English

D. A pdf file will maintain the integrity of the fonts and graphics regardless of what word processing program the student has.

A student has created a document with many specialty fonts and images in the school's computer lab. In which of the following formats should the student save the file to best ensure the integrity of the document when opened on a personal laptop? A. .jpeg B. .doc C. .xls D. .pdf

B. In informational or instructional presentations, visual aids help the audience focus and pay attention to the information being presented more than does listening alone.

A student is delivering an informational presentation. Which of the following actions best reinforces the audience's understanding of the information communicated? A. Maintaining eye contact with audience members during the presentation. B. Utilizing visual aids to emphasize the presentation's key points. C. Pausing at times during the presentation for effect. D. Using hand gestures where appropriate throughout the presentation.

D. Using variety in the rate of speaking, such as slowing down to make major points easier to understand, is effective in keeping the audience engaged.

A student is presenting a speech about the need for nature conservation. Which of the following guidelines is most appropriate for the student to follow? A. Use conversational language and slang to connect the audience to the topic and hold its attention. B. Speak loudly when making a persuasive comment to make sure the audience understands the concept. C. Reading important research information directly from note cards to demonstrate knowledge of the content. D. Slow down the rate of speaking when transitioning into more complex content.

C, E. Levels of meaning and language conventionality are both parts of the quality, or qualitative complexity, of a text.

A teacher analyzing a reading passage for its qualitative text complexity should consider which TWO of the following? A. The number of words that will be unfamiliar to the students. B. The background knowledge of the students C. The various levels of meaning in the passage. D. The students' interest level in the passage subject. E. The language conventionality of the excerpt.

C. The writer incorporates descriptions of the scenery that passes by outside the window of the train.

A teacher created the following model text for a language arts class. I stepped onto the train and knew my adventure had finally begun. The buildings and bustling streets of the city turned into endless green fields dotted with wildflowers and steep mountains. THe further into the country we got, the more I felt like I was entering a new world. The text can best be used to demonstrate which of the following aspects of narrative writing? A. Using transitions to convey a sequence of events. B. Proving a conclusion that results from experience C. Establishing a setting with descriptive details. D. Introduction a character's central conflict.

C, B, D, A "Sun, sun-shine, sunny" demonstrates syllable segmentation. The /s/ sound is the onset of the word "sun." The /un/ is the rime of the word "sun." "S-u-n" shows how the word "sun" is segmented into phonemes, or individual sounds.

A teacher is practicing aspects of phonological awareness with her students using the word "sun". Place each example with the aspect of phonological awareness it best exemplifies. sun, sun-shine, sun-ny /s/ s-u-n /un/ Phoneme Segmentation = Onset = Rime = Syllable Segmentation =

B. The rime "ow" is circled in each word, and new onsets are added to make new words with the same rime.

A teacher is working with a group of students to help them achieve greater phonological awareness. The teacher writes the following on a whiteboard to begin a discussion. throw tow bow Which of the following concepts is the teacher demonstrating for the students? A. Decoding words by using syllabication B. Working with rimes to create new words C. Building words with an understanding of onsets D. Deleting phonemes to change from one word to another

A. The syntax of a sentence helps to determine what the word "lucrative" might mean. Using the word "although" and arranging the sentence into two parts makes it clear that whatever "lucrative" means, it must be the opposite of "can lose a lot of money."

A teacher writes the following sentence on the board. Although sales can be a lucrative career, if you can't keep your customers, you can lose a lot of money. To best help students determine the meaning of the underlined word, the teacher should have the students analyze the A. sentence structure to highlight the contrast B. sentence structure to highlight the analogy C. word structure to identify the root word and prefix D. word structure to identify both parts of the compound word

A, D, E. The oral reports should reflect students' in-depth research by providing clear information to classmates about the particular animal. Both appropriate articulation and a logical organization of facts are important in successfully conveying information in an oral presentation.

A teacher, Ms. Lee, is planning an assignment is which students will each research a different animal in depth and give an oral presentation to the class. The teacher is developing a rubric to give students so that they know how their presentations will be scored. Which THREE of the following characteristics should Ms. Lee include on the rubric as exemplary qualities for the oral presentation? A. The student provides clear examples, facts, and evidence about the animal. B. The student jumps frequently from one topic to another to hold classmates' interest. C. The student moves around and utilizes hand gestures to keep attention. D. The student speaks at an appropriate volume and enunciates words clearly. E. The student presents information in a logical sequence for classmates.

