Environment final exam

Which of the following physical properties of water are important to the environment and to living things? (Select all that apply) [mark all correct answers] a. Water is a universal solvent. b. Water resists changes in temperature. c. Ice is less dense than liquid water. d. Water is cohesive. e. All of the above

All of the above

When different species of seabirds share a habitat with limited sources of food, they must differ in their feeding habits. This specialisation is known by biologists as an "ecological niche."

"ecological niche."

Water freezes at _____ Fahrenheit (F) and boils at______F

32°, 212°

Pure water has a neutral pH of ___

7

Which of the following observations support the idea of natural selection? (Select all that apply) [mark all correct answers] a. Organisms face a constant struggle to survive and reproduce. b. Organisms tend to produce more offspring than can survive to maturity c. Individual of a species vary in their attributes. d. Attributes are passed from parent to offspring, and parents that produce many offspring will pass on more genes to the next generation than will parents that produce few offspring. e. all of the above

all of the above

Proteins are composed of _______

amino acid

Which type of graph would be most appropriate to display a data set that involves a sequence of some kind, for example, a data set recording the growth of a child from birth to adolescence? a. A pie chart b. A line graph c. A bar chart d. A scatter plot

b. A line graph

Which of the following represents the chemical reaction for cellular respiration? a. 6CO2 + 12H2O + the sun's energy --------> C6H1206 + 602 + 6H2O b. C6H1206 + 602 ---------------> 6CO2 + 12H2O + energy c. 6CO2 + 6H2O + 3H2S --------> C6H1206 + 3H2SO4 d. NADPH + ATP ---------> sunlight

b. C6H1206 + 602 ---------------> 6CO2 + 12H2O + energy

Which of the following correctly identifies the layers of Earth, from the innermost to the outermost? a. lithosphere, mantle, atmosphere, inner core, outer core, atmosphere, crust b. inner core, outer core, mantle, asthenosphere, lithosphere, crust, atmosphere c. mantle, outer core, inner core, lithosphere, asthenosphere, atmosphere, crust d. inner core, mantle, outer core, asthenosphere, lithosphere, atmosphere, crust

b. inner core, outer core, mantle, asthenosphere, lithosphere, crust, atmosphere

Hummingbirds visit flowers to gather nectar, and in the process they transfer pollen from one flower to another. The relationship between the hummingbird and the flowers is described as an example of a __________ relationship. a. predatory b. mutualistic c. parasitic d. herbivorous

b. mutualistic

A guiding principle of environmental science, the term ______________ entails conserving resources, maintaining functional ecosystems, and developing long-term solutions, such that Earth can sustain our civilization and all life for the future, allowing our descendants to live at least as well as we have lived. a. biodiversity b. sustainability c. subduction d. peer review e. non-renewable resources

b. sustainability

The burning of firewood demonstrates energy conversion from a more-ordered state, to a less ordered that. This is an example of _________________. a. the first law of thermodynamics b. the second law of thermodynamics c. the third law of thermodynamics

b. the second law of thermodynamics

Recall the rock cycle. What process converts sediments into sedimentary rocks? a. Cooling and solidification b. Lithification c. Metamorphism d. Melting e. Weathering, transport and deposition

b.Lithification

The process by which traits that enhance survival and reproduction are passes on more frequently to future generations of organisms than traits that do not, thereby altering the genetic makeup of populations through time is termed ______________. a. Natural capital b. Natural selection c. Mutagen d. Net primary productivity

b.Natural selection

What is speciation? a. The process by which species are removed from Earth. b. The process by which new species are generated. c. The disappearance of a species from Earth. d. The cumulative body of fossils worldwide.

b.The process by which new species are generated.

Now that you understand plate tectonics, apply your knowledge to predict where on Earth you would be most likely to find a volcano. a. Along the Eastern seaboard of the United States. b. Where the Pacific plate subducts beneath the North American Plate, forming the islands of Japan. c. Along the San Andreas transform fault in California d. Where the Indian-Australian plate collides with the Eurasian plate to form the Himalayas.

b.Where the Pacific plate subducts beneath the North American Plate, forming the islands of Japan.

