Env4

Standards Development Principles

1. Consensus o The views of all interests are taken into account: manufacturers, vendors and users, consumer groups, testing laboratories, governments, and research organizations 2. Industry - wide o Global solutions to satisfy industries and consumers worldwide 3. Voluntary o International standardization is market - driven and therefore based on voluntary involvement of all interests in the marketplace

Standards Development Process

1. The need o Expressed by a sector and communicated with a national member body o The latter proposes the new work item to the ISO as a whole o Definition of the technical scope of the future standard 2. Consensus - building o Negotiate the detailed specifications within the standard 3. Final approval o The acceptance by two - thirds of ISO members who have actively participated in the standards development process and approval by 75% of all voting members o Following approval, the text is published as an international standard

How To Decrease CO 2 Emissions?

Carbon capture and utilization (CCU)

Greenhouse Gas Effect

Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), methane (CH 4 ), nitrous oxide (N 2 O), chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), ozone (O 3 ) and water vapor (H 2 O)

Principal Elements of Sustainability

Conservation of resources, minimizing depletion of non - renewable resources, and using sustainable practices for managing renewable resources Maintenance of the ecosystem structure and function

Waste Management Hierarchy

EPA established the following hierarchy of waste management: o Source reduction o Recycling and reuse o Treatment o Ultimate disposal • The most preferable alternative should be thoroughly evaluated before a less accepted option is considered

VOC Emissions

Emissions are decreasing; refueling is a major source

CO Emissions

Emissions are decreasing; transportation is the main source

How To Decrease CO 2 Emissions?

Energy generation efficiency Carbon capture and sequestration (CCS)

All air emissions from the transportation sector are decreasing

False

All the aforementioned source reduction options can reduce waste resulting from a product's production and use

False

As global temperature increases, water vapor become less of a concern with respect to its greenhouse effect

False

Boundary A tells the whole story about the life cycle of a product

False

Boundary C is the best as it sets the boundary at infinity

False

CO2 does not contribute to acidification of surface waters

False

CO2 emissions from the transportation sector mostly depends on engine parameters and fuel quality

False

Coal and waste combustion are among the main anthropogenic sources of lead (Pb)

False

Conducting chemical synthesis at high temperatures and pressures is preferred over the use of catalysts

False

Current industrial systems are closed-loop processes, whereas natural ecosystems are linear

False

Developing state-of-the-art waste cleanup techniques should be at the heart of our efforts to tackle environmental pollution

False

Disposal was the least favored waste management technique in the past

False

EPA's P2 Grants Program provides matching funds to states and dictates the type of P2 activities they should consider

False

Each chlorine atom can destroy a limited number of O3 molecules over its lifetime

False

Eating chicken and turkey is less environmentally friendly than beef

False

Economic considerations have a strong presence in green chemistry

False

Economy has a higher weight in LCD relative to DfE

False

Environment is the most important sustainability pillar

False

Equipment changes to prevent pollution are complicated and expensive

False

Gasoline dominance in transportation is due to its high efficiency

False

Government applications of P2 date back to Clinton administration

False

Green engineering is a subcategory of green chemistry

False

Hybrid cars are ideal for highway driving

False

Installing water meters in different parts of buildings is unlikely to assist with water conservation efforts

False

Marine vessels are the most significant source of NOx emissions from the transportation sector

False

Ocean levels are rising primarily due to the melting of Arctic ice

False

Oceans are the main reservoir for storing CO2

False

Off-site recycling is preferred at large facilities

False

Ozone layer depletion is more severe near the equator

False

Procedural changes to prevent pollution often require high capital cost despite resulting in a low return on investment

False

Product immortality is one of the principles of green engineering

False

Production is currently limited by technology and labor

False

SO2 and aerosols tend to exacerbate global warming

False

Since CFCs are banned in many countries, they are no longer a contributor to greenhouse effect

False

Smaller businesses have an easier path to implement P2 activities relative to their larger counterparts

False

Spills in transportation are mostly due to derailment

False

Substitution of water - based inks for solvent - based inks is an example of procedural changes

False

Sustainability engineering as a whole is a subcategory of environmental engineering

False

Sustainable development may allow for compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their needs

False

The P2 Act of 1990 imposed mandatory measures for industries

False

The environmental impacts of pharmaceuticals and nanotechnology products are well understood

False

The term industrial in industrial ecology only refers to major sectors such as energy and transportation

False

Vehicles are the most significant source of SOx emissions from the transportation sector

False

Waste management hierarchical categories are equally important and should be considered concurrently

