Enlightenment

Joseph II's conversion of peasant labor obligations to cash payments

was opposed by both nobles and peasants

A striking feature of salons was that

philosophes, nobles, and members of the upper middle class intermingled.

Johannes Kepler believed that the elliptical orbit of planets

produced a musical harmony of heavenly bodies

What was the primary goal of Galileo's experimental method

to discover what actually occurred in nature rather than to speculate or what should occur

What change within the Jewish community accompanied the Haskalah Enlightenment

Interactions between Jewish and Christians increased, and rabbinic controls diminished

Which book by the baron de Montesquieu is considered the first major work in the French Enlightenment?

The Persian Letter

To improve the rural economy and the lives of peasants, Empress Maria Theresa of Austria

reduced nobles' power over their serfs

The Enlightened policies of Frederick the Great included

simplifying Prussia's laws.

How did the governments respond to the new science

States established academies of science to support and sometimes direct scientific research.

What was the core concept of the Enlightenment?

The methods of natural science should be used to examine all aspects of life.

The idea of the public sphere that emerged during the Enlightenment refers to

an idealized space where individuals gathered to discuss social and political issues.

Madame du Châtelet, Voltaire's longtime companion

believed that women's limited contribution to science was the result of unequal education

According to its editor, the fundamental goal of the Encyclopedia was to

change the general way of thinking

The discipline of natural philosophy focused on

fundamental questions about the nature, purpose, and function of the universe.

In his Essay Concerning Human Understanding, John Locke claimed that

human development is determined by education and society

How did Isaac Newton's law of universal gravitation bring the Scientific Revolution to maturity

it synthesized mathematics with physics and astronomy to demonstrate that the entire universe was unified into one coherent system

The concept of the reading revolution refers to the

shift from reading religious texts aloud as a family to reading diverse texts individually.

Rousseau's concept of the general will asserts that

the general will is not necessarily the will of the majority

Catherine the Great's goal of domestic reform never came to fruition, owing to

the rebellion led by Emelian Pugachev in 1773

The most influential aspect of Rene Descartes' theories of nature was that

the universe functioned in a mechanistic fashion

Who was Denis Diderot's co-editor of the Encyclopedia

Jean le Rond d'Alembert

What was the Republic of Letters

A truly cosmopolitan set of networks stretching from western Europe to its colonies in the Americas, to Russia and eastern Europe, and along the routes of trade and empire to Africa and Asia through which the ENLIGHTENED THINKERS AND PHILOSOPHES COMMUNICATED AND SHARED IDEAS

Galileo was placed on trial for heresy owing to the publication of

Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World

Francis Bacon formalized the research methods of Tycho Brahe and Galileo into a theory of reasoning known as

Empiricism

What was Voltaire's attitude toward government

He believed that a good monarch was the best one could hope for in a government

Which of the following is the religious response to Nicolas Copernicus's hypothesis

Protestants rejected Copernicus's idea that the earth moved, while the Catholic Church largely overlook his theory until declaring the hypothesis false in the seventeenth century

Which powers participated in the partitioning of Poland in the late eighteenth century

Prussia, Russia, and Austria

Soft pastels, ornate interiors, and sentimental portraits are all characteristics of the style known as

Rococo

In Historical and Critical Dictionary by Pierre Bayle demonstrated that

all knowledge can be questioned and doubted

Catherine the Great of Russia came to power in 1762 through

military coup

How did Enlightenment thinkers differ from those of the Middle Ages and Renaissance

Enlightenment thinkers believed that their era had surpassed antiquity which demonstrated the possibility of human progress