Nutrition Final Exam Review
Desirable blood pressure
120/80
High-risk LDL cholesterol
160-189
What is the recommended minimum amount of time for washing hands with warm water and soap before preparing or eating food?
20 seconds
High-risk fasting triglycerides
200-499
High-risk total blood cholesterol
240 and above
Usually, what is the first sign of preeclampsia?
A large weight gain over a short time
A High kcalorie/ High protein diet is best used for what type of patient or condition?
AIDS, burns, malnutrition
Untreated gastroesophageal reflux increases the risk for the more serious condition known as _____________.
Barrett's esophagus
Infants fed honey or corn syrup are at increased risk for what?
Botulism
Name a negative feature of potassium supplements?
Can cause toxicity Hyperchalimia
Nutrition therapy for a person with respiratory failure includes:
Careful attention to providing enough, but not too much, energy
Enlarged thyroid is associated with deficiency or toxicity of what nutrient?
Iodine
Spoon shaped nails is associated with what deficiency?
Iron and Protein
What is a common source of lead poisoning in infants?
Contaminated water used to make infant formula
Corkscrew hair/Menkes disease is associated with deficiency or toxicity of what nutrient?
Copper
Diabetes Mellitus
Decrease carbs & Eliminate high sugar drinks
COPD or Asthma
Decrease carbs & Increase fat
Malabsorption
Decrease fat, additional MCT oil
Diverticulitis
Decrease fiber & Increase clear liquid
Crohn's Disease
Decrease fiber / lactose & Increase kcal
A person with a fasting blood glucose concentration of 129 mg/dL and a Hemoglobin A1C of 6.7 would be classified as ______________.
Diabetic
Jane is visiting with her doctor during her 2nd trimester of pregnancy and has just revealed her strange cravings. The doctor declared that Jane is experiencing pica, which is causing her intense craving for ________
Dirt
List some of the more common signs of malnutrition in children.
Dull brittle hair, swollen gums, sore smooth tongue
A mechanically altered diet is best used for what type of patient or condition?
Dysphagia or difficulty swallowing
One of the critical steps in treatment of HIV infection is to encourage what?
Encourage food safety due to risk of food borne illness
When carbohydrate is not available to provide energy for the brain, as in starvation, the body produces ketone bodies from:
Fatty acid fragments
Mottled teeth is associated with deficiency or toxicity of what nutrient?
Fluoride toxicity
Among all the vitamins, which is believed to be most vulnerable to interactions with drugs?
Folate
Aspirin & antacids interact with what nutrient?
Folate
What supplement can mask B-12 deficiency symptoms?
Folate
What happens if folate is given for anemia, when B-12 is needed?
Folate masks B-12 deficiency which can affect nerves
A clear liquid diet is best used for what type of patient or condition?
For prep for bowel surgery, acute G.I. distrubances
Desirable HDL cholesterol
Greater than 60
A Low-Sodium diet is best used for what type of patient or condition?
Helps lower blood pressure or prevent edema
The DASH diet plan was devised to prevent what?
Hypertension
Losing too much sodium & drinking too much water most likely puts an ultra-endurance athlete at risk for what?
Hyponatremia
Abnormally low blood sodium concentration is known specifically as __________________________.
Hyponutremia
Trans fatty acids (trans fats) are considered detrimental due to the fact that they affect cholesterol. How?
Increase LDL cholesterol & lower HDL
Diverticulosis
Increase fiber / fluids
Cystic Fibrosis
Increase sodium / calories
In a person who has previously maintained good glycemic control, hyperglycemia can be precipitated by:
Infections of Illness
Which of the following is a characteristic of iron deficiency in children?
It affects brain function before anemia sets in
What is the primary function of insulin?
It lowers blood glucose levels
Sarcopenia refers to what?
Loss of muscle mass/strength
Generally speaking, from which of the following foods are complete proteins derived?
Meats, fish, and poultry
Pellagra/skin lesions may be caused by deficiency or toxicity of what nutrient?
Niacin
Which B vitamin acts more like a drug in large doses (via supplement) and may cause liver injury?
Niacin
In critical care patients, energy (kcalorie) needs may be higher than normal due to what possible factors?
Open wounds or burns
What is the vitamin precursor that may cause skin yellowing?
Beta-carotene
Which of these dietary substances may help to protect against cancer?
compounds in fruits and vegetables
What food is responsible for the most life-threatening allergic reactions in people (anaphylactic shock)?