False

We extract vast amounts of resources from atmosphere and lithosphere

False

Among the GHGs, methane is of the highest concern

False (CO2)

Greenhouse effect happens because ozones layer absorbs UV

False (GHGs, IR)

Businesses that comply with ISO 14000 are eligible for certification by ISO

False (Third Party)

International standardization is market-driven, but mandatory

False (Voluntary)

A combination of high levels of NO2 and PM exacerbated by air inversion caused the 1952 London smog

False (anticyclone and windless conditions)

Correspondent ISO members cannot sell and adopt ISO International Standards nationally

False (can)

When environmental damages are local and the originator of the emissions accepts the responsibility and cost of containing and fixing it, the environmental cost is externalized

False (no Externalized)

Global warming due to GHG emissions is an example of internalized environmental cost

False (non internalized)

ISO certification bodies requires accreditation themselves

False (not required)

The recycling activities we do in our personal life are examples of pre-consumer recycling

False (post)

Post-consumer recycling applications involves raw materials, products, and by-products that have not reached a consumer for an intended end-use, but are typically reused within an original process

False (pre)

Executive Order 13514

Federal Leadership in Environmental, Energy, and Economic Performance • Scope 1 and 2 GHG emission reduction targets • Scope 3 GHG emission reduction targets • Reductions in energy use • The use of renewable energy • Reductions in potable water use • Reductions in fleet petroleum use • The agency's investment in sustainable green buildings

Membership Types

Full members (or member bodies) o They influence ISO standards development and strategy by participating and voting in ISO technical and policy meetings o They sell and adopt ISO International Standards nationally Correspondent members o They observe the development of ISO standards and strategy by attending ISO technical and policy meetings as observers o They can sell and adopt ISO International Standards nationally Subscriber members o They keep up to date on ISO's work but cannot participate in it o They do not sell or adopt ISO International Standards nationally Non - Members

LCA Procedure

Goals and scope • Why do the assessment? • What is the subject and which bit(s) of its life are assessed? Inventory compilation • What resources are consumed? • What emissions are excreted? Impact assessment • What bad things do the resource consumption and emissions do to the environment? Interpretation • What do the results mean? • If they are bad, what can be done about it?

Waste Reduction Techniques in Industry

Good housekeeping Equipment design modification Recycling Waste exchange Material substitution Detoxification

Sample Standards

ISO 9000 (Quality Management System (QMS)) ISO 14000 (Environment) ISO 27000 (Information Technology) ISO 22000 (Food) ISO 50001 (Energy Management System (EMS)) ISO/TS 16949 (Automotive Industry) ISO 13485 (Medical Equipment) ISO 31000 (Risk Management) ISO 26000 (Social Responsibility)

Impact Assessment

Impact categories may include: o Resource depletion o Global warming potential o Ozone depletion o Acidification o Eutrophication o Human toxicity

Disposal

Included in the hierarchy because it is recognized that residual wastes will exist o EPA's ultimate disposal options includes landfilling, land farming, ocean dumping, and deep well injection

Promoting P2 at the EPA

Incorporating P2 into the mainstream work of EPA Building a national network of prevention programs Pioneering cross - media prevention programs as new models for government/industry interaction Establishing new federal partnerships Generating environmental information on P2 Developing partnership for technological innovation in P2 Changing existing federal laws to encourage pollution prevention as the preferred method for reducing risks to health and the environment

Treatment:

Involves the destruction or detoxification of wastes into nontoxic or less toxic materials o May include physical, chemical, or biological methods or a combination of these methods

NOx Emissions

Mainly form vehicles; NOx emissions are decreasing

GHG Emissions

Mainly gasoline combustion; GHG emissions are increasing • CO 2 emissions are largely independent of engine parameters and are primarily dependent on fuel properties

SOx Emissions

Not major in transportation; low - quality diesel in vessels

Executive Order 13693

Planning for Federal Sustainability in the Next Decade • GHG Emissions Reduction and Reporting • Energy Conservation and Renewable Energy • Green Building Performance • Water and Stormwater Management • Fleet Performance • Employee Commuting and Workplace Travel • Climate Change Resiliency • Sustainable Acquisition • Solid Waste Diversion and Pollution Prevention • Performance Contracting • Electronics Stewardship • Strategic Sustainability Performance Plan

Source Reduction

Practices that decrease, avoid, or eliminate the generation of waste o May include the implementation of procedures as simple and economical as good housekeeping

Executive Order 13653

Preparing the United States for the Impacts of Climate Change • Promoting engaged and strong partnerships and information sharing at all levels of government • Risk - informed decision making • Adaptive learning • Climate change preparedness planning

How To Decrease CO2 Emissions?

