A&P1 - Module 4 Study Set
Which of the following is not true regarding the lentiform nucleus?
It contains white matter.
Which of the following is true about the cerebral cortex?
It is a superficial layer of gray matter.
Which of the following is true regarding the pineal gland?
It is part of the epithalamus and secretes melatoning.
Which of the following is not a property of the blood-brain barrier?
It is very permeable to many water and lipid-soluble compounds.
Which of the following is not true of meningitis?
It only affects spinal meninges.
In an adult, the conus medullaris is found at about
L1
The adult spinal cord typically ends between vertebrae
L1-L2
Which of the following statements concerning the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is false?
Preganglionic fibers are relatively short and postganglionic fibers are relatively long.
During _____ sleep, dreaming occurs.
REM
Which statement is true regarding the meninges and cerebrospinal fluid of the spinal cord and brain?
The choroid plexuses are located only within the brain, not within the spinal cord.
Figure 13-1 The Spinal Cord Identify the structure labeled "9".
anterior gray commissure
If a friend is talking about someone she knows who lost his special senses, you would correct her when you hear her mention _____ because it is not a special sense.
cold
Clusters of ganglionic sympathetic neurons that innervate organs in the abdominopelvic region are called _____ ganglia.
collateral
In the spinal cord, white matter is separated into ascending and descending tracts organized as
columns
The tough, fibrous, outermost covering of the spinal cord is the
dura mater
Two large venous sinuses, the sagittal sinuses, lie within a dural fold called the
falx cerebri
Which of the following is/are sometimes called "prickling pain"?
fast pain
The descending spinal tract that crosses to the opposite side of the body within the medulla oblongata is the _____ tract.
lateral corticospinal
The optic tracts carry visual information from the retina to the
lateral geniculate nuclei
After suffering a blow to the back of the head, Phil loses his vision. The blow probably caused damage to the
occipital lobe
The visual cortex is located in the
occipital lobe
Droopy eyelids and double vision can result from injury to the _____ nerve.
oculomotor
Figure 14-2 Cranial Nerves What is the function of the structure labeled "7"?
olfaction
The only sensation that is received directly by the cerebrum is
olfaction
Olfactory receptors send axons through the cribriform plate and synapse on neurons in the
olfactory bulb
Nicotinic receptors
open chemically-gated sodium ion channels
Which of the following nerves is purely sensory?
optic
In which system are the ganglia in or near the target organ?
parasympathetic division of the ANS
Figure 15-1 Spinothalamic Tracts The third-order neuron in this pathway synapses in what structure labeled "7"?
primary sensory cortex
Spinal interneurons inhibit antagonist motor neurons in a process called
reciprocal inhibition
The mesencephalon contains the headquarters of the _____, a specialized component of the reticular formation that controls alertness and attention.
reticular activating system
Sensory neurons that are always active are called _____ receptors.
tonic
Figure 13-2 Spinal Nerves Which branch carries motor neurons to structures on the back of the body trunk?
1
Figure 15-1 Spinothalamic Tracts Which structure conducts action potentials directly from a sensory receptor?
1
Which of the following statements is true? The stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors can lead to 1. an increase in metabolic activity 2. contraction of airway smooth muscle 3. the breakdown of triglycerides within adipocytes
1 and 3
Enlarged area of the spinal cord from which nerves to the shoulder and upper limbs arise
cervical enlargement
Stimulation of a neuron that terminates in the superior region of the left postcentral gyrus would produce
a sensation in the right leg
Figure 15-1 Spinothalamic Tracts Where in the spinal cord is the structure labeled "2" located?
anterior white column
Axons cross from one side of the spinal cord to the other through the
anterior white commissure
Mechanisms involved in memory formation and storage involve all of the following except
anterograde amnesia
Cerebrospinal fluid enters the blood circulation at the
arachnoid granulations
The white matter of the cerebellum forms the
arbor vitae
The folds of the surface of the cerebellum
are called folia and are less prominent than the cerebral folds
All of the following are true of muscle spindles except they
are found in tendons
All of the following are true of fast pain sensations except that they
are interpreted by the pre-frontal cortex
Muscarinic receptors
are normally activated by acetylcholine
The anterior nuclei of the thalamus
are part of the limbic system
Clusters of ganglionic sympathetic neurons lying along either side of the spinal cord are called sympathetic _____ ganglia.
chain
The ganglia located lateral to the vertebral column are part of the sympathetic
chain
Figure 16-1 ANS Pathway Identify the round structure labeled "3."
chain ganglion
Receptors in your stomach that determine when food enters because of the pH changes would be classified as
chemoreceptors
All parasympathetic neurons are
cholinergic
Figure 14-1 The Circulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid Identify the structure labeled "1."
choroid plexus
In each ventricle is a blood vessel network called the _____ that produces cerebrospinal fluid.
choroid plexus
Which of the following is not true about a positive Babinski reflex?
clinicians test this when a peripheral nerve injury is suspected
The dura mater tapers inferiorly to form the
coccygeal ligament
The thalamus is often called the "air traffic controller" of the brain because it
determines the routing of incoming sensory information to the correct cerebral cortex area
The passageway between the lateral ventricles and the third ventricle is the
interventricular foramen
The general senses
involve receptors that are relatively simple in structure
Reflexes that activate muscles on the same side of the body as the stimulus are called
ipsilateral
Some neurons within the basal nuclei are known to
inhibit neurons with GABA and stimulate neurons with acetylcholine
Central adaptation refers to
inhibition of nuclei located along a sensory pathway
Reflexes based on synapses formed during development are _____ reflexes.
innate
Splanchnic nerves
innervate the viscera or internal organs
The region of the cerebral cortex that is medial and deep to the temporal lobe is the
insula
_____ centers receive information from many association areas and direct extremely complex motor activities such as speech.
integrative
Commissural fibers
interconnect and allow communication between cerebral hemispheres
Which of the following is not correctly matched?
internal capsule: bands of association fibers
The brain requires a substantial blood supply. The vessels that deliver blood to the brain are the
internal carotid and vertebral arteries
The most complicated spinal reflexes are called
intersegmental reflex arcs
Damage to the premotor cortex of the frontal lobe would interfere with the ability to
play the piano
A complex, interwoven network of nerves is called a
plexus
The complex, interwoven network formed by contributions from the anterior rami of neighboring spinal nerves is termed a(n)
plexus
A(n) _____ reflex has at least one interneuron placed between the sensory and motor neurons.
polysynaptic
You suspect your friend has damage to cranial nerve I when he is unable to
smell his food.
