Enlightenment
Joseph II's conversion of peasant labor obligations to cash payments
was opposed by both nobles and peasants
A striking feature of salons was that
philosophes, nobles, and members of the upper middle class intermingled.
Johannes Kepler believed that the elliptical orbit of planets
produced a musical harmony of heavenly bodies
What was the primary goal of Galileo's experimental method
to discover what actually occurred in nature rather than to speculate or what should occur
What change within the Jewish community accompanied the Haskalah Enlightenment
Interactions between Jewish and Christians increased, and rabbinic controls diminished
Which book by the baron de Montesquieu is considered the first major work in the French Enlightenment?
The Persian Letter
To improve the rural economy and the lives of peasants, Empress Maria Theresa of Austria
reduced nobles' power over their serfs
The Enlightened policies of Frederick the Great included
simplifying Prussia's laws.
How did the governments respond to the new science
States established academies of science to support and sometimes direct scientific research.
What was the core concept of the Enlightenment?
The methods of natural science should be used to examine all aspects of life.
The idea of the public sphere that emerged during the Enlightenment refers to
an idealized space where individuals gathered to discuss social and political issues.
Madame du Châtelet, Voltaire's longtime companion
believed that women's limited contribution to science was the result of unequal education
According to its editor, the fundamental goal of the Encyclopedia was to
change the general way of thinking
The discipline of natural philosophy focused on
fundamental questions about the nature, purpose, and function of the universe.
In his Essay Concerning Human Understanding, John Locke claimed that
human development is determined by education and society
How did Isaac Newton's law of universal gravitation bring the Scientific Revolution to maturity
it synthesized mathematics with physics and astronomy to demonstrate that the entire universe was unified into one coherent system
The concept of the reading revolution refers to the
shift from reading religious texts aloud as a family to reading diverse texts individually.
Rousseau's concept of the general will asserts that
the general will is not necessarily the will of the majority
Catherine the Great's goal of domestic reform never came to fruition, owing to
the rebellion led by Emelian Pugachev in 1773
The most influential aspect of Rene Descartes' theories of nature was that
the universe functioned in a mechanistic fashion
Who was Denis Diderot's co-editor of the Encyclopedia
Jean le Rond d'Alembert
What was the Republic of Letters
A truly cosmopolitan set of networks stretching from western Europe to its colonies in the Americas, to Russia and eastern Europe, and along the routes of trade and empire to Africa and Asia through which the ENLIGHTENED THINKERS AND PHILOSOPHES COMMUNICATED AND SHARED IDEAS
Galileo was placed on trial for heresy owing to the publication of
Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World
Francis Bacon formalized the research methods of Tycho Brahe and Galileo into a theory of reasoning known as
Empiricism
What was Voltaire's attitude toward government
He believed that a good monarch was the best one could hope for in a government
Which of the following is the religious response to Nicolas Copernicus's hypothesis
Protestants rejected Copernicus's idea that the earth moved, while the Catholic Church largely overlook his theory until declaring the hypothesis false in the seventeenth century
Which powers participated in the partitioning of Poland in the late eighteenth century
Prussia, Russia, and Austria
Soft pastels, ornate interiors, and sentimental portraits are all characteristics of the style known as
Rococo
In Historical and Critical Dictionary by Pierre Bayle demonstrated that
all knowledge can be questioned and doubted
Catherine the Great of Russia came to power in 1762 through
military coup
How did Enlightenment thinkers differ from those of the Middle Ages and Renaissance
Enlightenment thinkers believed that their era had surpassed antiquity which demonstrated the possibility of human progress