Renewable energy Carbon tax

Pillars of Sustainability

Society Environment Economy • May also see the "three P's"-People, Planet, Profit

Global Warming Impacts

The Earth's temperature is increasing The Arctic sea ice is being reduced World's glaciers are melting The level of the oceans is rising Other effects

Promoting P2 at Other Federal Agencies

The U.S. Department of Agriculture The U.S. Agency for International Development The Department of Commerce's NIST Programs The Department of Defense (DOD) The Department of Energy (DOE) The General Services Administration (GSA) The Department of the Interior (DOI) The National Aeronautical and Space Administration (NASA) The U.S. Postal Service (USPS) The Department of Transportation (DOT) The "Greening of the White House" Project

Fuel Efficiency in Cars

The following factors determine fuel efficiency: o Losses of heat energy from the automobile engine o The loss of energy to air resistance o Vehicle weight o Vehicle frontal area o Fuel injection system o Ignition system o Transmission system o Lubricants o Microprocessor - based sensors

Noise

The level of highway traffic noise primarily depends on: o Volume of the traffic o Speed of the traffic o Number of trucks in the flow of the traffic • Noise pollution impacts on people include: o Hearing loss o Physiological effects o Annoyance o Speech interference o Sleep interference o Effects on learning • Sample prevention strategies include: o Noise - compatible land - use planning o Construction of noise barriers along highways

Why LCA?

The overarching goal is to find the optimal point by evaluating environmental damage versus prevention costs

Recycling

The use, reuse, or reclamation of waste and/or materials o May involve the incorporation of waste recovery techniques (distillation, filtration, etc.) o Can be performed at the facility (i.e., on - site) or away from the facility (i.e., off - site at a reclamation facility)

"End of pipe" waste management approach includes treatment and pollution cleanup, with fines and criminal penalties for non-compliance

True

A pitfall of ISO standards is creating a trade barrier for small companies

True

A reliable product or system perform its function for the length of an expected period under the intended environment

True

According to the Pollution Prevention Act of 1990, pollution handling should be done in the following order: prevention or reduction at the source, recycling, treatment, and disposal

True

Adaptable design allows consumers to upgrade components as needed to maintain state-of-the-art performance

True

Additional capital and operating costs are sample disadvantages of direct reuse/recovery on-site

True

Adjusting tire pressure and avoiding idling decrease gas consumption

True

Air pollution may originate from painting and de-painting, system operations and fueling

True

American National Standards Institute (ANSI) represents the US at ISO

True

Appropriate inventory practices involve proper storage, stacking and labelling of containers

True

As part of the P2 Act of 1990, EPA should establish standard methods of measurement for source reduction while facilitating the adoption of source reduction techniques by businesses

True

As part of the P2 Act of 1990, any facility dealing with hazardous chemicals must report source reduction practices and techniques used to identify source reduction opportunities

True

Boundary B is the most logical and useful way of setting LCA boundary

True

Burning fossil fuels is the main man-made source of CO2 emissions

True

CO2 can be utilized for production of plastics and fuel

True

Carbon capture and sequestration/utilization and implementation of carbon tax may be considered to reduce CO2 emissions

True

Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and CFCs are the main anthropogenic greenhouse gases

True

Companies can move toward sustainability by rewarding employee commitment and action and encouraging thinking "outside the box"

True

Companies may do LCA on their products to demonstrate being an environmentally responsible manufacturer, improve their public image, claim conformity to ISO 14000, and for performance contracting purposes

True

Cutting CO2 emissions should be at the center of any effort to fight global warming

True

Designing safer chemicals and atom economy are among the principles of green chemistry

True

DfE and LCD focus on the design of products and processes in order to reduce environmental impacts

True

Direct reuse/recovery on-site depends on the extent of availability and consistency of the waste

True

Direct reuse/recovery on-site is preferred over recovery off-site

True

Disposal or other release into the environment should be employed only as a last resort

True

Durability, adaptability and reliability are to be among the considerations for sustainable design

True

EPA may help state and local governments in their P2 activities through funding support, technical assistance and information dissemination

True

EPA's ultimate disposal options include landfilling, land farming, ocean dumping, and deep well injection

True

Each federal agency should have Climate Adaptation Plans, indicating how they will protect Federal programs, assets, and investments from impacts of changing climate pressures

True

Environmental accounting identifies resource use, and measures and communicates costs of a company's or national economic impact on the environment

True

Environmental considerations in LCD and DfE may include stressors, human health and safety risks, and toxic character of materials and products