Examination of a tissue sample from the central nervous system reveal many darkly pigmented cells. This tissue probably came from the
substantia nigra
Cerebrospinal fluid flows within the
subarachnoid space
Figure 14-1 The Circulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid Identify the structure labeled "6."
subarachnoid space
Samples of CSF for diagnostic purposes are normally obtained by placing the tip of a needle in the
subarachnoid space
What contains a spider web-like network of cells and fibers through which cerebrospinal fluid flows?
subarachnoid space
Examination of a tissue sample from the central nervous system reveals many darkly pigmented cells. This tissue probably came from the
substantia nigra
The corpora quadrigemina is composed of the
superior and inferior colliculi
Sympathetic postganglion fibers that innervate the small intestines originate from the
superior mesenteric ganglion
Which of the following is not one of the thalamic nuclei?
superior nuclei
Figure 14-1 The Circulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid Identify the structure labeled "9."
superior sagittal sinus
To return CSF to circulation, arachnoid granulations extend into the
superior sagittal sinus
Which hypothalamic nucleus is responsible for regulating circadian rhythms?
suprachiasmatic nucleus
The _____ nervous system stimulates the arrector pili muscles and gives you "goosebumps."
sympathetic
Parasympathetic ganglia that are near the eyes and salivary glands are called _____ ganglia.
terminal
Long-term memories that are with you for a lifetime are called _____ memories.
tertiary
Figure 15-1 Spinothalamic Tracts Identify the structure labeled "5."
thalamus
Sensory information is processed and relayed to the cerebrum by the
thalamus
The _____ filters and relays sensory information to cerebral cortex.
thalamus
All of the following pathways require third-order neurons synapsing in the thalamus except
the anterior and posterior spinocerebellar tracts
Upper motor neurons of the corticospinal tract synapse with neurons in
the anterior gray horns of the spinal cord
The subdural space lies between
the dura mater and the arachnoid mater
Figure 15-1 Spinothalamic Tracts Identify the type of information that travels along the structure labeled "2."
crude touch and pressure sensations
Which of the following is not a parasympathetic ganglion?
celiac
Which neuron delivers sensations to the CNS?
first-order
Figure 13-1 The Spinal Cord Ascending and descending tracts can be found in which area(s) of the spinal cord?
1, 2, 3
Figure 13-2 Spinal Nerves In which structure are sensory cell bodies located?
10
Which of the following associations is incorrect?
11 thoracic spinal nerves
There are _____ pairs of cranial nerves.
12
Figure 13-1 The Spinal Cord Where do somatic motor neurons reside?
14
Figure 13-2 Spinale Nerves Damage to which structure would lead to paralysis of limbs?
2
Figure 14-1 The Circulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid Ependymal cells are most likely found at which structure?
2
Place the following events of a reflex arc in the correct order: 1) motor neuron activation 2) sensory neuron activation 3) sensory receptor activation 4) information processing 5) effector response
3, 2, 4, 1, 5
The spinal cord continues to elongate until about age
4 years
Figure 14-1 The Circulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid Identify the structure labeled "4."
4th ventricle
Figure 14-2 Cranial Nerves Identify the nerve that goes beyond the head and neck to innervate the thorax and abdomen.
5
Figure 15-2 The Corticospinal Pathway The axon labeled "2" synapses with which structure?
5
Figure 14-2 Cranial Nerves Identify the spinal accessory nerve (XI).
6
Figure 14-1 The Circulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid CSF is absorbed into the venous circulation via arachnoid granulations. Identify an arachnoid granulation.
8
The adult human brain contains almost _____ of the body's neural tissue.
97 percent
_____ is a temporary cerebral disorder accompanied by abnormal movements, unusual sensations, and/or inappropriate behavior.
A seizure
We are constantly bombarded by a variety of stimuli inside and outside of our bodies. Why are we not overwhelmed by sensory information?
A very tiny percentage of incoming sensory information is received by the cerebral cortex.
The hypothalamus produces which two hormones?
ADH and oxytocin
Ganglionic neurons innervate all of the following except
skeletal muscle
Which of the following is not true regarding hemispheric lateralization?
Analytic tasks like math and decision making occurs in the right hemisphere.
_____ is a disorder affecting the ability to speak or read.
Aphasia
_____ are receptors in the aorta that monitor the blood pressure.
Baroreceptors
_____ is a condition resulting from an inflammation of a facial nerve.
Bell's palsy
Tony hit his head in a car accident. The physicians diagnosed him with a subdural hemorrhage. Which of the following correctly state where the bleeding has occurred in his brain?
Blood is between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater.
Following a head injury, Kevin can think of the word he wants to say but cannot make his mouth form the correct sounds to produce the word. He is most likely suffering from damage to
Broca's area
Tactile receptors located in the reticular dermis that are tonic and show little if any adaptation are called
Bulbous corpuscles
Which of the following is not controlled by the ANS?
skeletal muscle system
Which of the following is an inherited disease characterized by destruction of ACh-secreting and GABA-secreting neurons in the basal nuclei causing difficulty controlling movements?
Huntington's disease
The nuclei of which cranial nerves are associated with the midbrain?
III and IV
The cranial nerves that innervate the extrinsic eye muscles are
III, IV, and VI
Which statement is true regarding cerebrospinal fluid?
If CSF is not properly reabsorbed, the result would be hydrocephalus.