B. The different narrators present different points of view about the events in the story, which would influence the extent to which readers sympathize with certain characters.

After students read one version of "The Three Little Pigs" told by a third-person narrator and another version told from the wolf's perspective, a teacher asked them to respond to the writing prompt, "Which character do you sympathize with in each version of the story? Why?" The activity primarily targets students' ability to A. examine the role of prior knowledge in shaping readers' reactions to characters B. consider the impact of point of view on readers' interpretation of events C. determine the reliability of information presented to readers D. compare the effects of different organizational structures on readers' comprehension to text

C. Could-based word-processing tools allow multiple people to access the same document from various devices in order to revise, comment, and collaborate.

An advantage of cloud-based word-processing tools over traditional word-processing software is that they A. provide a spelling and grammar check to help with editing B. allow for a more polished-looking hard copy C. provide a platform for collaboration among users D. allow for the integration of images and graphics

C. The strategy outlined is known as a jigsaw. In the jigsaw strategy, each student's contribution is essential and fits together like a puzzle to complete overall learning.

An elementary teacher groups students with differing reading abilities into core groups of three. Each member also belongs to another group that is assigned to read specific content to become experts on a chosen topic. After the specific-content groups take time to read and discuss their information, members return to their core groups where they share and exchange the knowledge gained in their specific-content groups. Which of the following collaborative strategies is the teacher implementing in the scenario? A. Round-table B. Directed reading thinking activity C. Jigsaw D. Reciprocal teaching

A. The definition of figurative language is "words or phrases that go beyond the literal meaning and appeal to the senses of the readers."

As a teacher shares several poems with the class, the students complete a graphic organizer that asks them to identify words or phrases that go beyond the literal meaning and appeal to the senses of the reader. The students are most likely looking for which of the following? A. Figurative language B. Voice C. Point of view D. Theme

D. The description of the setting culminates in the understanding that the patch leads to a different world, which is a definitive clue clue that narrows down the type of fiction presented in the science fiction or fantasy genres.

As used in the passage, the description of the setting best assists the reader in A. evaluating the personality traits of the protagonist. B. discovering the possible central conflict within the narrative. C. understanding the time and place of the main action. D. discerning the possible genre of the work of fiction.

C. The writer's use of words such as "vast," "barren," and "solitary" suggests a lonely, desolate environment.

Deserts encompass almost one fifth of the Earth's land surface. Vast stretches of empty sand stretch over a barren landscape. The endless sea of sand shifts constantly with the wind over the solitary scene. Scarce foliage inhabits the stark environment. Which of the following best describes the tone of the passage? A. Frightened B. Hopeful C. Lonely D. Concerned

A. In order to repeat their partners' ideas, students will need to focus their attention on listening actively and attentively.

During a partner discussion of a text, a teacher asks students to paraphrase what their partners said before starting their own ideas. The primary benefit of the activity is that it enables students to practice A. engaging in active listening B. examining alternative viewpoints C. providing constructive peer feedback D. presenting information concisely

B, C, E Student B demonstrates that he/she has listened to the teacher's question and is actively trying to make meaning out of it. Student C indicates that he/she has listened to another student's contribution and agrees. By looking at each speaker, Student E shows that he/she is paying attention to each individual's contribution.

During a small-group discussion of a class novel, the teacher asks students about a particular interaction between the two main characters. Which THREE of the following students are exhibiting active listening skills? A. Student A reads ahead in the book during the discussion. B. Student B asks the teacher to clarify the question before responding. C. Student C nods occasionally in agreement with the speaker. D. Student D conducts a side conversation with a student seated nearby. E. Student E looks at each speaker during the discussion.

C. The pronoun "they" refers to the medical staff, so the quotation implies that the medical treatment might be done to "make [Charlie] smart," or improve his intelligence.

In the passage below, main character Charlie Gordon records his thoughts in a journal entry. Dr. Strauss says I shud rite down what I think and evrey thing that happins to me from now on. I dont know why but he says its importint so they will see if they will use me. I hope they use me. Miss Kinnian says maybe they can make me smart. I want to be smart. My name is Charlie Gordon. I am 37 years old and 2 weeks mas my birthday. I have nuthing more to rite now so I will close for today. -daniel Keyes, from "Flowers for Algernon" Which of the following details from the passage best supports the inference that Charlie Gordon is being considered for medical treatment designed to improve his intelligence? A. "Dr Strauss says I shud rite down what I think" B. "I don't know why but he says its importint." C. "Miss Kinnian says maybe they can make me smart." D. "I want to be smart."

