Communications 103 Final Study Guide (Richardson)

Explain the five major responsibilities of every participant in a small group

1. Commit yourself to the goals of the group. 2. Fulfill individual assignments 3. Avoid interpersonal conflicts 4. Encourage full participation 5. Keep the discussion on track.

Identify the five stages of the reflective thinking process and discuss the major tasks of a group at each stage

1. Defining the problem 2. Analyzing the problem 3. Establishing criteria for the problem 4. Generating potential solutions 5. Selecting the best solutions

Explain why a certain amount of nervousness is normal-even desirable-for a public speaker

A person can take their nervousness and use it to their advantage.

Explain the differences between a preparation outline and a speaking outline

A preparation outline is detailed, during speech preparation, and includes title, main points, specific purposes, etc. A speaking outline is used to jog a speaker's memory during the presentation of a speech.

Explain why a strong sense of ethical responsibility is vital for public speakers

A speaker must speak things of truth and not make things up, and be honest.

Identify the major demographic traits of audiences

Age, gender, religion, sexual orientation, racial, ethnic, cultural background

Clarify the differences between an informative speech and a persuasive speech and explain why speaking to persuade is especially challenging

An informative speeches goal is to inform you about something, and a persuasive speeches goal is to persuade you to believe or want to do something.

Identify the three basic guidelines for ethical listening discussed in the chapter

Be courteous and attentive, avoid prejudging the speaker, and maintain the free and open expression of ideas

Explain what it means to say that audiences are egocentric

Being concerned with a person's own beliefs over others

Explain how a speaker can adapt to the audience while preparing the speech and while delivering the speech

By Thinking about the disposition of the audience, audience feedback

Identify the five major patterns of organizing main points in a speech

Chronological, spatial, topical, problem-solution, causal

Explain the major characteristics of effective speech delivery

Directness, spontaneity, animation, vocal and facial expressiveness and a lively sense of communication

Explain the eight aspects of voice usage that are crucial to public speaking

Eight aspects are volume, pitch, rate, pauses, vocal variety, pronunciation, articulation, and dialect.

Explain the major factors involved in developing and organizing a classroom speech

Focusing your topic, developing your topic, have an intro, body, conclusion

Identify the difference between a general and a specific purpose

General: broad goal of the speechSpecific: single phrase that shows what the speaker wants to accomplish

Identify the four objectives of a speech introduction

Get the attention and interest of your audience, Reveal the topic of your speech, establish credibility and goodwill, preview the body of the speech.

Define the differences among global plagiarism, patchwork plagiarism, and incremental plagiarism, and explain why each type is unethical

Global plagiarism- stealing a speech from a single sourcePatchwork plagiarism- stealing ideas or language from two or three sources Incremental plagiarism- failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people

Explain the five-step method presented in the chapter for practicing extemporaneous speech delivery

Go through preparation outline aloud, prepare speaking outline, practice speech aloud several times, polish and refine delivery, give speech a dress rehearsal

Identify the four kinds of leadership that may occur in a small group

Implied Leader, emergent leader, designated leader,

Discuss the long tradition of studying public speaking

In classic greece and rome, public speaking played an essential role in civic life.

Discuss methods of controlling nervousness and of making it work for, rather than against, a speaker

It can make a person seem enthusiastic.

Explain why good delivery is important to successful speaking

It conveys the message as clear, interesting, and without distracting the audience.

Explain the nature of extemporaneous delivery

It is a carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes

Discuss the guidelines given in the text for organizing main points

Keep them separate, use the same pattern of wording, balance time

Discuss the five guidelines for ethical speechmaking presented in the chapter

Make sure the goals are ethically sound, be fully prepared for each speech, be honest in what you say, avoid name calling and abusive language and, put ethical principles into practice.

Identify the four methods of delivering a speech

Manuscript, reciting from memory, impromptu, or extemporaneous

Explain what it means to say the audiences engage in a mental dialogue with the speaker as they listen to a persuasive speech

Mental Dialogue with the audience- the mental give-and-take between the speaker and listener during a persuasive speech.