Peanuts
During pregnancy, the combination of high blood pressure and protein in the urine signals:
Preeclampsia
Regarding dietary carbohydrate, a patient with diabetes should be most concerned about:
consuming the correct proportion of sugars, starches, and fiber in meals
Jennifer has just had a baby. When she brings Thomas home, she regales you with the details of her hospital stay. She mentions that shortly after the birth, Thomas received an intramuscular injection of vitamin K, and she wondered why this was done, as it made him cry. How do you explain this?
Prevented possible bleeding events
A person diagnosed with milk allergy would be sensitive to the milk's ____________.
Protein
Pitting edema/bilateral is associated with deficiency or toxicity of what nutrient?
Protein deficiency
Which dietary adjustment may be helpful for women with gestational diabetes?
Restricting carbohydrate to about 30 grams at breakfast
A malnourished, acutely ill patient has just begun to eat after days without significant amounts of food. Which of the following blood test results would change most quickly as the patient's nutrition and health status improves?
Retinol-binding protein
What is the most likely side effect for a person who regularly consumes large quantities of carrots or carrot juice?
Skin yellowing
Dietary recommendations for patients with the nephrotic syndrome include:
Sodium restriction
With respect to protein intake, patients with hepatic encephalopathy should:
Spread protein intake evenly throughout the day
Tachycardia is associated with what deficiency?
Thiamine
The Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome may be treated with supplements of what?
Thiamine
Distorted taste/dysgeusia is associated with what deficiency?
Zinc
Treatment for all kidney stones include:
a fluid intake that produces at least 2 liters of urine daily
Nigh blindness is associated with what deficiency?
Vitamin A
Which vitamin is present only in foods of animal origin?
Vitamin B-12
Bleeding gums is associated with what deficiency?
Vitamin C
Scurvy may be caused by deficiency or toxicity of what nutrient?
Vitamin C
Splinter hemorrhages on nails is associated with deficiency or toxicity of what nutrient?
Vitamin C
A deficiency due to antibiotic therapy may be caused by deficiency or toxicity of what nutrient?
Vitamin K
Which of the following vitamins are fat soluble?
Vitamins A, D, E, K
A person with celiac disease must avoid products containing:
Wheat, barley, and rye
Bile is:
an emulsifier made by the liver that prepares fats and oils for digestion
A fiber-rich diet may help to prevent or control:
diabetes, heart disease, and constipation
Three symptoms of lead toxicity are:
diarrhea, irritability, and fatigue
A low-fiber diet may be recommended:
during the acute phases of some intestinal disorders
Good sources of vitamin D include:
eggs, fortified milk, and sunlight
Some examples of foods with hidden solid fats are:
fried foods, sauces, dips, and lunch meats
Two causes of obesity in humans are:
genetics and physical inactivity
High-risk blood pressure
greater than 140/90
Because of their central role in health care, nurses are well positioned for:
identifying patients at risk for malnutrition
Chronic gastritis may increase risk of:
iron and vitamin B12 deficiencies
Alcohol is not a nutrient because:
it does not contribute to the body's growth or repair
Desirable LDL cholesterol
less than 100
Desirable fasting triglycerides
less than 150
Desirable total blood cholesterol
less than 200
High-risk HDL cholesterol
less than 40
Patients with mild hypertriglyceridemia may improve their triglyceride levels by:
limiting intakes of refined carbohydrates
Foods high in iron that help prevent or treat anemia include:
meat and dark green, leafy vegetables
What is a safe rate of weight loss on a long-term basis for most overweight people?
1/2 pound to 2 pounds a week
The nurse teaches a newly diagnosed diabetic patient to treat an episode of hypoglycemia by doing what?
15 jelly beans or 1/2 cup of juice
For malnourished and underweight people, protein and energy-dense snacks include:
scrambled eggs and peanut butter on wheat toast
Refeeding syndrome is associated with dangerous fluctuations in:
serum electrolytes
Two situations in which a person may experience fluid and electrolyte imbalances are:
vomiting and burns
Hepatitis patients should primary avoid what?
Alcohol
Wernicke Korsakoff Syndrome is linked to overuse or abuse of what substance?
Alcohol
The nurse is planning for the nutritional needs of a patient with acute pancreatitis. The nurse understands that ____________________ should be done initially.