C. In the fishbowl strategy, facilitators or experts are given the opportunity to speak and lead a discussion, while the other students listen and observe from the outer circle.

In which of the following cooperative learning strategies are students assigned to be either observers or facilitators in a discussion on a particular topic? A. Turn-and-talk B. Round-robin C. Fishbowl D. Jigsaw

D When children acquire knowledge of phonological awareness, they learn to recognize how words are segmented into sounds, which affects their ability to phonetically decode unfamiliar words in a text.

Phonological awareness primarily affects literacy skills through its impact on students' ability to A. imitate and produce basic sentence structures B. use context clues to confirm understanding C. read with appropriate rate and expression D. decode multisyllable words in a text

C, A, D, B "This bag weighs a ton" is an example of hyperbole, or exaggeration, made for emphasis. "You're about to open Pandora's box" is an allusion to the mythical figure of Pandora, used to draw the comparison of something dreadful at hand. "I can resist anything, except temptation" is an oxymoron, as it places two conflicting ideas in conjunction. "Break a leg" is an idiom, which is a common expression in which the literal meaning is different form the figurative meaning.

Place the name of each type of figurative language next to the sentence that best exemplifies it. A. Allusion B. Idiom C. Hyperbole D. Oxymoron This bag weighs a ton. - You're about to open Pandora's box. - I can resist anything, except temptation. - Break a leg! -

C. "Hunting" is a basic word commonly encountered in conversation, and "predation" is specific to the study of ecology.

Replacing the word "hunting" with the word "predation" is an example of switching from A. conversation to academic vocabulary B. academic to domain-specific vocabulary C. conversational to domain-specific vocabulary D. domain-specific to academic vocabulary

D. "Have" is a sight word. Sight words are words that don't follow conventional phonics rules, but appear often and are therefore necessary for memorization

Star light, star bright, First star I see tonight, I wish I may, I wish I might, Have this wish I wish tonight. Which of the following words in the poem is a sight word that cannot be decoded using conventional rules? A. Str B. See C. May D. Have

C. The highlighted words exemplify a common word family containing the long "igh" sound.

Star light, start bright, First star I see tonight, I wish I may, I wish I might, Have this wish I wish tonight. The highlighted words could be best used in a phonics lesson on A. open syllables B. r-controlled vowels C. irregular vowel families D. VCCe words

B Choral reading increases fluency by demonstrating and practicing automaticity and prodody during reading.

Stare light, star bright, First star I see tonight, I wish I may, I wish I might, Have this wish I wish tonight. A first-grade teacher reads the poem to the students. Then the students do a choral reading of the poem with the teacher, and the teacher points to each word as the students say it. Which of the following best describes the objective of the choral reading activity? A. Supporting sight word recognition B. Modeling automaticity and prosody C. Introducing segments and blends D. Demonstrating comprehension strategies

D. "Cell,"artery," "digest," and "suture" are specialized, domain-specific terms.

Students in a language arts class are organizing word cards according to the three tiers of vocabulary. Which of the following groups of cards can best be categorized as tier-three words?

B. Combining sentences 2 and 3 will improve the excerpt by removing some choppiness and providing some sentence variety while maintaining the meaning.

Students in a language arts class are working on essays about a special day in their lives. The following is one student's draft. (1) The afternoon with my grandfather could not have been more enjoyable. (2) We ate pizza. (3) After that we went out for ice cream. (4) After that we walked to the park to feed the ducks and ride the paddleboats. (5) I will remember that day for as long as I live. (6) We had a super time! Which of the following revisions will most improve the student's essay? A. Omitting sentence 4 B. Combining sentences 2 and 3 C. Making two sentences out of sentence 5 D. Connecting sentences 1 and 2 with a comma

C. Since the student is describing what happens inside the volcano that causes the eruption, a diagram showing the parts of a volcano will best support the information.

Students in a language arts class have completed short informational essays and are now working on turning them into oral presentations. The following excerpt is from one student's easy. A volcano is a mountain with an opening that leads down below Earth's surface to the molten rock below. The mountain is usually made of layers of ash and cooled lava. When magma builds up in the chamber at the bottom, the pressure pushes it up the main vent, and then gas, rocks, and lava shoot out through the crater. This is known as an eruption. Which of the following visual aids will best support the excerpt? A. A photograph showing an erupting volcano B. A time line showing volcanic eruptions that occurred in recent history C. A diagram showing the parts of a volcano D. A pie chart showing the percentages of different types of volcanoes.