Blocking _____ receptors in the _____ prevents long-term memory formation.
NMDA; hippocampus
Which of the following is not a true statement regarding the sympathetic division?
The effects are not widespread but very specific and localized.
Why is it that one cannot identify the location of internal organs, although joints and bone location can be identified?
The internal organs have no proprioceptors like joints, bones, and muscles.
Damage to the glossopharyngeal nerve would likely cause
a reduction in saliva
Hallucinogenic drugs, such as LSD, function by
stimulating serotonin receptors
Which of the following is not a reason a reflex response may fail during a clinical exam?
The person may be elderly and no longer have any reflexes.
Which of the following is true of all the sensory pathways?
They all enter through dorsal roots.
Which of the following statements is true about general senses?
They are distributed all over the body.
Which of the following is not true regarding visceral reflex arcs?
They are monosynaptic.
Which of the following is not true of polysynaptic reflexes?
They involve one muscle group.
Which of the following is not true regarding an epidural block?
This procedure does not provide sustained anesthesia
Tom suffers from hypertension (high blood pressure). Which of the following might help deal with his problem?
a drug that blocks alpha-1 receptors in smooth muscle and blocks beta receptors in cardiac muscle tissue
The complex integration of sensory information with visual and auditory memories occurs in this area near the auditory cortex?
Wernicke's area
Preganglionic fibers of parasympathetic neurons are present in all of the following cranial nerves except
XII
A patient comes into the emergency room with weakness on one side and difficulty walking and talking. You determine that the brain has been deprived of oxygen due to lack of regional blood flow. You suspect that patient has most likely experienced
a cerebrovascular accident
Most sympathetic effector junctions release norepinephrine but a significant number release acetylcholine instead. Which of these is an example of the cholinergic type?
a sweat gland
Collateral ganglia contain neurons that innervate tissues and organs in which cavity?
abdominopelvic
Figure 14-2 Cranial Nerves Identify the nerve labeled "3."
abducens nerve
A person with a damaged visual association area may be
able to see letters but unable to associate them into words
A patient suffers an inability to shrug their shoulders. The nerve most likely to be damaged is the
accessory
Parasympathetic effects are localized and short-lived because
acetylcholine is inactivated at the synapse by acetylcholinesterase
The inherited brain disorder Huntington's disease is caused by the destruction of basal nuclei that use different neurotransmitters. One neurotransmitter is _____ and the other is _____.
acetylcholine; GABA
An inhaler used to treat airway constriction in asthma or allergy might contain a drug that
activates β2 adrenergic receptors.
A reduction in sensitivity in the presence of a constant stimulus is referred to as
adaptation
Specialized ganglionic sympathetic neurons that release hormones into the bloodstream are found within the
adrenal medullae
If the receptor on the postsynaptic membrane binds to norepinephrine, the synapse is called
adrengergic
The sensory receptors, neurons and pathways make up the _____ division of the nervous system.
afferent
Autonomic tone is an important aspect of ANS function because it
allows ANS neurons to increase or decrease their activity, providing a range of control options.
The brain waves produced by normal adults while resting with their eyes closed are _____ waves.
alpha
Regarding the sympathetic nervous system, the neurotransmitter ACh is
always excitatory when used in the synapses of the sympathetic nervous system
Which of the following is a progressive, degenerative disorder that affects upper and lower motor neurons causing skeletal muscle atrophy?
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
A decrease in the autonomic tone of the smooth muscle in a blood vessel would result in
an increase in blood flow through the vessel
Suppose that you feel something brushing against your abdomen. The sensory information would be carried to the spinal cord over a(n) _____ ramus.
anterior
Nerve plexuses are formed by interconnecting branches of the
anterior rami
The _____ innervates the ventrolateral body surface, structures in the body wall, and the limbs.
anterior rami
Figure 13-2 Spinal Nerves Identify the structure labeled "2".
anterior ramus
The spinal tract that relays information concerning crude touch and pressure to the CNS is the
anterior spinothalamic
Mary is in an automobile accident and suffers a spinal cord injury. She has lost feeling in her lower body. Her doctor tells her that swelling is compressing a portion of her spinal cord. Which part of her cord is likely to be compressed?
ascending tracts
Cortical regions that interpret sensory information or coordinate motor responses are called _____ areas.
association
The cerebellum can be permanently damaged by stroke or temporarily affected by drugs or alcohol. The resulting disturbance in motor control is known as
ataxia
Drugs that block nicotinic receptors would be
autonomic blocking agents
Nerve networks that include both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers that reach the same structure are called
autonomic plexuses
Figure 15-1 Spinothalamic Tracts Identify the axon labeled "3."
axon of a second-order neuron
In motor pathways, the only portion of the pathway that is outside of the CNS is the
axon of the lower motor neuron
At the optic chiasm,
axons from the medial halves of each retina cross
The anterior root of a spinal nerve contains
axons of motor neurons
The posterior root of a spinal nerve contains
axons of sensory neurons
Muscles of the neck and shoulder are innervated by spinal nerves from the _____ region.
cervical
Based on the motor homunculus, which of the following body regions has the fewest number of motor units involved?
back trunk
Mechanoreceptors that respond to changes in blood pressure are called
baroreceptors
Bladder fullness is to _____ as blood pH is to _____.
baroreceptors; chemoreceptors
Within each hemisphere, deep to the floor of the ventricle, you will find the
basal nuclei
Which areas of the brain monitor and adjust activities of the motor pathways?
basal nuclei and cerebellum
A certain drug decreases heart rate by blocking a receptor on cardiac pacemaker cells. This drug probably binds to _____ receptors.
beta-1 adrenergic
Which of the following is not innervated by the celiac ganglia?