True

Environmental engineering protects human health and nature's beneficial ecosystems

True

Environmental impact assessment during LCA may consider potential for global warming, ozone depletion, eutrophication and human toxicity

True

Environmental standard can facilitate lowering trade barriers

True

Eradicating extreme poverty and hunger and achieving universal primary education were among the Millennium Development Goals set by The 2002 World Summit in Johannesburg (Rio+10)

True

Eutrophication is caused by detergent disposal, septic leachate, and agricultural run off

True

Examples of Scope 3 GHG emissions include emissions from employee commuting and manufacturing of purchased goods and services

True

Except for solar energy, the supply of resources is finite

True

Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) provides environmental and energy guidelines for product and service purchases

True

Fuel efficiency in cars depends on vehicle weight, vehicle frontal area, fuel injection system, ignition system and transmission system

True

Full ISO members influence ISO standards development and strategy and sell and adopt ISO International Standards nationally

True

Future world climate depends on greenhouse gas and aerosol concentrations, population, economic growth, land use, energy availability, and fuel mix

True

Gasoline combustion in cars and trucks is the most significant source of CO2 emissions from the transportation sector

True

Gender equality, climate action and life on land are among the 2015 United Nation's Sustainable Development Goals

True

Goals and scope, inventory compilation, environmental impact assessment and interpretation of the findings are the four steps of any LCA

True

Good housekeeping involves proper labeling, storage, and disposal of hazardous chemicals through educating employees

True

Good housekeeping is an example of source reduction

True

Green engineering reduces pollution without sacrificing economic viability

True

Hazardous waste may be generated through waste paints, degreasers, thinners and lubricants

True

ISO9000, ISO 14000 and ISO 27000 are examples of ISO standards

True

Ideal input material change involves the replacement of a hazardous, impure material with a nonhazardous, pure one, without damaging the quality of the product

True

Improving efficiency and productivity and developing uses for waste products make the transition to industrial ecology smoother

True

In a true industrial ecosystem, the waste of one process or system will become the raw material input for another

True

Industrial P2 initiatives may include product stewardship programs and developing relevant innovative ideas and technologies

True

Industrial ecology is a framework to identify and implement strategies that reduce negative impacts of industrial systems

True

Industrial ecology, green engineering and green chemistry help us approach problems sustainably

True

Input material changes can be in the form of material substitution and material purification

True

Installing better seals on equipment to eliminate leakage and putting drip pans under equipment to collect leaking material for reuse are examples of simple, inexpensive equipment changes

True

Installing overflow arms and automatic pump shutoffs, maintaining physical integrity of tanks/containers and installing spill containment dikes and curbing are examples of loss prevention practices

True

Installing vehicle charging stations, telecommuting, teleconferencing, carpooling, and using public transportation are sample ways to make employee commuting more sustainable

True

Integrating P2 into both local and state regulatory programs is challenging

True

International standards have been established for many sectors such as communication, energy production, banking, and financial services

True

Inventory compilation involves data collection on the resource flows passing into the system and the emissions passing out

True

Inventory practices aim at reducing loss of input materials resulting from mishandling, expired shelf life of time - sensitive materials, and improper storage conditions

True

Kyoto Protocol and Paris Agreement are sample efforts to combat climate change

True

LCA examines energy and material flows during raw material acquisition, material processing, and product manufacturing/use, among other things

True

Lack of communication between tribes is a critical issue for integration of pollution prevention into tribal activities

True

Landfills and handling of fossil fuels are among the most common sources of methane emissions

True

Liability concerns and supply and demand are two of the main considerations when waste sale for off-site reuse is sought

True

Life cycle assessment is the study of resources consumed and emissions generated over the life cycle of a product, and their environmental impacts

True

Limited range and long charging duration are common issues in electric cars

True

Local governments can contribute to P2 via educational programs, procurement policies and passing resolutions and ordinances

True

Low volumetric energy intensity and high cost of hydrogen are the main obstacles to commercializing hydrogen cars

True

Maintenance of the ecosystem structure and function is one of the principal elements of sustainability

True

Maintenance waste can be reduced through use of nonhazardous cleaners, prevention of fuel spillage and using as little water as possible for cleaning

True

Many federal agencies such as DOD, DOE, NASA and USDA have active P2 programs

True

Material life extension and benign material selection are among design strategies in LCD and DfE

True

Material substitution, waste detoxification, and recycling are sample techniques employed by industry to implement pollution prevention

True

Materials life cycle consists of four phases, namely material production, product manufacturing, product use and product disposal