A, E. First, the writer repeats the idea that setting is important in each of the first four sentences. Second, the writer mentions how the setting affects the character's mood but does not refer specifically to the text to support this idea (i.e., which setting made her mad or happy or sad and why this was the case).

THe following is an excerpt from a student's draft of a book review. In a book, setting is incredibly important. It tells you where the characters are and it's usually an important detail. In my opinion setting is a very important part of a story. Throughout the book Out of My Mind by Sharon Draper, I felt like the setting was a huge part of the book. The main character is Melody, and her moods changed wherever she went. She could go from mad to happy, then happy to sad all in the change of the setting. It's all about the setting that changes the character's mood. In my opinion, when setting changes people change too. When revising the excerpt of the draft, it is most important for the student to apply which TWO of the following revision strategies? A. Eliminating repetitious language. B. Incorporating a topic sentence. C. Rewriting to use only first-person perspective. D. Maintaning a consistent focus on the topic. E. Using textual evidence to support ideas.

D. This line that the Hare not only wants to win, but wants to embarrass his opponent, which shows contempt and spite.

The Hare was once boasting of his speed before the other animals. "I've never been beaten in a race," said he. "I challenge anyone here to race with me." The Tortoise said quietly, "I accept your challenge." "That is a good joke," said the Hare. "I could dance around you all the way." "Keep your boasting till you've beaten me," answered the Tortoise. "Shall we race?" So a course was fixed and a start was made. The Hare darted almost out of sight at once, but soon stopped. "I should stop for a rest," he said to himself. "That would make tortoise's loss even more embarrassing," And so he lay down to have a nap. The Tortoise plodded on and plodded on, and when the Hare awoke from his name, he saw the Tortoise just near the winning-post and could not run up in time to save the race. Then said the Tortoise: "Plodding wins the race." =Aesop, adapted from The Hare and the Tortoise After reading the story, a student remarks in the discussion that the Hare is spiteful. Which of the following lines of Hare's dialogue best supports the student's statement? A. "I've never been beaten in a race..." B. "I challenge anyone here to race with me." C. "I should stop for a rest..." D. "That would make tortoise's loss even more embarrassing."

A. The adjective "dilapidated" describes the type of "barn," which is a noun.

The dilapidated barn served as a reminder of times gone by. Which of the following best describes the function of the underlined word in the sentence? A. Describes a noun B. Indicates an action C. Names a person D. Describes a verb

B. The excerpt is in the past tense, and the revision corrects a present tense verb (present perfect) to a past tense verb (Past perfect).

The following excerpt is from a student draft. (1) Maggie chased her dog Barney down the street. (2) She is getting tired. (3) Barney has escaped his leash a few minutes ago. (4) Now he was headed toward the park. (5) Maggie wanted to catch him before he jumped into the pond. The error in verb usage can be corrected with which of the following revisions? A. Sentence 1: Change "chased" to "will chase" B. Sentence 2: Change "is getting" to "was getting" C. Sentence 3: Change "had escaped" to "is escaping" D. Sentence 5: Change "wanted" to "wants"

C. The passage contains the elements of a narrative passage, because it tells a story by including a series of events that establish a plot.

The following is a student writing sample. The day started like any other sunny Friday morning. I got out of bed and made my way to the bathroom to brush my teeth. But as the day continued, it got worse. Oh boy, what a mess I got myself into! The passage is best described as which of the following types of writing? A. Descriptive B. Expository C. Narrative D. Persuasive

D. The writer first presents the opposing side's argument that allowing students to have cell phones in school will cause conflict. Then the writer counters that argument by saying that students should be trusted to focus on their schooolwork.

The following is an excerpt from a student's essay. Many believe that letting kids have cell phones in school will ultimately cause conflict. Without cell phones kids are better able to focus on their schoolwork. I believe that there are many distractions in today's world. Kids should be trusted to focus on their schoolwork with or without a cell phone. Which of the following best describes the writer's purpose in the paragraph? A. Convincing students of the benefits of cell phones. B. Encouraging school officials to change the cell phone policy. C. Explaining the reasons why schools have cell phone policies. D. Presenting a counterargument to commonly-held ideas about cell phone use.