bladder
Hydropcephalus, or "water on the brain," may result from
blockage of CSF circulation or excessive CSF production
The medulla oblongata regulates
blood pressure and respiration
The choroid plexus is composed of
blood vessels
The adrenal medullae secrete
both epinephrine and norepinephrine
Control of the diameter of the respiratory passages depends upon
both parasympathetic and sympathetic levels of stimulation
Spinal nerves are
both sensory and motor
Dual innervation refers to an organ receiving
both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation
Preganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system are located in
both the brainstem and the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord
In which plexus does the ulnar nerve arise?
brachial
The anterior rami of spinal nerves C5 to T1 contribute fibers to the _____ plexus.
brachial
Chemoreceptors of the general senses do not send information to the primary sensory cortex but instead send information to the _____ to control autonomic function.
brain stem
The medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain comprise the
brain stem
If the pons was damaged, which of the following functions would be affected?
breathing
The postganglionic fibers that innervate glands in the body wall or smooth muscles in limbs are
gray rami communicantes
All of the following are true of neural reflexes except that they
cannot be modified by the brain
Sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers that innervate the heart pass through the
cardiac plexus
Sensations of burning or aching pain
cause a generalized activation of the reticular formation and the thalamus.
The posterior root ganglia mainly contain
cell bodies of sensory neurons
The spinal cord is part of the _____ nervous system.
central
Figure 14-1 The Circulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid Identify the structure labeled "10."
central canal
The presence of many large, highly-branched Purkinje cells in a sample of brain tissue indicated that it came from the
cerebellar cortex
Overseeing the postural muscles of the body and making rapid adjustments to maintain balance and equilibrium are functions of the
cerebellum
When you perform a physical activity that you have not done in a while, such as riding a bike, which area of your brain coordinates your movements with learned experiences?
cerebellum
Figure 14-1 The Circulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid Identify the structure labeled "3."
cerebral aqueduct
Most long-term memories are stored in the
cerebral cortex
Upper motor neurons are located in the
cerebral hemispheres and the brain stem
Descending fibers from the pons to the cerebellum pass through these structures of the midbrain?
cerebral peduncles
Nerve fiber bundles on the ventrolateral surface of the mesencephalon are the
cerebral peduncles
The highest levels of information processing occur in the
cerebrum
The celiac, superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric ganglia are collectively called _____ ganglia.
collateral
A state of unconsciousness in which an individual cannot be aroused even by strong stimuli is
coma
The corpus callosum is composed of
commissural fibers
The medial nuclei of the thalamus
connect emotional centers in the hypothalamus with the frontal lobe
Sympathetic nerves
contains short preganglionic fibers and longer postganglionic fibers
Reflexes that activate muscles on the opposite side of the body as the stimulus are called
contralateral
The mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus
control feeding reflexes
A motor neuron typically receives input from neurons that originate in various areas of the brain. This type of circuit is a
convergent circuit
Stimulation of the neurons in the celiac ganglion would lead to
conversion of liver glycogen reserves into glucose
A reflex that is used to assess the sensory function of the trigeminal nerve is the _____ reflex.
corneal
The _____ are the four masses on the posterior of the midbrain.
corpora quadrigemina
The white structure that connects the cerebral hemispheres is the
corpus callosum
A brain injury to a patient results in facial paralysis. Which descending tract is most likely affected?
corticobulbar tract
Which motor pathway does not end in the spinal cord?
corticobulbar tract
The pyramids on the ventral surface of the medulla oblongata are formed by fibers of the _____ tracts.
corticospinal
The parasympathetic division is also called the _____ division.
craniosacral
The _____ reflex complements the flexor reflex by activating contralateral muscles.
crossed extensor
Drugs that have effects similar to those of sympathetic activation are called sympathomimetic drugs. Which of the following would you not expect to observe in a person who has taken a sympathomimetic drug?
decreased blood pressure
Each of the following effects is associated with the action of postganglionic sympathetic fibers except
decreased heart rate
Peripheral adaptation _____ the number of action potentials that reach the CNS.
decreases
Figure 15-2 The Corticospinal Pathway What occurs in this neural pathway at label "3"?
decussation
The term used to describe the crossing over of a tract to the side of the nervous system opposite to where the axons originated is
decussation
Which EEG wave if seen in an awake adult may indicate a pathological condition?
delta
General sense receptors are typically the
dendrites of sensory neurons
These structures extending from the pia mater through to the dura mater support the spinal cord by preventing lateral movement
denticulate ligaments
What mental illness is often improved by drugs that block serotonin re-uptake?
depression
The specific strip of skin that is innervated by a specific spinal nerve is called a
dermatome
The pineal gland is part of the
diencephalon
Which of the following lies between the cerebrum and the brain stem?
diencephalon
The parasympathetic nervous system is especially active during which physiological state?
digestion
Injury to the neurons of a collateral ganglion would affect the function of the
digestive tract
Injury to the neurons of collateral ganglion would affect the function of the
digestive tract
Sympathomimetic drugs might be used to
dilate airways
Damage to the ventral roots of the first five thoracic spinal nerves on the right side of the body would interfere with the ability to
dilate the right pupil
Parasympathetic functions include all of the following, except
dilation of the airways
In _____, one neuron synapses on several postsynaptic neurons.
divergence
Most vital organs receive _____ innervation. That is, they receive input from both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
dual
Figure 14-1 The Circulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid Identify the structure labeled "7."
dura mater
The dural venous sinuses are located in the
dural folds
Figure 13-2 Spinal Nerves Identify the structure labeled "3".
gray ramus communicans
A(n) _____ is a printed record of the brain's electrical activity over a period of time.
electroencephalogram
Specialized _____ form the secretory component of the choroid plexus.
ependymal cells
The outermost connective tissue covering of nerves is the
epineurium
Descending branches of the vagus and splanchnic nerves travel through the _____ plexus.
esophageal
How rapidly is the CSF volume replaced?
every 8 hours
Drugs known as beta-blockers may be useful for treating
excessive heart rate
Figure 14-2 Cranial Nerves Identify the nerve labeled "12."
