English society during Henry VII and Henry VIII's reign.
What were the long lasting social impact the religious changes had. Henry VIII?
1. Huge amounts of land was removed from the church and taken by the crown, wide spread sales of monstaic property and church property to fiance foreig policy. this increased the power and wealth of landowners. by 1547, almost 2/3rd of monastic land had been sold or granted away. 2. Most monastic schools were perminatly lost 3. Many monks and nuns became unemployed. 4. Some monsatries helped the people in the community, with education, employment, buisnesses and many were willing to go through lengths to protect it.
Why did the Cornwall rebellion pose a threat for Henry Vii?
1. It posed a threat to the stability of HenryVII's reign. 2. 15,000 people were involved. 3. Perkin warbeck attempted to exploit the rebellion to his advantage. 4. the rebellion was only stopped at blakheath, this was particilarly a comment on the incomptence of crowns system for order maintainace.
Seclar (economic grievenace) motives of Pilgramage of Grace?
1. Motivated by economic grievenace. 2. due to the conspiracy prompted by councillors who were supporte of Catherine of Aragon and wanted Mary to be hier.
Causes of the Pilgramage of Grace IN DETAIL?
1. Politics, Lord Hussey and Darcy were involved in the plot. They were jealous and angry of Cromwell's position especially because he came from a low background. Elton beleived it was a way for frustrated nobilities to increase thier power and influence in the court. They were particularly angry at cromwell and richie, infact 3/24 pretant was opossed Cromwell and Richie. They viwed cromwell as a heretic and a subversion of the true catholic religion. 2. Religious reasons. They hated the impact the dissolution of monastries had in society. They feared Cromwells attack on the traditional practises of the church. Even Joh Guy argues 'true treligion is the most important rebel platform. Infact 11/24 of the Article was primarily based on religious reasons. Taxation (economic reasons): Many felt the increase in taxation was unfair. The act of Fruits and tenths meant Henry took a much longer amount of clerical wealth than the pope ever did. Rebels opposed Cromwell's taxation during peacetime in the 1534 subsidy act. Food shortages and Argarian issues: renewal of rack renting, enclosures and tenecies. There was in increase in food prices due to the bad harvest of 1535-36.
The popular rebellions faced by Henry VII gave him more problems than the threat posed by the pretenders' assess the validity of this view.
1. The validity of this view can be challenged as the pretenders to the throne posed more of a threat to Henry. Ie pretender such as Perkin Warbeck. he managed to recieve pension and aristocrtaic marraige from scotland. He could be argued to be the catalyst for the Cornwall rebelliom 1497. Warbeck even crossed the boarder to try and gain yorkist support against Henry. Henry had to make a lot of foreign treaties to get his hands on Warbeck. 2. however we must not exaggerate the threat of the pretenders and the rebellions also posed a threat. The cornish rebellion 15,000 people involved, Warbeck tried to take advantage of this they protested against the icreased taxation. That many people posed a threat as it was diifuclt to supress this rebellion. 3. Pretenders such as Lambert Simnel imperosnating Warbeck could be seen as less of a threat as Henry handled it with such ease and grace, this highlights that maybe the pretenders did not give him as much of a problem as rebellions. 4. Fianlly the Yorkshire rebellion is seen as a threat as it directly attacked one of the council memeber and the Earl. Earl of northumberland was killed. This highlights the animosity of the Rebels. alhough it was easily supressed the death of Northumberland suggested the rebels could result in violence.
Religious reasons?
1. dissolution of monastries. 2. Fear of parish and removal of traditional english practises.
What things id Henry VII employ to limit acts against retaining ?
1486, nobles and mps were to take an oath against retaining. howveer what consistitued retaning was not clearly identified. 1487, laws against retaining. 1504, act state only the king could grant licence for retaining.
what did the Law in Wales Act entail?
1536, it divided wales into sheer countries which operted on the same basis as thier english counterparts. Gave Wles a direct representation in the house of parliament. Broguht Wales in the ame legal framework as England. All these meant that Wales had litte identity left except thier dialect.
When was the the Law in Wales Act ?
1536.
In 1500 how many nobles, esquired, gentlemen and knights were there?
55 nobles, 800 esquires, 5000gentlemen and 500 knights.
Outline the reginal issues in Wales?
Although wales was a seperate territory from England it was still under England control.
How did Christina Carpenter describe the Cornwall rebellion?
Christina Carpenter considered the rebellion as alarming for the kind due to the long distance they travelled with no serious attemot to stop them.
Who did Henry VIII' execute in their roles in the rebellion of 1536?
Darcy and Hussey.
How was the pilgrimage of Grace rebellion supressed?
Duke of Norfolk was sent with an army to defuse the rebellion howveer he was outnumbered. he then sought to issue pardonsand promise that the disolvement of monastries would be resolved. but henry had no intention of doing so. Another rebellion was renewed in Cumberland, the duke of Norfolk quickly suppressed the rebellion. He hanged 74 rebels and its leaaders including Darcy and Hussey.
The role of the elites?
During Henry VIII's reign thier was a professional nd commercial bougeosie. The nobles still had considerable power and influence.
The role of nobility during Henry VIII's reign?
Henry sometimes bestowed property on nobles to enable them to exert royal authroity in particular areas. Ie, suffold was endowed with property in Lincolnshire after the rebellion in 1536. Executed Marquess of Exeter for treasonable conspiracy in 1538.
What was the causes of most of the rebellion?
Huge resentment of the goverenment who tried to force religious changes to the public. Secular motives and religious motives.
Where did the pilgrimage of grace begin?
It begun in lincolnshire, spread over east yorkshire and continued into parts of west riding.
Outline the Anglo-Welsh Boarder problems?
