English chapter 8 quiz

focuses on the person making a claim instead of on the claim itself

ad hominem

appeal to readers' irrational fears and prejudices

appeal to fear

this recognizes that people are moved to action by their emotions as well as by reasonable arguments

appeal to pathos

when an author urges readers to accept an ideas bc a significant number of people support it, he or she is making a bandwagon argument, fairly common in ads

bandwagon

fallacy entails advancing a circular argument that asks readers to accept a premise that is also the conclusion readers are expetected to draw

begging the question

recognizing the ________ of an issue helps readers see the extent to which authors know that any issue can be understood in a number of different ways

complexity

you want your readers to draw from our premises, also sentence that is either true or false

conclusion

authors often assume cause and effect when two factors are simply associated with each other

confusing cause and effect

two main forms of an argument

deductive and inductive

this is an argument in which the premises support the conclusion

deductive argument

at times, an author will take two extreme positions to force readers to make a choice between two seemingly contradictory postiions

either/or fallacy

an authority is someone with expertise in a given subject

erroneous appeal to authority

what are the three strategies for evoking a sense of ethos

establish that you have good judgement, convey to readers that you are knowledgeable, show that you understand the complexity of the issue

although we like to believe that our decisions and beliefs are based on reason and logic, in fact they are often based on what amounts to character judgments. That is, if a person you trust makes a reasonable argument for one choice, and a person you distrust makes a reasonable argument for another choice, you are more likely to be swayed by the argument of the person you trust, this is appealing to

ethos

this appeals from character

ethos

this may be the most important component of your argument

ethos

what are the three different ways of engaging your readers, centering on three kinds of appeals

ethos, pathos, logos

division suggests that what is true of the whole must also be true of its parts

fallacy of division

middle position between two extreme positions must be correct

fallacy of the middle ground

authors often ty to persuade us that something is true by using a comparison

false analogy

to show that you have __________ you can identify a problem that readers agree is worth addressing

good judgment

committed when a person draws a conclusion about a group based on a sample that is too small to representative

hasty generalization

this relies on evidence and observation to reach a conclusion, although readers may accept a writer's premises as true, it is possible for them to reject the writer's conclusion

inductive argument

this is the use of language to say one thing while meaning quite another

irony

being thoughtful about a subject goes hand in hand with being ___________ about the subject

knowledgeable

flaws in the chain of reasoning that lead to a conclusion that does not necessarily follow from the premises, or evidence

logical fallacies

this is common in indctive arguments for two reasons: inductive arguments rely on reasoning about probability, not certainty; and they derive from human beliefs and values, not facts or laws of nature

logical fallacies

this appeals to reason

logos

to make an argument persuasive, you need to be in dialogue with your readers, using your own character (ethos) to demonstrate that you are a reasonable, credible, fair person and appealing to your readers' emotions (pathos) particularly their sense of right and wrong, both types of appeal go hand in hand with appeals to

logos

this appeals to emotion

pathos

you can appeal to this by using examples or illustrations, it's typically indirect

pathos

an assumption that you expect your reader to agree with a statement that is either true or false, that is offered in support of a claim

premise

authors signal their conclusion with words like consequently, finally, in sum, in the end, subsequently, therefore, thus, utimately, and as a result to demonstrate that the conclusion follows from the

premises

you can appeal to ________ emotions indirectly through the illustrations and examples you use to support your argument

reader's

this visually represents the interrelationship among ethos, pathos, and logos

rhetorical triangle

this is the use of heavy-handed irony to ridicule or attack someone or something

sarcasm

an author draws attention away from the issue instead of offering evidence that will enable people to draw their own conclusions about the soundness of an argument

shifting the issue

this establishes what you have found to be true and what you want to persuade readers to accept as truth as well

stating premises of your argument

when an author attempts to draw a conclusion without providing sufficient evidence to support the conclusion or examining possible counterargumetns, he or she may be making sweeping generalization

sweeping generalizations

if you join two premises to produce a conclusion that is taken to be true, you are stating a

syllogism

absolutely must have

technical jargon

this is the use of language that communicates your attitude toward yourself, your material and your readers

tone

the validity of your argument depends on whether the inferences you draw are justified, and whether you can expect a reasonable person to draw the same conclusion from those premises.

using credible evidence