facial
The dural fold that projects into the longitudinal fissure between cerebral hemispheres is called the
falx cerebri
Stimulation of the _____ within the hypothalamus produces the sensation of hunger.
feeding center
The conus medullaris anchors the spinal cord to the coccygeal ligament via a strand of fibrous tissue called the
filum terminale
The afferent neuron that carries the sensation and enters the CNS is a _____ neuron.
first-order
Figure 15-1 Spinothalamic Tracts Identify the neuron labeled "1".
first-order neuron
Disorders involving the vagus nerve might cause
food to remain in your stomach longer
For minor surgical procedures, Valium is typically given to patients to cause anterograde amnesia. This means the patient will temporarily
forget memories from during and immediately after surgery
Which of the following is/are true of the epithalamus?
forms the roof of the diecephalon
A tract of white matter that connects the hippocampus with the hypothalamus is the
fornix
The ventricle associated with the pons and upper medulla is the
fourth
Which of the following is not a property of the limbic system?
functions in maintaining homeostasis in cold weather
Figure 16-1 ANS Pathway Identify the structure labeled "6."
ganglionic neuron
Preganglionic fibers leave the CNS and then synapse on
ganglionic neurons
Bob is struck on the left side of the head and is knocked unconscious. When he recovers consciousness, he can hear individual words but cannot understand the meaning of phrases or sentences. This implies damage to his
general interpretive area
A _____ potential is a depolarization of a sensory dendrite that can lead to an afferent nerve impulse if strong enough.
generator
Difficulty in swallowing may be a sign of damage to which cranial nerve(s)?
glossopharyngeal and vagus
Axons crossing from one side of the spinal cord to the other within the gray matter are found in the
gray commissures
The rounded elevations of the cerebrum that increase its surface area are called
gyri
Alzheimer's disease is characterized by all of the following except that it
has a clear genetic basis
The motor homunculus shows larger structures in areas of the body that
have more motor units
Figure 14-2 Cranial Nerves What is the function of the nerve labeled "4"?
hearing and balance
Which sensation(s) does the vestibulocochlear nerve carry?
hearing and balance
The _____ is important in storage and recall of new long-term memories.
hippocampus
Which of the following is essential for memory consolidation?
hippocampus
The outward projections from the central gray matter of the spinal cord, seen easily in microscopic spinal cord cross sections, are called
horns
A patient develops a tumor of a cranial nerve that leads to difficulty in speaking from a loss of tongue movement. Which cranial nerve is affected?
hypoglossal
Which cranial nerve is tested by having the patient stick out their tongue?
hypoglossal
Joe begins to experience mood swings and disturbed thirst and hunger. Imaging studies indicate that a brain tumor is the likely cause of these disorders. In what part of the brain is the tumor most likely located?
hypothalamus
The _____ provides the principal link between the nervous and endocrine systems.
hypothalamus
The floor of the diecephalon is formed by the
hypothalamus
The integrative centers for autonomic activity are located in the
hypothalamus
Visceral motor neuron nuclei are located in which part of the brain?
hypothalamus
Parkinson's disease is the result of
inadequate production of dopamine by substantia nigra neurons
Stimulation of the beta receptors on heart muscle cells results in
increased heart rate and force contraction
Which of the following would be an example of higher-level control of autonomic function?
increased heart rate when you see a person you fear
Changes in the central nervous system that accompany aging include all of the following except
increased memory storage
Parasympathetic stimulation
increases gastric motility
The medulla oblongata relays auditory stimuli to the
inferior colliculi
The reflex movement of the head toward a loud noise is directed by the mesencephalon. Which nuclei accomplish this?
inferior colliculi
This structure of the medulla oblongata relays information from the red nuclei, midbrain, and the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum.
inferior olivary complex
The _____, a narrow stalk, connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland.
infundibulum
Cerebrospinal fluid
is secreted by ependymal cells
Nicotine poisoning differs from muscarine poisoning in that
it causes skeletal muscle convulsions
In order for a sensation to become a perception,
it must be received by the somatosensory cortex
The link between peripheral receptor and cortical neuron is called a(n)
labeled line
A very large, fast-adapting tactile receptor that is composed of a single dendrite enclosed by concentric layers of collagen is a
lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscle
Male brains are typically _____ compared to female brains.
larger
The dorsal/posterior nuclei of the thalamus includes the
lateral and medial geniculate nuclei
Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system are located in the
lateral gray horns of segments T1 to L2 of the spinal cord
The spinal tract that relays information concerning pain and temperature to the CNS is the
lateral spinothalamic
A viral disease that destroys the cells of the anterior gray horn will
lead to skeletal muscle weakness or paralysis
After suffering a stroke, Mary finds that she cannot move her right arm. This would suggest that the stroke damage is in the area of the _____ lobe.
left frontal
As the result of an accident, the white rami communicates of spinal nerves T1 and T2 on the left side of Brad's body are severed. What organ(s) would you expect to be affected by this injury?
left pupil and heart
Spinal nerves from the sacral region of the cord innervate the _____ muscles.
leg
The system that functions in tying together emotions, motivation and memory is the
limbic system
Divisions of the cerebral hemispheres that are named after the overlying skull bones are
lobes
The two cerebral hemispheres are separated by the
longitudinal fissure
What loss would result from cutting through the medial lemniscus on the right side?
loss of fine touch sensation on the left side of the body
Bill contracts a viral disease that destroys cells in the posterior gray horns in his spinal cord. As a result, which of the following would you expect?
loss of sensation in his torso
In the corticospinal pathway, the neuron that exits the spinal cord and enters the spinal nerve is called the _____ neuron.
lower motor
Motor neurons whose cell bodies are within the spinal cord are called _____ neurons.
lower motor
During the procedure known as a(n) _____, a needle is inserted into the subarachnoid spaced in the inferior lumbar region.
lumbar puncture
Arrange the spinal meninges from innermost layer to outermost layer/
pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater
The upper motor neurons of the medial pathway are located within any of the following except the
mammillary bodies
Sensory innervation of the lower teeth and gums is by the _____ nerve.