C. "A calculator" does not agree with "them."

The following is an excerpt from a student's original short story. Mark thinks that it's really unfair that they cannot use a calculator on the final exam, especially since they use them in class all the time. The student will benefit from further instruction in which of the following elements of grammar? A. Using the proper contraction for "it is" B. Applying comma rules appropriately C. Making sure nouns and pronouns agree D. Making sure subjects and verbs agree

D. The sentence attributes the source material (the World Health Organization) while indicating the original source's exact words in quotation marks.

The following passage is from the World Health Organization's Web site. Environmental health addresses all the physical, chemical, and biological factors external to a person and all the related factors impacting behaviors. It encompasses the assessment and control of those environmental factors that can potentially affect health. It is targeted toward preventing disease and creating health-supportive environments. Which of the following examples best incorporates the source language while avoiding plagiarism? A. It is targeted toward preventing disease and creating health-supportive environments. B. Preventing disease and creating healthy environments is a target of environmental health. C. "It encompasses the assessment and control of those environmental factors that can potentially affect health." D. According the World Health Organization, "Environmental health addresses all the physical, chemical, and biological factors external to a person..."

A. The graphic shows the sequence of the steps in the process of generating wind power.

The graphic would be most appropriate to use with an article that A. explains how wind power words B. compares alternative energy sources C. outlines the causes of air pollution D. describes the parts of a windmill

B. The article details the importance of the animals and the problem with pollution, and it ends with a solution.

The ocean is full of organisms - both plant and animal life - some of which you know, and others you probably haven't ever imagined! These organisms live and work together in the ocean ecosystem; they are important to each other and to the health of the ocean itself. Many of these organisms are at risk because of pollution that finds its way to the ocean. You can help prevent this by joining a local beach cleanup effort, disposing of your own trash when you're at the beach, adn reusing and recycling as much as possible, anywhere and anytime. Which of the following organizational structures best describes the passage? A. Description B. Problem / solution C. Spatial D. Compare / contrast

A. The revision process involves making major changes to the writing, which may include revisions to organization, supporting evidence, and other elements of the content.

The revision state of the writing process includes which of the following activities? A. Recognizing faulty logic B. Identifying errors in punctuation C. Developing a clear and coherent thesis D. Replacing overused words with more compelling descriptors

C. The student does not capitalize "Mom" or "Dad" when using those words as names.

The student writer would most benefit from a minilesson focusing on which of the following? A. Varying sentence types B. Using adverbs properly C. Following the rules of capitalization D. Choosing appropriate conjunctions

B. The student writer does not punctuate quotations correctly around dialogue.

The student's draft contains errors in which of the following areas of writing mechanics? A. Pronoun usage B. Dialogue punctuation C. Verb tense D. Homophone usage

B. Both passages make use of cause-and-effect to present information. Passage A explains how the presence of microgravity necessitates special considerations for personal hygiene in space, while in Passage B the necessity for astronauts to prepare adequately for space travel is explored as cause and effect and linked to the opening vignette.

The two passages are most similar in A. the presentation of supporting details about identical subject matter B. the integration of cause-and-effect text structure to present ideas C. the use of vignette as a means to hook an audience's attention D. the inclusion of details explaining the origins of technology used in space.

C. The calm description of Turtle waiting contrasted with word choices such as "clucched," "like weapons," and "stormed into" immediately following a statement that her family had forgotten about her suggests her anger and impatience with her family and her attempt to seek assistance from someone who can care for her.

Waiting in her closet of a room. Turtle stared at the white-weighted branches of the maple tree on the hill. A twig snapped in silence, a flurry speckled across the crusted snow. Something when her mother was too busy to do her hair she sent Angela in, but today no one came. They had forgotten about her. Brush and comb clutched in her fists like weapons, she stormed into apartment 2C. "Do you know how to braid hair?" - Ellen Raskin, from The Westing Game Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? A. Turtle is angry with the resident of apartment 2C. B. Turtle dislikes the snow outside. C. Turtle is upset about being neglected. D. Turtle is going to assault her neighbor.

A, C, E - Using punctuation to assist with correct phrasing, reading at a conversational pace, and using text structure to assist with intonation are all elements of prosody, which is a defining feature of reading fluency.