The diversity of life across all levels of biological organization, including the diversity of species, genes, populations, and communities is termed ________________. a. adaptation b. biodiversity c. ecosystem d. paradigm

b.biodiversity

The term __________ describes the cumulative total of living things on Earth and the areas they inhabit. a. community b. biosphere c. ecosystem d. landscape

b.biosphere

Bacteria living near hydrothermal vents, in the absence of sunlight, use a process called _____________ to transform the chemical bond energy of hydrogen sulfide into organic carbon. a. photosynthesis b. chemosynthesis c. cellular respiration

b.chemosynthesis

The mid-ocean ridge forms at which kind of tectonic boundary? a. convergent boundary b. divergent boundary c. transform boundary

b.divergent boundary

An interaction between a Canadian lynx and a snowshoe hare is likely to be one of ___________, where the __________ is the predator, and the _______ is the prey. a. herbivory; hare; lynx b. predation; lynx; hare c. mutualism; hare; lynx d. parasitism; lynx; hare

b.predation; lynx; hare

Autotrophs are also known as ____________, and primary consumers can be described as __________, while secondary consumers are almost always considered to be _________. a. detritivores; scavengers; predators b. producers; herbivores; carnivores c. omnivores; carnivores; detritivores d. herbivores; heterotrophs; producers

b.producers; herbivores; carnivores

Species which exhibit a Type III survivorship curve are sometimes referred to as "weedy species" because there are so many offspring, and although the vast majority die, the few survivors are enough to sustain the population. These species are also called ______________, and they are adapted to do well in unpredictable environments. They are also generalists, and tend to exhibit _______ population growth. a. K-selected; slow b. r-selected; rapid c. y-selected; logistic d. z-selected; exponential

b.r-selected; rapid

The fossil record is ____________. a. the list of animals that have gone extinct in North America b. the cumulative body of fossils worldwide, contained within rock layers c. a list of "oldie but goodie" rock and roll music d. the oldest known example of musical recorded on a wax disk

b.the cumulative body of fossils worldwide, contained within rock layers

Population density describes _____________. a. the spatial arrangement of organisms in an area, such as clumped, uniform, or random b. the number of individuals per unit area c. the number of living organisms present at a given time d. the proportion of males to females in a population at a given time

b.the number of individuals per unit area

Apex predators are often considered to be keystone species, and the traits that make them apex predators also often make them dangerous to humans. However, removal of these top predators from ecosystems often results in ______________. a. nothing changes b. trophic cascades c. diminished net primary production d. increased apex predator populations

b.trophic cascades

An example of kinetic energy would be _________. a. water held in a reservoir behind a dam b. water flowing downstream over a dam c. a rock at the top of a hill d. energy stored in the chemical bonds of an apple e. sunlight

b.water flowing downstream over a dam

Mass extinction events are ___________. a. frequently occurring events in Earth's history. b. widely spaced episodes where massive numbers of species become extinct at once. c. episodes of rapid speciation followed by periods of no change, that occur every ten thousand years. d. a process of gradual extinction, where species disappear slowly, one species at a time.

b.widely spaced episodes where massive numbers of species become extinct at once.

_____________ are the smallest units that maintain the chemical properties of the element. a. Protons b. Electrons c. Atoms d. Molecules

c. Atoms

The most abundant element in Earth's atmosphere, by mass is ________________. a. Carbon b. Silicon c. Nitrogen d. Hydrogen e. Oxygen

c. Nitrogen

Which of the following macromolecules consist of long chains of organic molecules called amino acids? a. Lipids b. Carbohydrates c. Proteins d. Nucleic acids

c. Proteins

What type of graph is most often used when one variable is a category, and the other variable is a number? a. A pie chart b. A line graph c. A bar chart d. A scatter plot

c. bar graph

The first law of thermodynamics states that ________________. a. the nature of energy will change from a more-ordered state to a less-ordered state b. entropy increases with time. c. energy can neither be created nor destroyed d. All systems move toward a state of disorder

c. energy can neither be created nor destroyed

The downslope movement of soil and rock due to gravity is known as _______________. a. a tsunami b. a tornado c. mass wasting d. earthquakes

