ENG 143 Test 2

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Paul Broca

French; Broca's area; anterior

Carl Wernicke

German; Wernicke's area; posterior

Constituent analysis

a grammatical analysis of how small constituents (or components) go together to form larger constituents in sentences

Conduction aphasia

a language disorder associated with damage to the arcuate fasciculus in which repeating words or phrases is difficult

Wernicke's aphasia

a language disorder in which comprehension is typically slow which speech is fluent, but vague and missing content words

Anomia

a language disorder in which it is difficult to find words, often associated with Wernicke's aphasia

Broca's aphasia

a language disorder in which speech production is typically reduced, distorted, slow and missing grammatical markers

Slips of the ear

a processing error in which one word or phrase is heard as another, as in hearing great ape when the utterance was "gray tape"

Collocation

a relationship between words that frequently occur together ( e.g. salt and pepper)

Generative grammar

a set of rules defining the possible sentences in a language

Structural ambiguity

a situation in which a single phrase or sentence has two (or more) different underlying structures and interpretations

Spoonerisms

a slip of the tongue in which two parts of words or two words are switched, as in a dog of bag food (for "a bag of dog food")

Slip of the tongue

a speech error in which a sound or word is produced in the wrong place, as in black bloxes (instead of "black boxes")

Malapropisms

a speech error in which one word is used instead of another with a similar beginning, end and number of syllables (e.g. medication used instead of "meditation")

Gender

a term used in three ways: (1) a biological distinction between male and female, also called natural gender; (2) a distinction between classes of nouns as masculine, feminine (or neuter), also called grammatical gender; (3) a distinction between the social roles of men or women, called social gender

Perseveration

a type of slip of the tongue in which a sound carries over from one word to the following word(s), as in black bloxes ("black boxes") 2nd word mess up

Anticipation

a type of slip of the tongue in which a sound is used in a word in anticipation of that sound in a following word, as in a tup of tea ("Cup of tea") 1st word mess up

Exchange

a type of slip of the tongue in which sounds in two words are switched, as in you'll soon beel fetter ("feel better")

Polysemy

a word having two or more related meanings (e.g. foot, of person, of bed, of mountain)

Hedges

a word or phrase used to indicate that you are not really sure that what you are saying is sufficiently correct or complete

Metonymy

a word used in place of another with which it is closely connected in everyday experience (e.g. he drank the whole BOTTLE ( = the liquid)

Inference

additional information used by a listener/reader to create a connection between what is said and what must be meant

Semantic features

basic elements such as "human", included as plus (+human) or minus (-human), used in an analysis of the components of word meaning

kept brain cool

cold sponge

Overextension

in L1 acquisition, using a word to refer to more objects than is usual in the language (ball used to refer to the moon)

Overgeneralization

in L1 acquisition, using an inflectional morpheme on more words than is usual in the language (e.g. two foots)

Insertion sequence

in conversation, an adjacency pair that comes between the first and second parts of another pair

Adjacency pair

in conversation, an automatic sequence of a first part from one speaker and a second part from another speaker (how are you? ~ fine, thanks)

Completion point

in conversation, the end of a turn, usually marked by a pause at the end of a phrase or sentence

Turns

in conversation, the unit of talk by one speaker, ended by the beginning of the next speaker's unit of talk

language ability

left hemisphere

surface structure

linear order of words

Richard Sheridan

malapropisms

Clear

manner

NP --> Art (Adj) + N

noun phrase --> article (can have adjective, optional) + noun

NP --> Art + N

noun phrase --> article + noun

NP --> {Art (Adj) N, Pro, PN}

noun phrase --> you choose to either do article (adjective) noun, pronoun, or proper noun

spatial deixis

places ex. there, here, this table

PP --> P + NP

preposition phrase --> preposition + noun phrase

honest

quality

succinct

quantity

relevant

relation

"all and only" criterion

requires that the analysis must account for ALL the grammatically correct phrases and sentences and ONLY those grammatically correct phrases and sentences in whatever language they are analyzing from.