Which THREE of the following statements from a reading assessment checklist provide information about a student's fluency abilities? A. The student adheres to punctuation and reads a selection with good phrasing. B. The student recalls and properly identifies characters, setting, and plot. C. The student maintains a conversational pace while reading a selection. D. The student uses sound and letter correspondences to decode unknown words. E. The student responds to text structures by reading with appropriate expression.

B, C. The use of the pronoun "you" in the several lines describing the patch and the setting directly address the audience, which is characteristic of the second-person point of view. The excerpt also is partly told from a third-person point of view in which it is evident from both pronoun use and the description that the narrator has access to the thoughts and feelings of one character.

Which TWO of the following narrative points of view are demonstrated in the passage? A. First person B. Second person C. Third-person limited D. Third-person multiple E. Third-person omniscient

B. Rhymes and riddles that build sound awareness will help a student who is struggling with articulation by reinforcing word patterns.

Which of the following activities will best help students develop articulation skills within oral presentations? A. Reading aloud passages that include persuasive rhetoric. B. Reading aloud short rhyming poems, focusing on individual sounds within words. C. Reading aloud a script created from an excerpt of a narrative's dialogue. D. Reading aloud incomplete sentences, filling in the missing words in an impromptu manner.

A. An adverb modifies an adjective or a verb, but never a noun. It answers how, when, or where.

Which of the following best defines the function of an adverb as a part of speech? A. It modifies an adjective or a verb. B. It forms a phrase with a noun or a pronoun. C. It describes a noun or a pronoun. D. It expresses an action or a state of being.

A. Automaticity is the ability to decode automatically through word recognition.

Which of the following best describes automaticity? A. Rapid recognition of words without conscious decoding B. Independent decoding of sentences using phonics and sight reading C. Rapid decoding of words by applying phonics knowledge D. Fluent reading of sentences with expression and phrasing

A. Although assigning roles is not required, many educators prefer to do so when implementing literature circles to facilitate discussions and engage students. There are many roles in literature circles, with the given examples being a few of the most commonly used.

Which of the following collaborative reading strategies involves delegating specific roles to students during group discussion, such as director, researcher and vocabulary enricher? A. Literature circles B. Team-based learning C. Think-pair-share D. Jigsaw workshop

B. "Blueberry" begins with the onset blend of "bl."

Which of the following correctly segments the word "blueberry" by its onset? A. b-lueberry B. bl-ueberry C. blue-berry D. blue-ber-ry

B. For student and teacher interaction, an online forum is the best option for conversation as well as for daily updating.

Which of the following digital tools will best help a small group of students engage in an online discussion of symbolism in a literary text? A. An online drop box B. A teacher-moderated forum C. A class wiki page D. An e-mail chain

B. Early emergent readers, who have either basic sight vocabulary or no sight vocabulary at all, can learn and assign meaning to narrative plot elements through realistic picture to tell the story. Wordless picture books are also common for this stage of reading.

Which of the following elements best helps early emergent readers construct meaning from an a narrative book? A. Rich vocabulary B. Realistic illustrations C. Boldface chapter titles D. Few words to a page.

C. The SWBST chart helps answer the "Somebody Wanted But So Then" about a story. Being able to complete this acronym will lead the reader to a summary.

Which of the following graphic organizers would best support students in summarizing a story they have read? A. KWL chart B. Fishbone diagram C. SWBST chart D. Venn diagram

B. Each of the words in this group relies on the most basic of phonics concepts such as blending phonemes to form short, simple, high-frequency words.

Which of the following groups lists words that are best categorized as kindergarten sight words? A. Bite, when, I, car B. Am, to, the, on C. Dog, jump, are, toes D. Jail, tram, see, from

B. "I got up" and "I started to saunter down my pristine stairs to get breakfast" are two independent clauses joined by a comma and the conjunction "and"

Which of the following is a compound sentence? A. "My alarm went off I turned over to my side and saw that it was 10:27 in the morning." B. "I got up, and I started to saunter down my pristine stairs to get breakfast." C. "When I got downstairs I realized it wasn't a normal day," D. "Before I could even get downstairs dad stopped me and said 'get your gloves on since mom likes lettuce.'"

B. A hyperlink connects students to more information and can enable searches throughout a large document, making it easy to locate information and broaden knowledge.