mandibular branch of the trigeminal
Autonomic centers that control blood pressure, heart rate, and digestion are located in the
medulla oblongata
Cardiovascular centers located in the _____ adjust the heart rate, the strength of cardiac contractions, and the flow of blood through the peripheral tissues.
medulla oblongata
The control of heart rate and blood pressure is based in the
medulla oblongata
Conversion of a short-term memory to a long-term memory is called
memory consolidation
The cerebellum and pons develop from the
metencephalon
Based on stimulation studies, the "headquarters" of the reticular activating system appears to be based in the
midbrain
The structure of the brain that carries ascending sensory information to the thalamus is the
midbrain
Which of the following tracts is correctly matched?
middle cerebellar peduncles: link cerebellum with nuclei in the pons
If a person has a crush injury to the C3-C5 spinal segment, you would expect that he
might be unable to breathe on his own
The majority of norepinephrine released by varicosities only briefly affects the target tissue because it is quickly reused or broken down by
monoamine oxidase
In a(n) _____ reflex, a sensory neuron synapses directly on a motor neuron.
monosynaptic
As you ascend from the medulla oblongata to the cerebrum, the functions of each successive level become
more complex
Descending tracts in the spinal cord relay _____ information.
motor
Figure 15-2 The Corticospinal Pathway Identify the type of information that travels along the structure labeled "4."
motor commands to skeletal muscles
Axons of the corticobulbar tract terminate in the
motor nuclei of cranial nerves
Axons of the corticobulbar tracts terminate in the
motor nuclei of cranial nerves
The flexor reflex
moves a limb away from a painful stimulus
Sympathetic preganglionic fibers are _____ and have _____ axons.
short; myelinated
Recognized neuronal circuit patterns include all of the following except
multipolar
The white matter of the spinal cord is mainly
myelinated axons
The gray horns of the spinal cord contain mainly
neuron cell bodies
Which of the following is a sympathetic neurotransmitter used for vasodilation?
nitric oxide
A sensory receptor characterized peripherally as a free nerve ending which centrally uses glutamate and/or substance P as neurotransmitters would most likely be a
nociceptor
Endorphins can reduce perception of sensations initiated by
nociceptors
Pain is to _____ as cold is to _____.
nociceptors; thermoreceptors
The regulation of awake-asleep cycles appears to involve an interplay between brain stem nuclei that use different neurotransmitters. The one that favors alertness is _____ and the other promoting deep sleep is _____.
norepinephrine; serotonin
Masses of gray matter within the central nervous system are
nuclei
The area of the motor cortex that is devoted to a particular region of the body is proportional to the
number of motor units in that region
Figure 14-2 Cranial Nerves Identify the structure labeled "1."
optic nerve
Which is not a sympathetic ganglion?
otic
Which is an example of a slow-adapting receptor?
pain
You are sitting at a Mexican restaurant waiting for your food. The waiter brings a very hot plate, telling you to be careful about touching it. You touch it anyways, producing a pain sensation in your fingers, a withdrawal of your hand, and an auditory comment of what you are thinking. This scenario represents a _____ neuronal circuit.
parallel processing
The loss of feeling and movement of the legs is termed
paraplegia
The _____ division of the autonomic nervous system is said to function during "rest and digest".
parasympathetic
For the last few weeks, you have had an odd sensation on your upper thigh. When you touch the naked skin, it feels very strange, like you are touching your skin through layers of cloth. The surrounding area feels normal. Your doctor thinks that this may be related to spinal nerve damage related to a herniated disc. The doctor calls this change in sensation
paresthesia
The region(s) of the cerebral cortex superior to the lateral sulcus is/are the
parietal and frontal lobes
The cerebral lobe posterior to the central sulcus is the
parietal lobe
Intramural ganglia in the digestive, urinary, and reproductive organs are innervated by the _____ nerves.
pelvic
Preganglionic fibers from the sacral segments of the spinal cord form the _____ nerve(s).
pelvic
The dominant cerebral hemisphere of the brain
performs analytical tasks
The layer of connective tissue that surrounds a fascicle within a peripheral nerve is the
perineurium
The dural sinuses form between which two layers of the cranial dura mater?
periosteal and meningeal layers
Regional loss of sensory or motor function from nerve trauma or compression is termed
peripheral neuropathy
Activity of neurons in the spinothalamic pathway may still send signals even if the first order sensory receptor does not receive a signal such as in amputation. This situation might cause
phantom limb pain
Sensory neurons that adapt quickly are called _____ receptors.
phasic
Your brain is not constantly bombarded with signals telling it that you are wearing socks. This is because the touch receptors around your ankle are
phasic receptors and fast-adapting
The _____ nerve, which arises in the cervical plexus, innervates the diaphragm.
phrenic
The brachial plexus gives rise to all of the following nerves except the
phrenic
Blood vessels that supply the spinal cord run along the surface of the
pia mater
The layer of meninges in direct contact with the spinal cord is the
pia mater
What structure is covered by many blood vessels and adheres tightly to the surface of the brain?
pia mater
Jane, a 79-year-old woman, has been diagnosed with a tumor in the brain. She has lost some sensory and motor functions associated with the face, like control of facial muscles for emotion and various sensory functions like taste. In addition, she has some hearing loss and balance problems. The location of the tumor is likely to be the
pons
The tracts that connect the cerebellum to the brain stem are located in the
pons
Which ascending tract carries the sensations for fine touch and vibration?
posterior (dorsal) column
Figure 13-1 The Spinal Cord Identify the structure labeled "4".
posterior gray horn
Figure 13-1 The Spinal Cord Identify the structure labeled "1".
posterior white column
Figure 16-1 ANS Pathway Identify the structure labeled "4."
postganglionic fibers of sympathetic nerve
The primary motor cortex is the surface of the
precentral gyrus
The region of the brain responsible for predicting the consequence of events or actions is the
prefrontal cerebral cortex
Which cerebral area is involved with judgment and predictive abilities?