It came under the jurisdriction of the coucil of Wales and the marches which allowed cheap locals to access the law.
What did the pilgrimage of Grace highlight>
It highlighted that Henry's tactics of dealing with rebellions were poor.
What was north of England goverened through?
It was goverened through the council of North.
Outline the role of churchmen?
It was imporant due to its spiritual role and they were great landowners. Cuarted and chantry priests were modestly ewarded for dealing wth the spiritual needs of ordinary folks. Bishops and Abbots sat in the house of the Lords and ofte had political roles to undertake. The King appointed aristocratic men as churchmen. in 1500 there were 55 nobles, 500 knights, 800 esquires and 5000 gentlemen.
Outline the Cornwall rebellion ad what was its significance?
It was triggered by taxatio again, the need for revenue to finance campaign against Scotland. it was a threat for many reasons. 1. It posed a threat to the stability of HenryVII's reign. 3. Perkin warbeck attempted to exploit the rebellion to his advantage. 4. the rebellion was only stopped at blakheath, this was particilarly a comment on the incomptence of crowns system for order maintainace. 5. It involved 15,000 people. In the end the rebellion was easily crushed by Daubeney, the rebel leaders including Lord audley was executed. However Henry VII was lieant on the rebels.
What did John guy say about Tudor England's greatest success?
John Guy said 'Tudor England's greatest success was its ability to feed itself'
Who were the most important clergymen?
John Morton and Richard fox.
The English Palentine?
Lancashire, Chesire and Durham were seperate durisdictions from the rest of the Kingdom. The Act resuming Liberties to the crown of 1536 reduced the level of independance enjoyed by the Bishop. But it did not destory it completly for example the Palentine court of chancery contiured to operate.
Outline the role of the commoners during HENRY VIII's reign?
Little dramatic change in the standard of living of commoners during the first half of Henry VIII's reign. There was a rise inflation which led to drop in real incomes which contributed to the ill feeling of the Ambicable Grant 1525.
Were there resistance of the Ambicable gant of 1525
Many refused to pay the grant, Earl of Sussex reported 1000 people had gathered at the essex border and were determined to resist payment. Earl of Suffolk faced 4000 taxation resisters, in particular cloth workers.
Outline the problems with the anglo Scottish boarder?
Problematic area for Henry as it was difficult to police due to harash weather conditions and it was in a remote plcae. high rate of criminal activity in both borders .
what is bastard feudailism?
Reciprocal relationship between wealthy members of the nobility and retainer (recruited knights and gentlemen).
What were both of the major rebellions during Henry Vii's catalyst?
Taxation.
How did Henry VIII solve the problems with the anglo-Scottish boarder?
The barder with scotland was split into 3 each under the jurisdriction of a warden. He only appointed wardens from a humble origin or a complete outsider to ensure loyalty.
Ireland was governed through?
The council in ireland based in Dublin.
What major rebellion break out during Henry VIII's reign?
The lincolnshire and the pilgramage of grace in 1536 and refusal to pay the amicable Grant of 1525.
Outline the Yorkshire rebellion of 1489?
The rebellion was sparked off by resentment of txation granted by parliament in 1489 to finance English campaign in Brittany. The earl of Northumberland was murdered by his tenants. Northumberlands knights deserted him as revenge for betraying Richard in the Btalle of the bosworth. The rebellion was easily supressed.
Outline the role of nobility?
They dominated landownership. the crown often relied upon them to maintain law and order in the countryside. Henry was deeply distrustfull of the nobility. His most important form of controlling the nobility is through bonds and recognises which he had £35,000 from bonds and recognises by 1505. Henry sought to limit the power of nobility through the use of legislation against retaining.
Outline the problems with the council of the north?
They gained a huge amount of support in the pilgramage of Grace in 1536. so Cromwell and Henry reestablised the council as a permanent body based in York with professional staff this was proven successful as the north suprisngly kept quiet during the summer of rebellions in 1549.
What was the probem of appointing the wardens in the Anglo-Scottish boarder?
They had very little influence as many were loyal to the Percies and Dacres.
Outline the role of Gentries?
They were below the nobles. many gentries sought knighthood as confirmation of thier social status. In 1490, there were 375 knights. Gentries can be identified through a number of features: 1, The possession of Knighthood. 2, A coat of arms. 3, considerable income. 4, country residence or courtly income.
What happned under Henry VIII to those who denied the Royal supremacy?
They were executed.
Outline the role of Gentry? HENRY VIII
Thier numbers increased during the reign of Henry VIII. Many Jps were drawn to unpaid administration on behalf of the crown.
Why was the Lincolnshire rising and the pilgrimage f grace seen as a threat? Henry VIII
Together it made the largest singlgle rebellion in the History of Tudor England. It was a direct result of the dissolution of the monsatries. occured in 1536. An army of 30,000 men gathered in the north protestig against the church reforms. The duke of Norfold and Suffolk was to supress this however they were significantly outnumbered, many protesters also criticed Henry's advisors. Sucess? Henry negotiated peace, conceding thier demands and promising a free pardon to all rebels who stoppe, he also promised the restoration of the monastries. He broke his promise, further dissolution was made, several rebels were put on trial and Aske was executed.
wales was governed by?
Wales and western countries were governed through the council of Wales.
There were several regional issues in boarders where?
Wales, The english palentines , the anglo-welsh border, anglo-scottish border the council in north.
Calais was governed by ?
Whoever the King appointed.
Two rebellions occurred during Henry VII's reign? what was it?
Yorkshire rebellion, 1489. Cornwall rebeliion in 1497.
When did Cromwells dissolution of the monasteries begin and what did it do?
it began i 1536, his royal injuction attacked many catholic practises for example the holy days, pilgramages.