Which of the following is a feature within an online text that is designed to help students learn more information about a particular word or example within the text? A. Bold font B. Hyperlink C. Site map D. Navigation bar

C. The grapheme "s" can sound like /z/, /s/, or /x/, or it may also be part of the digraph "sh."

Which of the following is a major challenge of teaching the decoding of /s/ to students in kindergarten? A. Students cannot write to reinforce their learning. B. The /s/ sound is difficult to pronounce until age 7. C. It is not possible to assign just one sound to the grapheme of "s". D. Students with varied dialects pronounce "s" differently.

A. In a letter to the editor, the winter is typically trying to persuade others to accept a particular point of view or take a particular action.

Which of the following is best classified as persuasive writing? A. A letter to the editor entitled "Our Town Needs More Stop Signs." B. An instruction manual entitled "Operating Your Printer." C. A science report entitled "Understanding the Tundra" D. A character sketch entitled "My Best Friend."

B. Syntax and word frequency are both quantitative measures of text complexity.

Which of the following is the most appropriate strategy for assessing a text's complexity based on quantitative measures? A. Determining readers' experiences and knowledge related to the text. B. Evaluation the sentence length and word frequency of the txt. C. Considering readers' engagement and motivation with the text D. Examining the organizational structure and features of the text.

D. "C-are-f-u-ll-y" is correctly segmented into phonemes, with each sound unit isolated.

Which of the following multisyllabic words is correctly segmented into its phonemes? A. Dif-fer-ent B. St-op-s-ign C. R-e-s-t-a-u-r-a-n-t D. C-are-f-u-ll-y

B. Peer-reviewed publications, especially those that feature bibliographies, are traditionally considered reliable sources of information.

Which of the following online sources is the most reliable tool for academic research? A. A public, collaborative encyclopedia B. A peer-reviewed journal article containing a complete bibliography. C. A well-known scientist's personal blog site. D. An informational article that is hosted on the Web site of a reputable business.

C. The words "garage" and "vision" are unique in that no single letter represents the consonant sound that can be heard in these words.

Which of the following pairs of words contain a consonant sound that cannot be represented by any single letter? A. "cradle" and "ceiling" B. "crying" and "kindle" C. "garage" and "vision" D. "thumb" and "chick"

B. Web sites change, and the date accessed is crucial in citing Internet sources.

Which of the following parts of a citation is unique to online sources, rather than print-based sources? A. Author's name B. Date the site was accessed C. Number of hits the site has received D. Publisher and original publication date

B. A text-feature walk gets the reader's mind ready for the topic.

Which of the following prereading activities best helps students create a mental map of the text's content and establish a purpose for reading? A. Shared reading B. Text-featured walk C. Think-pair-share D. Semantic feature analysis

A. Although the process is written out in steps, it is not always necessary to follow them in a lockstep order. For example, a student can go back to revise and / or edit multiple times.

Which of the following statements about the writing process is most accurate? A. The writing process is often recursive rather than linear. B. Prewriting is most successfully conducted in a group setting. C. The step of revision can often be avoided in the writing process. D. It is best for writers to correct spelling and grammar errors while they write.

A. Most children begin to use pictures to tell a story before they use letters.

Which of the following statements about writing development is most accurate? A. Pictorial writing usually precedes the use of letters. B. Children in the emergent stage use consistent spacing between words. C. Writing uppercase letters typically develops after writing lowercase letters. D. Children enter the transitional stage when they cease using invented spelling.

D. Providing visual or written supports is beneficial to English-language learners, as they can use multiple modalities to comprehend and gain language skills.

Which of the following techniques is most appropriate to use when communicating with an English-language learner? A. Using gestures or body language to convey a message B. Providing hints or helping to answer questions C. Using humor or idioms to illustrate a point D. Providing pictures or outlines to supplement language

C. Passage B is mainly focused on the concept of eating in space and draws the reader into the idea by making a comparison with eating on Earth.

Which of the following text headings would best assist a reader in determining the subject matter of Passage B? A. Life on Earth versus Life in Space B. Surviving the Harshness of Space C. Eating in Space D. Camping in Space

A. Graphs are a quick way for readers to view, analyze, and interpret many pieces of information and data at once. Therefore, when covering many years of information, among the options listed a graph would be the most effective visual representation.

Which of the following visual aids is most beneficial for understanding California's growth during the years of the gold rush? A. A line or bar graph showing the population from 1848 to 1858. B. A political cartoon depicting the Workingmen's Party C. A Venn diagram comparing the gold rushes in California and Oregon D. A time line illustrating the major events of the gold rush years.