c. mass wasting

__________ is a relationship in which one organism, the parasite, depends on another, the host, for nourishment or some other benefit, while doing the host harm. a. competition b. mutualism c. parasitism d. symbiosis

c. parasitism

The concept of natural selection as a mechanism for evolution was first proposed in the 1850's by ______________. a. James Joule and Marie Curie b. Alfred Wegner and Harry Hess c. Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace d. Rosalind Franklin and Francis Crick e. Gregor Mendel and James Watson

c.Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace

What are the three types of tectonic boundaries? a. Covalent, ionic, and metallic b. Lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates c. Divergent, convergent, and transform d. Subduction, erosion, and mass wasting e. Dynamic, static, and erratic

c.Divergent, convergent, and transform

A __________ consists of a species' living and nonliving elements around it, and provides everything the species needs, while the term to describe the functional role of a species in its community is __________. a. Niche; habitat b. Adaptation; coevolution c. Habitat; niche d. Population density; environment

c.Habitat; niche

The study of the dynamics of population change and the factors that affect the distribution and abundance of members of a population is called _____________. a. Community ecology b. Landscape ecology c. Population ecology d. Biosphere dynamics

c.Population ecology

When multiple species seek the same limited resources, their relationship is said to be one of _____________. a. symbosis b. predation c. competition d. mutualism

c.competition

When a silkworm eats the leaves of a mulberry tree, this is an example of ____________. a. mutualism b. parasitism c. herbivory d. competitive exclusion

c.herbivory

A disturbance such as a volcanic eruption may be so severe that it eliminates all of the species in a community, and no vegetation or soil life remains. This type of disturbance may result in a series of changes called _________ which rebuild the community from scratch. a. pioneer species b. secondary succession c. primary succession d. extinction

c.primary succession

What two processes determine the world's biodiversity? a. adaptation and camouflage b. mimicry and mutualism c. speciation and extinction d. allopatric speciation and sympatric speciation

c.speciation and extinction

What type of tectonic boundary occurs along the San Andreas Fault in California? a. convergent boundary b. divergent boundary c. transform boundary

c.transform boundary

A _____________ describes the rank in the feeding hierarchy in a community. a. niche b. habitat c. trophic level d. food web

c.trophic level

There are four basic kinds of biological macromolecules: __________________

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Species that are introduced to areas where they do not occur naturally may _____________. a. thrive in their new surroundings b. displace native species c. have complex and unforeseen impacts on their new surroundings d. all of these

d. all of these

Which of the following is not an example of a critical thinking skill? a. Judging the credibility of the source b. Analyzing the arguments c. Being aware of one's own thinking (metacognition) d. Making snap judgements

d. Making snap judgements

Most data sets involve some degree of statistical uncertainty. When a graphed value represents the mean or the average of many measurements, the researcher may want to use error bars or confidence intervals to display the degree to which the raw data vary around the mean. These confidence intervals, thin black lines that extend above and below the tops of reported data are used to show _______________. a. One standard deviation above and below the mean. b. The 'spread' of the data. c. The variation of the data. d. All of these are true.

d. all of these are true

Critical thinkers are more disposed to ____________. a. rely on their "gut" reaction to reach a conclusion b. utilize pre-conceived bias to evaluate a problem c. base an evaluation on a belief system d. employ problem solving steps to reach a conclusion e. judge a book by its cover

d. employ problem solving steps to reach a conclusion

Organisms that gain their energy by feeding on other organisms are called ___________. a. autotrophs b. photosynthesizers c. primary producers d. heterotrophs

d. heterotrophs

A(n) _____________ is a fundamental type of matter, a chemical substance with a given set of properties that cannot be broken down into substances with other properties. a. Atom b. Molecule c. Compound d. Element

d.Element

In a terrestrial setting, after a severe disturbance has altered conditions dramatically, and removed all life from the community, pioneer species are likely to be the first arrivals to colonize the new substrate. Which of the following is an example of a pioneer species? a. elephant b. antelope c. bluebird d. lichen

d.lichen

When different species compete, they may divide the resource the resources they use in common by specializing in different ways. This process is known as ____________. a. competitive exclusion b. predation c. intraspecific competition d. resource partitioning

d.resource partitioning

Each trophic level contains only about 10% of the energy of the trophic level below it. This is because ___________. a. organisms use energy in cellular respiration at each trophic level. b. more energy is used for maintenance than in building new tissues. c. some energy is given off as heat. d. predators are not 100% efficient. e. All of these are true

e.All of these are true

n a manipulative experiment, changes that a researcher specifies in the _____ variable change, the values in the _________ change in response. a. controlled; independent variable b. dependent; independent variable c. independent; dependent variable d.dependent; controlled variable

independent; dependent variable

The range goes from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral. pHs of less than 7 indicate acidity, whereas a pH of greater than 7 indicates a base.