Lexical rules

rules stating which words can be used for constituents generated by phrase structure rules

Face-saving act:

saying something that reduces a possible threat to another person's self-image

Face-threatening act

saying something that represents a threat to another person's self-image

S --> NP VP

sentence --> noun phrase + verb phrase

Pragmatic markers

short expressions such you know, I MEAN or WELL, that indicate the speaker's attitude to the listener or the utterance

negative face

show concern about imposition

politeness

showing awareness and consideration of another person's face

Cataphora

similar to anaphora, but reversing the antecedent-anaphora relationships, often beginning with a pronoun and a descriptive noun phrase later

positive face

solidarity and draws attention

Anglican clergyman @ Oxford

spoonerisms

effects of repression

steam engine

Telegraphic speech

strings of words (lexical morphemes without inflectional morphemes) in phrases (daddy go bye-bye) produced by two-year-old children

_____ is the most common cause of aphasia

stroke

____________ that are followed to create "well-formed" phrases, clauses, and sentences. ____ include words and their arrangement, verb tense, and punctuation.

syntactic rules

Phase structure rules

syntactic rules, these rules state the structure of a phrase of a specific type will consist of one or more constituents in a particular order; phase structure generate structures

_____ literally means "arrangement" or "putting together". It refers to the structure and ordering of components within a sentence.

syntax

Person

the grammatical category distinguishing first person (involving the speaker, ME), a second person (involving the hearer, YOU) and third person (involving any others, SHE, THEM)

Tense

the grammatical category distinguishing forms of the verb as present tense and past tense

Number

the grammatical category of nouns as singular or plural

Agreement

the grammatical connection between two parts of a sentence, as in the connection between a subject (Cathy) and the form of a verb (loveS chocolate)

Object

the grammatical function of the noun phrase after the verb that typically undergoes the action of the verb (ex. The boy stole THE BOOK)

Subject

the grammatical function of the noun phrase typically used before the verb to refer to who or what performs the action of the verb (ex. THE BOY stole it)

Superordinate

the higher level term in hyponymy (e.g FLOWER- daffodil)

Language typology

the identification of a language as one of a specific type, often based on word order such SVO or SOV

Cohesive ties

the individual connections between words and phrases in a text

Structural analysis

the investigation of the distribution of grammatical forms in a language

Input

the language that an acquirer/learner is exposed to, in contrast to output

Hyponymy

the lexical relation in which the meaning of one word is included in the meaning of another (e.g. "faffodil" is a hyponym of "flower")

Synonyms

the lexical relation in which two or more words have very closely related meanings (e.g. "conceal" is a synonym of "hide")

Antonyms

the lexical relation in which words have opposite

Word order

the linear order of constituents in a sentence (ex. Subject-Verb-Object), used in language typology to identify different types of languages

Prototype

the most characteristic instance of a category (e.g. "robin" is the prototype of "bird")

Positive face

the need to be connected, to belong, to be a member of a group, in contrast to negative face

Negative face

the need to be independent and free from imposition, in contrast of positive face

Turn-taking

the way in which each speaker takes a turn in conversation

temporal deixis

times ex. now, last week, today

Homophones

two or more words with different forms and the same pronunciation (e.g. to-too-two)

Homonyms

two words with the same form that are unrelated in meaning (e.g. mole (on skin) - mole (small animal))

Holophrastic

(utterance) a single form functioning as a phrase or sentence in the early speech of young children

How to build a phrase

1. article 2. adjective 3. noun

century for neurolinguistics

19th century

the most common word order among languages is _____, as in Japanese

SOV

spanish is mostly ______ language.

SVO

the basic word order of english sentences is ____

SVO

T/F: A text maybe cohesive, yet lac coherence.

True

T/F: with aphasia, difficulties in understanding can lead to difficulties in production

True

Filled pauses

a break in the flow of speech, using sounds such as em and er

Arcuate fasciculus

a bundle of nerve fibers connecting Broca's area and Wernicke's area in the left hemisphere of the brain

Schema

a conventional knowledge structure in memory for specific things, such as a supermarket (food is displayed on shelves, arranged in aisles, etc.)