True

Melting Arctic ice and rising ocean levels are among the major impacts of climate change

True

NOx emissions from the transportation sector has significantly decreased over time due to technology advances

True

Noise pollution impacts on people may include hearing loss, physiological effects, and speech and sleep interference

True

Noise pollution may be created through aircraft operations and construction activities

True

Off-site recovery is recommended if insufficient amounts of waste are generated or the recovered material cannot be reused on-site

True

Output-pulled systems are preferred over input-pushed ones

True

Ozone and water vapor are two major GHGs that are not significantly affected by human activities

True

P2 can be promoted at EPA via establishing new federal partnerships and building a national network of prevention programs

True

P2 can be promoted at state level through providing workshop and training seminars as well as grants and loans to businesses

True

P2 in transportation requires training to limit waste generation and decrease spills, and advances in technology to limit fuel consumption

True

P2 options for government agencies are focused primarily on building and fleet performance, and management of material purchasing

True

Personnel practices to prevent pollution may involve training, incentives and bonuses for employees

True

Photochemical (aka LA type) smog forms due to a reaction between VOCs and NOx, catalyzed by sunlight, to create noxious pollutants such as ozone, formaldehyde, etc.

True

Physical, chemical, or biological methods may be used for waste treatment

True

Plastic pollution in surface waters is of concern as it does not decay for a long time and also blocks sunlight

True

Popular on-site recovery processes include distillation, adsorption, filtration, and electrolysis

True

Procedural changes may involve loss prevention & schedule improvements

True

Product design process typically involves the need statement, concept, embodiment, detailed design and the product specification

True

Qualified representatives of industry, research institutes, government authorities, consumer bodies, and international organizations from all over the world may serve on ISO committees

True

Recycling may involve returning waste material either to the same process or another process for reuse as a raw material

True

Reducing energy and water intensity of government buildings are to be at the heart of P2 activities in the US Federal Government

True

Refueling is a major source of VOC emissions in transportation

True

Renewable energy can be harvested from wind and tides

True

Replacing old equipment might eliminate or minimize the generation of harmful by-products

True

Retrofitting old coal - fired power plants to incorporate carbon capture is an example of technology changes to prevent pollution

True

SO2 was one of the causes of discrepancy between global temperature change and increasing GHG levels in the 20th century

True

SOx emissions from the transportation sector has significantly decreased over time due to lower sulfur content of diesel

True

Sample strategies at Kalundborg include using by-product gas for drying kilns as well as utilizing waste steam for commercial and residential heating

True

Scope 1 GHG emissions are emitted from sources owned by or under direct control of company/agency/industry

True

Scope 2 GHG emissions are indirect emissions from the generation of purchased energy

True

Scope 3 GHG emissions are all indirect emissions (not included in scope 2) that occur in the value chain of the reporting company, including both upstream and downstream emissions

True

Society, environment and economy are the three pillars of sustainability

True

Solid waste may be created via replacement of batteries, brakes and filters

True

Source reduction can be done through changes in input materials, technology, procedures and product material

True

Source reduction includes practices that decrease, avoid, or eliminate the generation of waste

True

Source reduction, recycling and reuse, treatment and ultimate disposal are elements of the desired waste management hierarchy

True

Standards development process involves recognizing the need, consensus-building and final approval

True

Standards require periodic revision due to technological evolution, new methods and materials, and new quality and safety requirements

True

Sustainability avoids the shifting of technical, ecological, social and economic problems from one area to the other

True

Sustainability pillars may be referred to as the "three P's" -People, Planet, Profit

True

Sustainable activities are to be viable, bearable and equitable

True

Switching from coal to natural gas is a promising way of increasing energy generation efficiency

True

Tank-to-wheel emissions accounts for energy conversion in the car

True

Technology changes may happen in process, equipment, and/or operational settings

True

The Check stage is used to check, via auditing, the processes against the policy, objectives, targets, and regulations and report on the results

True

The Clean Water Act of 1977 and t he Clean Air Act of 1970 are examples of the efforts made by US government to tackle environmental pollution

True

The Federal Government can become greener via reductions in energy, potable water and fleet petroleum use, the use of renewable energy and investing in sustainable green buildings

True

The Planning stage establishes the objectives and processes needed to deliver the results in line with the EMS

True

The development of an EMS within the ISO 14000 framework follows a Plan-Do-Check-Act approach

True

The future of industrial ecology depends on the support of agencies at the local, state, and federal levels as well as a clearer definition of the field

True

The goal of green chemistry is to reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances

True

The industrial ecosystem in Kalundborg resulted in significant reductions in consumption of fresh water and fossil fuels, while cutting air emissions

True

The level of highway traffic noise primarily depends on volume and speed of the traffic

True

The purpose of ISO 14000 is to assist companies and organizations to minimize their negative effects on the environment and to comply with any laws, regulations, or environmental requirements imposed upon them

True

The time gap between banning CFCs and the healing of ozone layer was due to the long atmospheric lifetime of CFCs

True

The transportation industry generates solid and hazardous wastes, industrial wastewater, air pollution and noise pollution

True

The wastes are created during maintenance and repair, fueling and system operations

True

To cut waste in federal agencies, electronic communications are to be preferred over printed material

True

To reduce energy consumption, federal agencies are to install CO2sensors to monitor ventilation rates, while monitoring energy consumption in their buildings via ENERGY STAR Portfolio Manager

True

Transportation air emissions can be reduced by using oxidization catalyst for CO and VOCs, particulate filter and selective catalytic reduction for NOx

True

Transportation noise can be reduced by noise-compatible land-use planning and construction of noise barriers along highways

True

Waste exchange means making the waste of one industry available to another industry as valuable raw material

True

Waste exchanges serve as brokers of wastes and/or clearinghouses for information on the availability of waste streams

True

Waste may be used as fuel supplement or fuel substitute to recover energy

True

Wastewater may be generated through vehicle exterior washing, and tank and parts cleaning

True

Water efficiency in federal agencies can be increased via installing high-efficiency water fountains and plumbing fixtures

True

We can have a more sustainable lifestyle via taking shorter showers and minimizing plastic use

True

Well-to-tank emissions in cars consider the upstream fuel supply chain

True

With respect to materials and resources, federal agencies may become greener by purchasing low-VOC wood flooring, carpet with recycled content, and cleaning chemicals that are Green Seal certified

True

The volume of hazardous waste can be minimized by preventing the mixing of hazardous and nonhazardous wastes

True (waste Segregation

What Has Been Done?

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC; 1992) Kyoto Protocol (1997) Paris Agreement (2016)

Maintenance Waste Reduction

o Operate machinery at correct temperatures and flow levels and consider using automatic control and lockout valves o Switch from hazardous organic - based to nonhazardous, aqueous - based paints o The use of retention tanks on locomotives to catch leaking oil from the engine compartment o Prevention of fuel spillage o Repairing all leaking pipe joints, nozzle connections, and any damage to the fueling hose ASAP o Dry cleanup methods for the fueling area

Environmental Management System (EMS) is a tool that allows companies to identify and control the environmental impact of their products and processes, improve their environmental performance, and create a systematic approach to setting environmental goals and achieving them

true

Principles of Green Engineering

• Benign rather than hazardous • Prevention instead of treatment by recycle/reuse • Design for separation • Maximize efficiency • Output - pulled versus input - pushed • Durability rather than immortality • Meet need, minimize excess • Minimize material diversity • Design for "afterlife" • Renewable rather than depleting • Engage communities

Promoting P2 at the State Level

• Confidential, on - site pollution and waste assessments for small to medium - sized businesses • Information clearinghouses on P2 • P2 facility planning program • Hotlines to provide specific information and answer questions and computer searches to provide up - to - date information • Supporting research on specific pollution prevention techniques • Providing workshop and training seminars • Producing P2 technology transfer publications • Providing P2 grants and loans, particularly to small businesses • Incorporating P2 into regulatory activities such as enforcement settlements, permitting, and compliance inspections

Environmental Disasters

• Donora Smog • London Smog • LA Smog • Cuyahoga River Fire • Love Canal • Times Beach • Nuclear Disasters (Chernobyl and Fukushima) • Oil Spills (Exxon Valdez; Persian Gulf War; BP)

P2 at Local Governments

• Educational programs to raise awareness in businesses and the community of the need to reduce waste and conserve resources • Technical assistance programs that provide on - site help to companies and organizations to reduce pollution at the source • Regulatory programs that promote prevention through mechanisms such as codes, licenses, and permits • Government procurement policies regarding the purchase of recycled products, reusable products, and products designed to be recycled • Passing resolutions and ordinances relating to waste reduction, energy conservation, automobile use, procurement policies, and so on

Environmental Issues

• Fish Kill • Air Emissions from cars and industrial activities • Plastic pollution in surface waters • Acidification of surface waters • Unwanted algal growth in lakes • Groundwater contamination due to landfill leachate • Mercury (Hg) accumulation in food chain • Lead (Pb) accumulation in bones and teeth • Ozone layer depletion • Personal care products and pharmaceuticals • Nanotechnology products