Explain the methods for presenting orally the findings of a small group

Oral Report, Symposium, Panel Discussion

Explain why it is important to outline speeches

Outline helps you make sure that related items are together, ideas flow from one another, that the structure of the speech will 'stand up"

Discuss the four aspects of physical action that are most important to a public speaker

Personal appearance- Listeners always see you before they hear you Movement- Don't lean on the podium. Appear calm, poised, and confident.Gesture- Should not distract the audience, appear natural, help clarify or reinforce ideas, and be suited to the occasion Eye contact- Not enough to just look at them, it's how you look at them. Establish eye contact the whole audience

Explain four methods of how to brainstorm topics for a speech

Personal inventory, clustering, reference search, internet search

Define persuasion and explain why it is an important subject

Persuasion- the process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions. It is important to make somebody want to do something, or believe something.

Identify the two stages in preparing for a question-and-answer session and explain the six things a speaker should keep in mind when responding to questions during the session itself

Preparation should include formulating answers to possible questions and practice the delivery of your answers. The six things to keep in mind are approach questions with a positive attitude, listen carefully, direct answers to the whole audience, be honest and straightforward, stay on track.

Distinguish among the procedural needs, task needs, and maintenance needs of a small group

Procedural Needs- Routine housekeeping actions necessary for the efficient conduct of business in a small group. Task Needs- Substantive actions necessary to help a small group complete its task. Maintenance Needs- Communicative actions necessary to maintain interpersonal relations in a small group.

Identify the major similarities and differences between public speaking and everyday conversations

Public speaking is more formal and is structured, formal language, different delivery method. Everyday conversations are less formal and are less nerve racking.

Define a question of fact and give an example of a specific purpose statement for a persuasive speech on a question of fact

Question of Fact- A question about the truth or falsity of an assertion.

Define a question of value and give an example of a specific purpose statement for a persuasive speech on a question of value

Question of Value- A question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action.

Explain the seven methods that can be used to gain attention in an introduction

Relate the topic to the audience, state the importance of your topic, startle the audience, arouse the curiosity of the audience, Question the audience, begin with a quotation, tell a story

Identify the major situational traits of audiences

Size, physical setting, disposition

Provide definitions of a small group and a problem-solving small group

Small Group- A collection of 3-12 people who assemble for a specific purpose. Problem Solving Group- A small group formed to solve a particular problem.

Explain why it is important to organize speeches clearly and coherently

So the audience is able to follow along and understand what the speech is about

Distinguish between the specific purpose and the central idea of a speech

Specific: defines the action of the speechCentral: thesis

Discuss the concept of target audience and its role in persuasive speaking

Target Audience- the portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade.

Explain the value of a course in public speaking

The ability to be able to speak in front of people and crowds open job doors for that person.

Define ethnocentrism and explain why public speakers need to avoid it when addressing audiences of diverse racial, ethnic, or cultural backgrounds

The belief that one's own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures. If a speaker avoids this belief then they are more respected.

Explain how the cultural diversity of today's world can influence public speaking situations

The more diverse an audience the more a speaker has to pay attention to not put down a specific culture and must use more of a variety of sources

Explain why public speakers must be audience centered

To keep the audience's attention throughout the speech

Identify the major functions of a speech conclusion

To let the audience know you are ending the speech, to reinforce the audiences understanding of, or commitment to, the central idea.

Explain the four kinds of speech connectives and their roles in a speech

Transitions: words or phrases that show the speaker has completed a thought Internal previews: let the audience know what the speaker will take up next Internal summaries: reverse of internal reviews Signposts: brief statements that indicate exactly where you are in the speech

Explain the methods a speaker can use to fulfill the functions of a conclusion

Use a crescendo ending, or a dissolve ending.

Explain why meeting ethical obligations can be especially challenging in persuasive speaking and identify the ethical responsibilities of persuasive speakers

You need to make appeals to the different types of people in your audience. It can be challenging to include something for everyone.

Identify the basic elements of the speech communication process

speaker , message, channel, listener, feedback, interference, situation