Script

a conventional knowledge structure in memory for the series of actions involved in events such as "Going to the dentist"

Tree diagrams

a diagram with branches showing the hierarchical organization of structures

Adjunct

a part of a sentence, typically an adverb or a prepositional phrase, that provides additional information about where, when or how

Broca's area

a part of a the brain in the left hemisphere involved in speech production

Wernicke's area

a part of the brain in the left hemisphere involved in language comprehension

Motor cortex

a part of the brain that controls muscle movement

Two-word stage

a period beginning at around 18-20 months when children produce two terms together as an utterance (baby chair)

Face

a person's public self-image as described in the study of politeness

Reference

an act by which a speaker/writer uses language to enable a listener/reader to identify someone or something

Direct speech act

an action in which the form used (e.g. interrogative) directly matches the function (e.g. question) performed by a speaker with an utterance, in contrast to an indirect speech act

Indirect speech act

an action in which the form used (e.g. interrogative) does not directly match the function (e.g. request) performed by a speaker with an utterance, in contrast to a direct speech act

Speech act

an action such as "promising" performed by a speaker with an utterance, either as a direct speech act

Implicature

an additional meaning conveyed by a speaker adhering to the co-operative principle

Prescriptive approach

an approach to grammar that has rules for the proper use of the language, traditionally based on latin grammar, in contrast to the descriptive approach

Descriptive approach

an approach to grammar that is based on a description of the structures actually used in a language, not what should be used, in contrast to the prescriptive approach

Presupposition

an assumption by a speaker/writer about what is true or already known by the listener/reader

Dichotic listening test

an experiment in which a listener hears two different sounds simultaneously, each through a different earphone

Tautology

an expression (often a saying) that seems simply to repeat an element with no apparent meaning (e.g. boys will be boys; a sandwich is a sandwich)

Aphasia

an impairment of language function due to localized brain damage that leads to difficulty in understanding and/or producing language

cooperative principle

an underlying assumption of most conventional exchanges

Article

are words (a, an, the) used with nouns to form noun phrases classifying those "things" (you can have A banana or AN apple) or identifying them as already known (I'll take THE apple)

Conjunction

are words (and, but, because, when) used to make connections and indicate relationships between events (Chantel's husband was so sweet AND he helped her a lot BECAUSE she couldn't do much WHEN she was pregnant)

Preposition

are words (at, in, on, near, with, without) used with noun phrases providing information about time (AT five o'clock, in the morning), place (ON the table, NEAR the window) and other connections (WITH a knife, WITHOUT a thought) involving actions and things

Pronoun

are words (she, herself, they, it, you) used in place of noun phrases, typically referring to people and things already known (SHE talks to HERSELF. THEY said IT belonged to YOU)

Noun

are words used to refer to people (boy), objects (backpack), creatures (dog), places (school), qualities (roughness), phenomena (earthquake) and abstract ideas (love) as if they were all "things". We begin proper nouns with a capital letter (Cathy, Rome, Latin)

Verb

are words used to refer to various kinds of actions (go, talk) and states (be, have) involving people and things in events (Jessica IS ill and HAS a sore throat so she can't TALK or GO anywhere)

Adjective

are words used, typically with nouns, to provide more information about the things referred to (LARGE objects, a STRANGE experience)

Adverb

are words used, typically with verbs, to provide more information about actions, states and events (slowly, yesterday). Some adverbs (really, very) are also used with adjectives to modify information about things (REALLY large objects move SLOWLY. I had a VERY strange experience YESTERDAY)

distal deixis

distance

Lateralization

divided into a left side and a right side, with control of functions on one side or the other (used in describing the human brain)

Phineas Gage

from his brain injury he sustained he helped researchers to isolate the location of language processing in the brain

proximal deixis

nearness or closeness

regarding the human capacity for language, Genie's case indicated that _______________. Also, _________________.