Green Chemistry vs. Green Engineering

• Green Chemistry deals with the synthesis, processing, and use of chemicals that reduce risks to humans and the environment • Green engineering is concerned with the design, commercialization, and use of all types of processes and products • Green chemistry is a subset of green engineering

ISO 14000

• ISO 14000 is a generic environmental management standard • It consists of standards & guidelines regarding Environmental Management Systems (EMSs) • Their purpose is to assist companies and organizations to minimize their negative effects on the environment and to comply with any laws, regulations, or environmental requirements that have been imposed upon them • It can also help to establish an organized approach to reducing any environmental impacts the company can control

Direct Reuse/Recovery On - Site

• It is preferred over off - site recycling/recovery as transportation of waste materials off - site is not required • The disadvantages are: o Capital cost for recycling equipment o The need for operator training o Additional operating costs that might incur • Three factors to consider: o The chemical composition of the waste and its effect on the process it is to be reused in o Whether the economic value of the reused waste justifies any modification to a process in order to accommodate it o The extent of availability and consistency of the waste to be reused

LCA Details

• LCA examines energy and material flows in: o Raw material acquisition o Material processing o Product manufacturing o Product distribution and storage (transport, refrigeration, and so forth) o Product use o Product maintenance and repair o Recycling options o Waste management

Procedural Changes

• Loss prevention (overflow arms, automatic pump shutoffs, spill containment dikes and curbing, controlled and supervised loading and unloading, educate employees, etc.) • Materials handling and inventory practices (training employees, adequate spacing and proper stacking for storage, clear labeling, computerized systems) • Schedule improvements (maximizing batch sizes) • Segregation of wastes (not mixing hazardous and non - hazardous wastes) • Personnel practices (training, incentives and bonuses)

Source Reduction Options

• Options 1 through 3 represent source control changes in a strict sense • Option 4 represents end product changes directed at reducing waste both in production and during end use

Reducing Air Emissions

• Oxidization catalyst for CO and VOCs • Particulate filter • Selective catalytic reduction for NOx • Closed crankcase ventilation • Exhaust gas recirculation to reduce NOx • Electric/hybrid Vehicles • Hydrogen and alcohol as fuel

Implementing ISO 14000

• Plan - Do - Check - Act approach • The Planning stage establishes the objectives and processes needed to deliver the results (in line with the EMS) • The Do stage is used to implement the needed processes of the EMS • The Check stage is used to check, via auditing, the processes against the policy, objectives, targets, and regulations and report on the results • Finally, the Act stage is where actions are taken that will continually improve the EMS

Input Material Changes

• Pollution prevention accomplished through: o Reducing or eliminating waste materials that first enter the process through raw material impurities o Hampering undesirable reaction chemistry based on specific starting materials • Input material changes can be in the form of: o Material substitution o Material purification • Examples of industrial applications include the following: o Printing operations — Substitution of water - based inks for solvent - based inks o Furniture manufactures — Substitution of water - based or powder coatings for solvent - based coatings

Principles of Green Chemistry

• Prevention • Atom economy • Less hazardous chemical syntheses • Designing safer chemicals • Safer solvents and auxiliaries • Design for energy efficiency • Use of renewable feedstocks • Catalysis • Biocatalysis • Design for degradation • Real - time analysis for pollution prevention • Inherently safer chemistry for accident prevention

Technology Changes

• Process changes (abrasive cleaner instead of chemical cleaning bath) • Equipment, piping, or layout changes (drip pans or better seals) • Changes to operational settings (operating at optimum settings) • Additional controls and/or automation (simple set - point controls or advanced statistical process control systems)

ISO 14000 and EMS

• Promote a common approach to environmental management similar to quality management (i.e., ISO 9000) • Enhance an organization's ability to attain and measure environmental performance • Facilitate lowering trade barriers • The ISO 14000 series of standards is made up of one standard (ISO 14001), which organizations have to comply with, and others that provide guidance to assist an organizations' compliance with ISO 14001 • ISO 14001 outlines the basis for establishing an EMS An EMS is a tool that allows companies to identify and control the environmental impact of its products and processes, improve its environmental performance, and create a systematic approach to setting environmental goals and achieving them 41

Recovery Off - Site

• Recommended if: o Insufficient amounts of waste are generated o The recovered material cannot be reused on - site

Recycling

• Recycling involves returning waste material to o Reuse in the original process as a substitute for an input raw material o Use in another process as a raw material • Pre - consumer vs. post - consumer • Recycling options in the order of preferability: o Direct reuse/recovery on - site o Recovery off - site o Sale for reuse off - site o Energy recovery