prefrontal cortex
A visceral motor neuron whose cell body is within the CNS is called a(n) _____ neuron.
preganglionic
Figure 16-1 ANS Pathway Identify the structure labeled "1."
preganglionic neuron
In order to take notes the primary motor cortex must receive input from the _____ first.
premotor cortex
Figure 15-2 The Corticospinal Pathway Identify the structure labeled "1."
primary motor cortex
The corticospinal pathway begins in which area of the brain?
primary motor cortex
The surface of the postcentral gyrus contains the _____ cortex.
primary sensory
Action potentials from receptors involved in general sensations are interpreted in the
primary sensory cortex
A person touches you lightly with a feather. What two areas of the brain allow you to feel and interpret this touch?
primary sensory cortex and the somatic sensory association area
What symptoms would you expect to see in a patient with damage to the basal nuclei?
problems in rhythmic movements related to skeletal muscles
Autonomic disorders would not cause
problems related to skeletal muscle functions
Which of the following is a function of the thalamus?
process sensory information and relay it to the cerebrum
Which of the following is not a function of cerebrospinal fluid?
produces ATP for impulse transmission
Which of the following is a property of thermoreceptors?
project to reticular formation
Receptors that monitor the position of joints belong to the category called
proprioceptors
You cannot tell when your small intestines shift position as food enters because you do not have any _____ there.
proprioceptors
Two types of receptors that are least likely to adapt are the
proprioceptors and nociceptors
Which of these is not one of the main divisions of the adult brain?
prosencephalon
During development, three primary brain vesicles form. The three vesicles are the
prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon
The basal nuclei
provide the background patterns of movement involved in voluntary motor activities
The basal nuclei
provide the general pattern and rhythm for movements such as walking
Which of the following visceral reflexes is not coordinated by the medulla oblongata?
pupillary reflex
The neurons of the primary motor cortex are _____ cells.
pyramidal
The corticospinal system is often referred to as the
pyramidal system
The condition in which a person loses all feeling and movement of the arms and legs due to spinal cord injury is termed
quadriplegia
Loss of feeling in the thumb and first two fingers is most likely due to a damaged _____ nerve.
radial
Using the two-point discrimination test you can fairly accurately determine whether you have been touched with one point or two because of the density of the
receptor fields
Gustatory receptors are sensitive to dissolved chemicals but insensitive to light. This is due to
receptor specificity
The rubrospinal tracts originate in the
red nuclei
Damage to the preoptic area of the hypothalamus leads to which problem?
reduced ability to regulate body temperature
The neural "wiring" of a single reflex is called a(n)
reflex arc
The conscious state is maintained by the
reticular activating system
Each of the following is an ascending tract in the spinal cord except the
reticulospinal tract
The spinal tract that normally plays a role in the subconscious regulation of the muscles of the arms is the _____ tract.
rubrospinal
The _____ tract provides subconscious regulation of upper limb muscle tone and movement and is part of the _____ pathway.
rubrospinal; lateral
Each of the following nerves originates in the lumbar plexus except the _____ nerve.
sciatic
The largest peripheral nerve is the _____ nerve.
sciatic
Sensory neurons synapse in the CNS with an interneuron known as a
second-order neuron
Which of the following is not function of the hypothalamus?
secrete melatonin
An age-related decline in mental function characterized by difficulties with spatial orientation, memory, language, and personality is called
senile dementia
Ascending tracts in the spinal cord relay _____ information.
sensory
If the posterior root of a spinal nerve is severed,
sensory input would be blocked
We can localize sensations that originate in different areas of the body because
sensory neurons from specific body regions project to specific cortical regions
The wall between the lateral ventricles is called the
septum pellucidum
In the condition _____, a virus infects posterior root ganglia, causing a painful rash whose distribution corresponds to that of the affected sensory nerves as seen in their dermatomes.
shingles
Visceral reflex arcs can bypass CNS neurons in _____ reflexes.
short
The _____ nervous system carries impulses to skeletal muscles.
somatic
_____ reflexes activate skeletal muscles.
somatic
Figure 13-2 Spinal Nerves Ken has a herniated disc which is pinching the structure labeled "10". He is most likely experiencing impairment in which sensory pathway?
somatic and visceral sensory
The large anterior gray horns of the spinal cord contain mainly
somatic motor nuclei
Figure 13-1 The Spinal Cord What is the function of the structure labeled "11"?
somatic sensory receiving
The specialized membranes that surround the spinal cord are termed the
spinal meninges
A posterior and anterior root of each spinal segment unite to form a
spinal nerve
Figure 13-2 Spinal Nerves Identify the structure labeled "8".
spinal nerve
Figure 16-1 ANS Pathway Identify the structure labeled "2."
spinal nerve
Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers leave the CNS in all of the following locations except
spinal segments T1-L2
The sense of proprioception passes along the _____ pathway.
spinocerebellar
Preganglionic fibers that innervate the collateral ganglia form the
splanchnic nerves
A pedestrian narrowly avoids being hit by an oncoming car. He notices that it takes a little while for his heart rate and respiratory rate to return to normal. This is likely because
sympathetic activation of the adrenal medulla has released epinephrine and norepinephrine into the bloodstream.
