology to identify different types of languages
Prototype
the most characteristic instance of a category (e.g. "robin" is the prototype of "bird")
Positive face
the need to be connected, to belong, to be a member of a group, in contrast to negative face
Negative face
the need to be independent and free from imposition, in contrast of positive face
Turn-taking
the way in which each speaker takes a turn in conversation
temporal deixis
times ex. now, last week, today
Homophones
two or more words with different forms and the same pronunciation (e.g. to-too-two)
Homonyms
two words with the same form that are unrelated in meaning (e.g. mole (on skin) - mole (small animal))
Holophrastic
(utterance) a single form functioning as a phrase or sentence in the early speech of young children
How to build a phrase
1. article 2. adjective 3. noun
century for neurolinguistics
19th century
the most common word order among languages is _____, as in Japanese
SOV
spanish is mostly ______ language.
SVO
the basic word order of english sentences is ____
SVO
T/F: A text maybe cohesive, yet lac coherence.
True
T/F: with aphasia, difficulties in understanding can lead to difficulties in production
True
Filled pauses
a break in the flow of speech, using sounds such as em and er
Arcuate fasciculus
a bundle of nerve fibers connecting Broca's area and Wernicke's area in the left hemisphere of the brain
Schema
a conventional knowledge structure in memory for specific things, such as a supermarket (food is displayed on shelves, arranged in aisles, etc.)
Script
a conventional knowledge structure in memory for the series of actions involved in events such as "Going to the dentist"
Tree diagrams
a diagram with branches showing the hierarchical organization of structures
Adjunct
a part of a sentence, typically an adverb or a prepositional phrase, that provides additional information about where, when or how
Broca's area
a part of a the brain in the left hemisphere involved in speech production
Wernicke's area
a part of the brain in the left hemisphere involved in language comprehension
Motor cortex
a part of the brain that controls muscle movement
Two-word stage
a period beginning at around 18-20 months when children produce two terms together as an utterance (baby chair)
Face
a person's public self-image as described in the study of politeness
Reference
an act by which a speaker/writer uses language to enable a listener/reader to identify someone or something
Direct speech act
an action in which the form used (e.g. interrogative) directly matches the function (e.g. question) performed by a speaker with an utterance, in contrast to an indirect speech act
Indirect speech act
an action in which the form used (e.g. interrogative) does not directly match the function (e.g. request) performed by a speaker with an utterance, in contrast to a direct speech act
Speech act
an action such as "promising" performed by a speaker with an utterance, either as a direct speech act
Implicature
an additional meaning conveyed by a speaker adhering to the co-operative principle
Prescriptive approach
an approach to grammar that has rules for the proper use of the language, traditionally based on latin grammar, in contrast to the descriptive approach
Descriptive approach
an approach to grammar that is based on a description of the structures actually used in a language, not what should be used, in contrast to the prescriptive approach
Presupposition
an assumption by a speaker/writer about what is true or already known by the listener/reader
Dichotic listening test
an experiment in which a listener hears two different sounds simultaneously, each through a different earphone
Tautology
an expression (often a saying) that seems simply to repeat an element with no apparent meaning (e.g. boys will be boys; a sandwich is a sandwich)
Aphasia
an impairment of language function due to localized brain damage that leads to difficulty in understanding and/or producing language
cooperative principle
an underlying assumption of most conventional exchanges
Article
are words (a, an, the) used with nouns to form noun phrases classifying those "things" (you can have A banana or AN apple) or identifying them as already known (I'll take THE apple)
Conjunction
are words (and, but, because, when) used to make connections and indicate relationships between events (Chantel's husband was so sweet AND he helped her a lot BECAUSE she couldn't do much WHEN she was pregnant)
Preposition
are words (at, in, on, near, with, without) used with noun phrases providing information about time (AT five o'clock, in the morning), place (ON the table, NEAR the window) and other connections (WITH a knife, WITHOUT a thought) involving actions and things
Pronoun
are words (she, herself, they, it, you) used in place of noun phrases, typically referring to people and things already known (SHE talks to HERSELF. THEY said IT belonged to YOU)
Noun
are words used to refer to people (boy), objects (backpack), creatures (dog), places (school), qualities (roughness), phenomena (earthquake) and abstract ideas (love) as if they were all "things". We begin proper nouns with a capital letter (Cathy, Rome, Latin)
Verb
are words used to refer to various kinds of actions (go, talk) and states (be, have) involving people and things in events (Jessica IS ill and HAS a sore throat so she can't TALK or GO anywhere)
Adjective
are words used, typically with nouns, to provide more information about the things referred to (LARGE objects, a STRANGE experience)
Adverb
are words used, typically with verbs, to provide more information about actions, states and events (slowly, yesterday). Some adverbs (really, very) are also used with adjectives to modify information about things (REALLY large objects move SLOWLY. I had a VERY strange experience YESTERDAY)
distal deixis
distance
Lateralization
divided into a left side and a right side, with control of functions on one side or the other (used in describing the human brain)
Phineas Gage
from his brain injury he sustained he helped researchers to isolate the location of language processing in the brain
proximal deixis
nearness or closeness
regarding the human capacity for language, Genie's case indicated that _______________. Also, _________________.