our capacity for language is not limited to only one or two specific areas, but is based on complex connections throughout the whole brain. the right hemisphere of the brain can perform some language functions

electronic circuits

pathway

person deixis

people ex. me, him, that man, us

Grammar

the analysis of the structure of phrases and sentences

Syntax

the analysis of the structure of phrases and sentences

Referential meaning

the basic components of meaning conveyed by the literal use of words, also described as "objective" or "Conceptual" meaning

Localization view

the belief that specific aspects of linguistic ability have specific locations in the brain

inversion

the change in position of the auxiliary verb in English questions

Coherence

the connections that readers and listeners create in their minds to arrive at a meaningful interpretation of texts

Cooing

the earliest use of speech-like sounds by an infant in the first few months

Tip of the tongue

the experience of knowing a word, but being unable to access it and bring it to the surface in order to say it

Right-ear advantage

the fact that humans typically hear speech sounds more readily via the right ear

Antecedent

the first mention of someone or something later referred to via anaphora

Passive voice

the form of the verb used to say what happens to the subject (ex. The car WAS STOLEN)

Active voice

the form of the verb used to say what the subject does (ex. He STOLE it)

Semantic roles

the part played by a noun phrase, such as agent, in the event described by the sentence

One-word stage

the period in L1 acquisition when children can produce single terms for objects

Lexical relations

the relationships of meaning, such as synonymy, between words

Experiencer

the semantic role of the noun phrase identifying the entity that has the feeling, perception or state described by the verb (e.g. THE BOY feels sad)

Instrument

the semantic role of the noun phrase identifying the entity that is used to perform the action of the verb (e.g. the boy cut the rope with A RAZOR)

agent

the semantic role of the noun phrase identifying the one who performs the action of the verb in an event (THE BOY kicked the ball)

Location

the semantic role of the noun phrase identifying where an entity is (e.g. the boy is sitting in THE CLASSROOM)

Source

the semantic role of the noun phrase identifying where an entity moves from (e.g. the boy ran from THE HOUSE)

Goal

the semantic role of the noun phrase identifying where an entity moves to (e.g. The boy walked to THE WINDOW)

Theme

the semantic role of the noun phrase used to identify the entity involved in or affected by the action of the verb in an event (e.g. the boy kicked THE BALL)

Linguistic context (co-text)

the set of other words used in the same phrase or sentence

Physical context

the situation, time or place in which words are used

Surface structure

the structure of individual sentences in contrast to deep structure

Discourse analysis

the study of language beyond the sentence, in text and conversation

Corpus linguistics

the study of language in use by analyzing the occurrence and frequency of forms in a large collection of texts typically stored in a computer

Pragmatics

the study of speaker meaning and how more is communicated than is said

neurolinguistics

the study of the relationship between language and the brain

Cohesion

the ties and connections between words that exist within texts

critical period

the time from birth to puberty during which normal first language acquisition can take place

Associative meaning

the type of meaning that people might connect with the use of words (e.g. needle = "painful") that is not part of referential meaning

Agrammatic speech

the type of speech without grammatical markers, often associated with Broca's aphasia

Deep structure

the underlying structure of sentences as represented by phrase structure rules

Babbling

the use of syllable sequences (ba-ba) and combinations (ma-ga) by young children in their first year

Anaphora

use of pronouns (it) and noun phrases with the (the puppy) to refer back to something already mentioned

Deictic expressions (deixis)

using words such as this or here as a way of "pointing" with language

Gricean Maxims

usual expectations that people have for conversational exchanges

VP --> V + NP

verb phrase --> verb + noun phrase

VP --> V + NP + PP

verb phrase --> verb + noun phrase + prepositional phrase QUESTIONABLE?

Co-hyponyms

words in hyponymy that share the same superordinate ("daffodil" and "rose" are co-hyponyms of "flower")

Non-gradable antonyms

words which are direct opposites (e.g. alive-dead)

Gradable antonyms

words with opposite meanings along a scale (e.g. big-small)


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