Postganglionic fibers that innervate targets in the body wall or thoracic cavity originate on neurons within
sympathetic chain ganglia
Figure 13-2 Spinal Nerves Identify the structure labeled "6".
sympathetic ganglion
Sensory information from visceral organs is carried by the
sympathetic nerve
Preganglionic and postganglionic fibers of the autonomic nervous system that innervate internal organs are collectively called
sympathetic nerves
In general, autonomic tone of peripheral blood vessels increases when
sympathetic stimulation is increased
Which of the following is not a way that reflexes are classified?
sympathetic/parasympathetic
Which of the following is correctly matched?
sympathetic: short preganglionic and long postganglionic fibers
Drugs that stimulate alpha receptors, causing constriction of peripheral vessels, are
sympathomimetic
A mechanoreceptor in the papillary layer of the dermis that responds to fine touch is a
tactile (Meissner) corpuscle
A tactile receptor composed of highly coiled dendrites that are surrounded by modified Schwann cells and a fibrous capsule is a
tactile (Meissner) corpuscle
A highly sensitive tactile receptor composed of dendritic processes of a single myelinated fiber that makes contact with specialized cells of the stratum basale is a
tactile (Merkel) disc
A receptor that contains many mechanically-gated ion channels would function best as a
tactile receptor
The term general senses refers to sensitivity to all of the following, except
taste
The medial pathway that controls involuntary movements of head, neck, and arm position in response to sudden visual and auditory stimuli is the _____ tract.
tectospinal
During embryonic development, which of the following secondary brain vesicles will form the cerebrum?
telencephalon
Free nerve endings detect which stimulus/stimuli?
temperature, pain, stretch, and touch
The auditory cortex is located in the
temporal lobe
The olfactory cortex is located in the
temporal lobe
The reflex that prevents a muscle from exerting too much tension is the _____ reflex.
tendon
Which dural fold separates the cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum?
tentorium cerebelli
In most cases, the general interpretive center and the speech center are located in
the left cerebral hemisphere
Terry suffers from dissociation of memories from their emotional content as the result of an automobile accident. What system of the brain is probably damaged?
the limbic system
All of the following can contribute to receptor specificity except
the metabolism of the receptor cell
Difficulties in estimating temporal relationships between events may stem from damage to
the prefrontal cortex
Chemoreceptors are located in all of the following except
the skin
Sensory information from all parts of the body is routed to
the somatosensory cortex
Sensory encoding of the perceived location of a stimulus depends on
the specific location of the cortical neuron that is stimulated
Damage to the medulla oblongata can result in death because
the vital centers for the control of blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing are located there.
In the spinothalamic pathway, the sensory neuron that synapses with a neuron in the cerebral cortex is called the _____ neuron.
third-order
Thalamic neurons that project to the primary sensory cortex are _____ neurons.
third-order
The spinal cord consists of four regions and _____ pairs of spinal nerves.
thirty-one
Sympathetic nerves contain postganglion fibers that innervate organs in which cavity?
thoracic
In the sympathetic nervous system, where are the preganglionic neurons located?
thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord
The sympathetic division of the ANS is also known as which of the following?
thoracolumbar division
The cerebellum adjusts motor activity in response to all of the following except
touch sensations
Bundles of axons in the central nervous system are known as
tracts
The conversion of a sensory input to a change in membrane potential in the receptor is known as
transduction
The conversion of the stimulus into an action potential to be interpreted by the brain is called
transduction
Figure 14-2 Cranial Nerves Identify the nerve labeled "11."
trigeminal
Jean needs to have a tooth in her mandible filled. Her dentist injects a local anesthetic to block pain afferents in one of her cranial nerves. What cranial nerve does the dentist numb?
trigeminal
The cranial nerve that has three major branches is the
trigeminal
The statement "It controls the diameter of the pupil" is
true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems
The statement "Preganglionic axon terminals release acetylcholine" is
true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems
The statement "It initiates contraction of urinary bladder smooth muscle" is
true only for the parasympathetic nervous system
The statement "Its postganglionic axons always use acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter" is
true only for the parasympathetic nervous system
Large bundles of axons from several spinal nerves in the brachial plexus are termed
trunks
A receptor potential may cause all of the following responses except
turning off the original stimulus
Descending (motor) pathways always involve at least _____ motor neuron(s).
two
Postganglionic axons usually are
unmyelinated
Figure 15-2 The Corticospinal Pathway Identify the origin of the axon labeled "2."
upper motor neuron
Parasympathetic blocking agents can be useful in treating
urinary incontinence
Almost 75 percent of all parasympathetic outflow travels along the _____ nerve(s).
vagus
The patient has the following symptoms: change in vocal tone, problems swallowing, inability to control urination, erratic heart rate, and gastric problems. You would identify the problem as being related to the
vagus nerve
Sympathetic axon terminals form a branching network of swollen segments called
varicosities
Figure 15-2 The Corticospinal Pathway Identify the structure labeled "5."
ventral root
Chambers within the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid are called
ventricles
Jane suffers from chronic seizures and in order to control the problem undergoes surgery in which the fibers of the corpus callosum are cut. As a result of this surgery she would likely be unable to
verbally identify an object placed in her left hand
The cerebellar hemispheres are separated by a band of cortex called the
vermis
Mary accidentally ate poisonous mushrooms that contain muscarine. You would expect to observe all of the following symptoms except
very fast heart rate
Which cranial nerve sends balance sensations to the brain?
vestibulocochlear
The spinal tract that unconsciously maintains balance and muscle tone is the _____ tract.
vestibulospinal
The heart muscle is a _____ effector.
visceral
_____ reflexes perform the simplest functions of the autonomic nervous system.
visceral
Figure 13-2 Spinal Nerves What is the function of the structure labeled "12"?
visceral motor control
Figure 14-2 Cranial Nerves What is the function of the nerve labeled "5"?
visceral sensation and motor control
Damage to the corpora quadrigemina would interfere with
visual and auditory reflex movements of the head and neck
The pyramidal system provides
voluntary control over skeletal muscles
Damage to the pyramidal cells of the cerebral cortex would directly affect
voluntary motor activity
Which of the following symptoms would you associate with damage to the spinal accessory nerve?
weakness of the sternocleidomastoid muscle
Nerve tracts or fasciculi make up the
white columns
The preganglionic fibers that connect a spinal nerve with an autonomic ganglion in the thoracic and lumbar region of the spinal cord and carries visceral motor fibers that are myelinated form the
white rami communicantes
Figure 13-2 Spinal Nerves Identify the structure labeled "4".
white ramus