All oral fluids & foods should be withheld (NPO)
NPO or "non per os" is an order not to give a patient what?
Anything at all food, drink, medication
An effective dietary strategy for the treatment of GERD is to ______________.
Avoid caffeine & alcohol
Which of the following is the most important goal for both medical and nutrition therapy for diabetes?
Blood Glucose Control
In what chief capacity does vitamin K function?
Blood clotting
Which nutrient produces the most carbon dioxide during metabolism causing it to be more difficult to breathe if you have COPD?
Carbohydrate
The nutrient that has the greatest influence on blood glucose levels is _________________.
Carbohydrates
Dietary treatment, including restriction of sodium, alcohol, and fluids is most likely used for what condition?
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
Kidney Stones
Decrease oxalate & Increase protein / fluids
Hyperkalemia
Decrease potassium / fruits & veggies
Nephrotic syndrome
Decrease protein / sodium
What would be the most effective method to control blood cholesterol levels?
Decrease saturated fat & trans fat and replace it with unsaturated fat
What can be done to decrease triglyceride levels in the blood?
Decrease simple sugars, fat, and alcohol intake
Hypertension
Decrease sodium & Eliminate alcohol
Myocardial Infarction
Decrease sodium & Eliminate saturated and trans fats
CHF (Congestive Heart Failure)
Decrease sodium / fluids
Edema
Decrease sodium / fluids
CKD (Chronic Kidney Disease)
Decrease sodium / protein
A person with dysphagia has ___________ _______________________.
Difficulty Swallowing
During times of critical illness, plasma proteins leak out of the blood vessels, attract water, fluid accumulates and causes swelling known as what?
Edema
GERD (reflux)
Eliminate / decrease spicy, caffeine, chocolate
Fatty Liver/Cirrhosis
Eliminate alcohol & Decrease fat
Pancreatitis
Eliminate alcohol & Decrease sugar / fat
Hepatitis
Eliminate alcohol / energy drinks
PKU (phenylketonuria)
Eliminate aspiratane / phenylalanine
Celiac Disease
Eliminate gluten / lactose
Research has shown that the risk for neural tube defects is lowered by taking supplements of what?
Folate
A Hispanic pregnant woman is visiting the community clinic for her first prenatal visit. She has a family history of diabetes, she is obese, and her last baby weighed 9 pounds, 8 ounces. The nurse realizes that she is at risk for what?
Gestational Diabetes
When blood glucose concentration falls, what pancreatic hormone is secreted to stimulate release of stored glucose?
Glucagon
What provides nearly all of the energy the human brain uses daily?
Glucose
Patients with celiac disease must avoid foods that contain what?
Gluten
The leading cause of death in the US associated with diet is ______________.
Heart Disease
Iron overload is also known as what?
Hemochrematosis
What is the most important strategy for an underweight person who wishes who wishes to achieve a healthy body weight?
High calorie diet & regular exercise
Nutrition therapy for COPD includes what main goals?
Correcting malnutrition with higher calories from fat and lower from carbohydrate
A woman with a severe iodine deficiency during pregnancy may give birth to a child with what?
Cretinism
Who would be the most appropriate person to consult regarding medical nutrition therapy?
Registered dietitian
___________ is a characteristic sign of hypoglycemia.
Shakiness
Which group of symptoms is characteristic of the metabolic syndrome?
Hyperglycemia, abdominal obesity, reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels HDL
Dysphagia
Increased pureed
Which of the following is the most likely side effect of a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet?
Increased thirst due to water weight loss
Patients with celiac disease & Crohn's disease often cannot tolerate what (besides gluten)?
Lactose
The nurse is reinforcing the dietitian's instructions for a postgastrectomy diet. The nurse realizes the client understands his diet when he states that he should do what?
Limit amount of sweets, cola, honey, and jam
Ben is worried that his family history of heart disease and his BMI of 28 are putting him at very high risk for developing cardiovascular disease. What would a clinician advise Ben to help lower his risk?
Lose weight, this can lower both blood cholesterol and blood pressure
The best overall diet for protection against heart disease appears to be ____________________________________.
Mediterranean Diet
What is a symptom of potassium deficiency?
Muscle weakness & arythmias
What term identifies the characteristic tingling sensations and reddening of the skin after ingesting a pharmacologic does of nicotinic acid?
Niacin Flush
A bone fracture might be the first clue that someone might have what "silent disease"?
Osteoporosis
Some of the health risks associated with being underweight include what?