Maintenance Waste Reduction

• Sample strategies include: o Keep the number of solvents to a minimum to make recycling easier and reduce hazardous waste management costs o Conduct all liquid cleaning at a centralized station to ensure solvents and residues stay in one area o Store drip pans for solvents in a solvent sink or tank for reuse o Use nonhazardous cleaners when possible o Use as little water as possible to clean spills, leaks, and drips o Reuse water if possible and prevent any process water from leaking into non - contact cooling water or stormwater

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

• Studies resource consumption, emissions, and their impacts • LCA traces: o The resources consumed o The emissions excreted during each phase • The output is a sort of biography: o Where the materials have been o What they have done o The consequences of this for their surroundings • Internalized vs. externalized environmental cost

Sale for Reuse Off - Site

• Supply and demand is the key • Requires a method to identify facilities capable of utilizing the waste and marketing the waste to them ( waste exchanges) • Potential liability concerns!

Sustainability Definitions

• Sustainable Development • Sustainability Engineering vs. Environmental Engineering

What Has Been Done?

• The Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974, amended in 1986 & 1996 • The Clean Water Act of 1977 and its amendments • The Clean Air Act, passed in 1970 • The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) went into effect in 1976 and was amended in 1984 • As an extension of RCRA, Superfund was enacted in 1980 • Revisions to Superfund in 1986 established Community Right - to - Know legislation

Transportation Waste

• The transportation industry generates: o Solid and hazardous wastes (replaces filters and batteries) o Industrial wastewater (washing) o Air pollution (VOCs, NOx, SOx ) o Noise pollution (aircraft operation) • The wastes are created during: o Maintenance and repair operations o Fueling operations o Transportation system operations

Industrial Ecology

• To identify and implement strategies that reduce negative environmental impacts, creating sustainable industries • To attain integrated, sustainable, closed - loop functionality of industrial systems • The waste of one process or system will become the raw material input for another

Energy and Atmosphere

• Use FAR environmental and energy guidelines for product and service purchases • ENERGY STAR Portfolio Manager • Adjust HVAC and ventilation to actual occupancy times of the building or use occupancy - based controls • Cooling systems with environmentally friendly refrigerants • Install CO 2 sensors to monitor ventilation rates • Respond rapidly to equipment malfunctions • Ask for occupant cooperation in turning off lights once leaving • Occupancy sensors in mechanical rooms, restrooms, etc. • Schedule large copier jobs during off - peak electric usage • Replace lighting fixtures with higher - efficiency alternatives

Water Efficiency

• Use FAR environmental and energy guidelines for product and service purchases • Use high - efficiency plumbing fixtures in lavatories, such as aerators on faucets, high - efficiency showerheads, and dual - flush toilets or high - efficiency toilets, and provide training for occupants for proper use • No automatic flush on toilets • Consider waterless urinals to save water while ensuring proper cleaning and maintenance • Water fountains with different acceptable temperatures • Incorporate taps into the design of fountains • Submetering of water systems

Materials and Resources

• Use Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) environmental and energy guidelines for product and service purchases • Look for low - VOC adhesives, wood flooring and furniture • Use water - based or low - VOC paints • Carpet, flooring, wall, and ceiling material with recycled content • Use cleaning chemicals that are Green Seal certified • Select energy efficient double or triple glazing windows • Centralize and separately ventilate printers and copiers to reduce air quality problems • Provide laptop computers in place of desktop computers to reduce energy and support mobile work • Use products that have manufacturer take - back programs

Waste Reduction and Management

• Use electronic communications versus printed material • Signage to educate building occupants regarding sustainability • Buy office products (e.g. paper) with high recycled content • Set machines to default to double - sided printing and copying • Institute a program to recycle materials • Reusable beverage containers, dishes, & utensils to cut waste • Hold trash and recycling workshops to educate occupants • Integrate waste reduction and management with municipalities • Require contractors to implement green cleaning practices • Use less - or non - toxic chemicals to manage pests • Divert construction waste from landfills

Energy Recovery

• Waste can be used as fuel supplement or fuel substitute

Goals and Scope

• Why do the study? o To guide the design of more environmentally friendly products o To demonstrate that you are an environmentally responsible manufacturer o To allow the public to form their own judgment about your products o To demonstrate that your products are greener than those of your competitor o To be able to claim conformity to ISO 14000 o Because the enterprise to which you are a supplier or subcontractor requires that you do so, so that they can claim conformity to standards