C. "Infrastructure" contains the root "infra." An infrastructure is the underlying foundation of basic framework of a system or organization.

Which of the following words contains a Latin root meaning "beneath"? A. Intercept B. Introvert C. Infrastructure D. Irredeemable

D. The "t" is silent in the word "whistle."

Which of the following words is most appropriate to include on a list of spelling words that contain a silent consonant? A. Under B. Flower C. Switches D. Whistle

B. Tall tales, suchs as Paul Bunyan, are set in fairy - though not ultra - modern times and feature confident heroes based on people who may have existed and who solve problems by sometimes resorting to trickery.

Which of the following writing genres contains a setting based in fairly modern times, features characters who are modeled after people who may have existed, and uses exaggeration of characters and trickery to resolve conflict? A. Fairy tale B. Tall tale C. Myth D. Fable

A. The poet uses the language of the working class as a means of identifying himself as a part of it ("we") and thus helps to lend credibility to the message that a "cause" of some kind must be taken up.

While th' wealthy are feastin' we're starvin', An' for this, lads, ther' must be a cause; - Samule Laycook, form "Homely Advice for the Unemployed" In the lines of poetry above, the diction helps the speaker to establish A. himself as part of the working class to lend credibility to the central message B. himself as uninterest in the differences between the working class and the wealthy C. an argument that the wealthy have treated the working class unfairly D. some distance from the subject matter of the wealthy and the working class

C. The human characteristics of being able to "watch" and "smile at" the narrator are attributed to an inanimate object, the statue.

"I was led past the sphinx of white marble, which had seemed to watch me all the while with a smile at my astonishment, toward a vast grey edifice of fretted stone." - H.G. Wells, from The Time Machine Which of the following best describes the type of figurative language used in the excerpt? A. Idiom B. Onomatopoeia C. Personification D. Metaphor

A, C, D Watching a staged version of a text alleviates the difficulty of decoding words, allowing students to focus on the action and comprehension of the story through visual and auditory elements while putting meanings to unfamiliar words instead of getting stuck on trying to read them. A staged version allows for a portrayal of the more fantastical elements of the story, such as the growing and shrinking of Alice, using props and body movement. Finally, the staged version of a text primarily brings to life the most important, relevant moments of the story.

A language arts class reads Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and watches a stage production of the story. In which THREE of the following ways does viewing the stage production support students' comprehension of the story? A. It provides a visual context for potentially unfamiliar words and phrases. B. It combines reading a text with reading stage directions. C. It supports a visualization of fantasy elements. D. It reinforces understanding a major plot points. E. It encourages readers to make predictions about the characters.

A. As the topic sentence states, in most cases different terms are used to name male and female animals of the same species. Option A rephrases the topic sentence and conveys the main idea.

In most cases, different terms are used to identify male and female animals of the same species. In a zoo, male and female animals are grouped together in exhibits. Male elephants are called bulls, while female elephants are cows. Chickens are known as roosters if they are male and hens if they are female. Sheep are either rams or ewes, and pigs are boars or sows. Antelope and deer are bucks or does. There are also different names for specific breeds of animals. Which of the following statements best summarizes the central idea of the excerpt? A. Animals of the same species but different sexes are often known by different names. B. Male and female animals of the same species live in the same zoo exhibits C. Different breeds of the same species have specific names. D. All animals of the same species have different names if they are male.

A. Stage directions tell characters when, where, and how to move as they are delivering their lines and interacting with other characters.

In the genre of drama, which of the following best describes a primary purpose of stage directions? A. They provide the characters with instructions about their actions. B. They provide the characters with their spoken dialogue with other characters. C. They develop the overall theme of the play. D. They give the audience insight into the characters' traits and personalities.

C. Reading through punctuation is a fluency issue that can be corrected through the strategy outlined in the question

To increase comprehension, a reading teacher suggests that a student read a selection from a text repeatedly, while focusing on proper intonation. The intervention is appropriate for helping the student to A. self-monitor for meaning B. decode unknown words C. avoid reading through punctuation D. avoid substituting an incorrect word

A, E The single-syllable words "bat" and "top" both end in a consonant.

Which TWO of the following words contain a closed syllable? A. bat B. be C. go D. she E. top

C. A diary is a primary source because it comes from the historical person, from the historical era.

Which of the following is best described as a primary source? A. An article in a magazine B. A nonfiction how-to-book C. A diary entry by a historical figure D. An encyclopedia entry