Osteoporosis & Bone fractures
The first dietary objective in the treatment of anorexia nervosa is to do what?
Stop further weight loss
What is the name given to the ingestion of nonnutritive substances?
Pica
The frequent urination common in diabetes is known as _____________
Polyuria
Mr. Wilson's laboratory reports indicate hyperkalemia. His intake of ____________ should be restricted.
Potassium
Jared Joiner is a 56-year-old male who is 5'9" tall and weighs 204 pounds. Mr. Joiner has been feeling particularly fatigued lately and decided to make an appointment with his physician for a check-up. The results of his laboratory tests include a fasting blood glucose level of 121 mg/dL. Mr. Joiner's blood glucose level meets the criteria for a diagnosis of what?
Pre-diabetes
What is the name of the condition characterized by high blood pressure, edema, and protein in the urine of a pregnant woman?
Preeclampsia
A major reason why people must have sufficient carbohydrate and fat in the diet is to prevent what?
Prevent the breakdown of body protein for energy
Lactose Intolerance
eliminate dairy / lactose
Nutrient deficiencies, decreased mineral absorption, bloating & gastrointestinal (g.i.) obstruction can happen if you take in too much _____________.
fiber
After being diagnosed with hyperglycemia, Mr. Joiner returns 4 months later to his physician for a follow-up appointment. He has lost 10 pounds, but his fasting blood glucose level is now 131 mg/dL. Mr. Joiner's prediabetes has progressed to ________________________________.
Type 2 Diabetes
Irreversible nerve damage has been reported in people taking large doses of vitamin
Vitamin B6
Which of the following vitamins is known to deactivate histamine, a substance that causes nasal congestion?
Vitamin C
Deficiency of which of the following minerals is associated with retarded growth and sexual development in children?
Zinc
Constipation
increase - fiber, fluids, prunes
The excessive thirst common in diabetes is known as ________________
polydipsia
What may result from excessive intakes of vitamin D by adults?
Mineralizations of kidneys
What is the best approach to weight loss?
Reduce calories & Increase activity
The nurse recognizes that the most appropriate diet therapy for a client with cirrhosis provides what?
Adequate energy & Adequate protein
Major proteins in the blood that protect against bacteria and other disease agents are called:
Antibodies
Enternal nutrition provides nutrients using what?
GI tract (digestive tract)
A Fat-Restricted diet is best used for what type of patient or condition?
Malabsorption, diseases of the liver, pancreas, or gallbladder
Foods permitted on the clear liquid diet include all of the following except:
Milk
What might be a contraindication for tube feeding?
Severe G.I bleeding
Jenny has just learned that she is one month pregnant (1st trimester). She has been looking forward to all the ice cream, chips and cakes she has seen women on TV and in the movies eating when they are pregnant. What is the most appropriate advice for Jenny?
She does not have increased energy needs in the 1st trimester and should not indulge herself.
which of the following does not contribute to dehydration risk in older adults?
Total body water increases with age
Which of the following health risks is not associated with being overweight?
Type 1 diabetes
Three good food sources of calcium are:
milk, sardines, and broccoli
Why shouldn't vitamin E supplements be taken for at least one week before surgery?
Acts as a blood thinner and can lead to excessive bleeding
What is the primary function of potassium?
Acts as principal intracellular electrolyte & Keeps the heartbeat steady
A person with chronic diarrhea is at risk for what?
Dehydration
Mr. Purcell is an elderly gentleman who complains of frequent constipation. To deal with this problem, the nurse tells Mr. Purcell to do what?
Drink plenty of fluids
The nurse is working with a client who recently suffered from a stroke. The client complains of painful swallowing, nasal regurgitation during swallowing, and coughing during meals. The nurse recognizes these as symptoms of what?
Dysphagia
Goiter is caused primarily by a deficiency of what?
Iodine
What nutrient is responsible for causing the most accidental ingestion deaths in children?
Iron
Kati, a 19 year old female, arrived at the ER with a head injury and multiple broken bones. She is currently in a coma. When she arrived in the ER, the most immediate nutrition concern was what?
Restoring fluid & Electrolyte balance
A COPD patient who complains of abdominal discomfort and dyspnea may benefit from what type of meals?
Small frequent meals
Name the four classic risk factors for CHD
Smoking, high LDL, high blood pressure, diabetes
Diarrhea
decrease - fiber / fluids