our capacity for language is not limited to only one or two specific areas, but is based on complex connections throughout the whole brain. the right hemisphere of the brain can perform some language functions
electronic circuits
pathway
person deixis
people ex. me, him, that man, us
Grammar
the analysis of the structure of phrases and sentences
Syntax
the analysis of the structure of phrases and sentences
Referential meaning
the basic components of meaning conveyed by the literal use of words, also described as "objective" or "Conceptual" meaning
Localization view
the belief that specific aspects of linguistic ability have specific locations in the brain
inversion
the change in position of the auxiliary verb in English questions
Coherence
the connections that readers and listeners create in their minds to arrive at a meaningful interpretation of texts
Cooing
the earliest use of speech-like sounds by an infant in the first few months
Tip of the tongue
the experience of knowing a word, but being unable to access it and bring it to the surface in order to say it
Right-ear advantage
the fact that humans typically hear speech sounds more readily via the right ear
Antecedent
the first mention of someone or something later referred to via anaphora
Passive voice
the form of the verb used to say what happens to the subject (ex. The car WAS STOLEN)
Active voice
the form of the verb used to say what the subject does (ex. He STOLE it)
Semantic roles
the part played by a noun phrase, such as agent, in the event described by the sentence
One-word stage
the period in L1 acquisition when children can produce single terms for objects
Lexical relations
the relationships of meaning, such as synonymy, between words
Experiencer
the semantic role of the noun phrase identifying the entity that has the feeling, perception or state described by the verb (e.g. THE BOY feels sad)
Instrument
the semantic role of the noun phrase identifying the entity that is used to perform the action of the verb (e.g. the boy cut the rope with A RAZOR)
agent
the semantic role of the noun phrase identifying the one who performs the action of the verb in an event (THE BOY kicked the ball)
Location
the semantic role of the noun phrase identifying where an entity is (e.g. the boy is sitting in THE CLASSROOM)
Source
the semantic role of the noun phrase identifying where an entity moves from (e.g. the boy ran from THE HOUSE)
Goal
the semantic role of the noun phrase identifying where an entity moves to (e.g. The boy walked to THE WINDOW)
Theme
the semantic role of the noun phrase used to identify the entity involved in or affected by the action of the verb in an event (e.g. the boy kicked THE BALL)
Linguistic context (co-text)
the set of other words used in the same phrase or sentence
Physical context
the situation, time or place in which words are used
Surface structure
the structure of individual sentences in contrast to deep structure
Discourse analysis
the study of language beyond the sentence, in text and conversation
Corpus linguistics
the study of language in use by analyzing the occurrence and frequency of forms in a large collection of texts typically stored in a computer
Pragmatics
the study of speaker meaning and how more is communicated than is said
neurolinguistics
the study of the relationship between language and the brain
Cohesion
the ties and connections between words that exist within texts
critical period
the time from birth to puberty during which normal first language acquisition can take place
Associative meaning
the type of meaning that people might connect with the use of words (e.g. needle = "painful") that is not part of referential meaning
Agrammatic speech
the type of speech without grammatical markers, often associated with Broca's aphasia
Deep structure
the underlying structure of sentences as represented by phrase structure rules
Babbling
the use of syllable sequences (ba-ba) and combinations (ma-ga) by young children in their first year
Anaphora
use of pronouns (it) and noun phrases with the (the puppy) to refer back to something already mentioned
Deictic expressions (deixis)
using words such as this or here as a way of "pointing" with language
Gricean Maxims
usual expectations that people have for conversational exchanges
VP --> V + NP
verb phrase --> verb + noun phrase
VP --> V + NP + PP
verb phrase --> verb + noun phrase + prepositional phrase QUESTIONABLE?
Co-hyponyms
words in hyponymy that share the same superordinate ("daffodil" and "rose" are co-hyponyms of "flower")
Non-gradable antonyms
words which are direct opposites (e.g. alive-dead)
Gradable antonyms
words with opposite meanings along a scale (e.g. big-small)