know this

The individual smaller molecules are called ________

monomers

At the first trophic level, __________ (plants, algae, and some bacteria) use solar energy to produce organic plant material through photosynthesis.

primary producers

__________are organisms that convert energy from light or heat into organic tissue

primary producers (like plants)

_________: molecules composed of sugar monomers. They are necessary for energy storage

Carbohydrates (saccharides)

_______ refer to where and how organisms obtain their energy.

Trophic relationships

A graph is _________________ a diagram which shows relationships among variables. a. a diagram which shows relationships among variables. b. a picture, worth a thousand words. c. a verbal description of a scientific phenomenon.

a diagram which shows relationships among variables.

Survivorship curves show how an individual's likelihood of survival varies with age. Humans exhibit a __________ survivorship curve, where survival rates are high when people are young and decrease sharply when they get old. a. Type I b. Type II c. Type III

a.Type I

A species is _______________. a. a population or group of populations of a particular type whose members share characteristics and can freely breed with one another to produce viable offspring. b. a group of individuals that live in a particular region at a particular time. c. a set of populations of different species living together in a particular area d. a functional system consisting of a community, its nonliving environment, and the interactions between them.

a.a population or group of populations of a particular type whose members share characteristics and can freely breed with one another to produce viable offspring.

Mutations are _________. a. accidental changes in DNA b. traits that promote reproductive success c. a process by which a feature can be driven in various directions d. a process for adapting to similar selective pressures

a.accidental changes in DNA

At what type of tectonic boundary would you expect subduction to occur? a. convergent boundary b. divergent boundary c. transform boundary

a.convergent boundary

Recall the case study for Chapter 2. At what type of tectonic boundary did the March 11, 2011 Tohoku earthquake occur? a. convergent boundary b. divergent boundary c. transform boundary

a.convergent boundary

Unregulated populations tend to increase their numbers by _________, whereas those populations that are restrained by limiting factors ten to exhibit __________. a. exponential growth; logistic growth b. logistic growth; exponential growth c. carrying capacity; exponential growth d. high mortality; low mortality

a.exponential growth; logistic growth

By convention, independent variables are generally represented on the ___________ axis, while dependent variables are represented on the ________________ axis. a.horizontal; vertical b.vertical; horizontal

a.horizontal; vertical

Keystone species are ____________. a. organisms that have a strong or wide-reaching impact far out of proportion to its abundance in an ecosystem. b. rare and exert little impact on other organisms in an ecosystem c. abundant and exert little impact on other organisms in an ecosystem d. r-selected species

a.organisms that have a strong or wide-reaching impact far out of proportion to its abundance in an ecosystem.

The protists that cause malaria and amoebic dysentery, the bacteria that cause pneumonia and tuberculosis, and the viruses that cause hepatitis, AIDS, and Covid19 are all considered to be _________. a. pathogens b. space invaders c. parasites d. predators

a.pathogens

The relationship between a coral polyp and the zooxanthellae that live within its gut can be described as both __________ and __________, because they live in close proximity to one another, and both organisms benefit from the interaction. a. symbiotic; mutualistic b. predator; prey c. parasitic; competitive d. commensalism; competitive

a.symbiotic; mutualistic

Phylogenetic trees are useful in understanding the history of life on Earth because they show _____________. a. the history of life's divergence b. how organisms are offspring of one another c. which animals are grandparents for another d. the pattern of species interactions with one another over time

a.the history of life's divergence

In photosynthesis, autotrophs, such as plants, algae, and cyanobacteria use sunlight to convert ___________ into ____________. a. water and carbon dioxide; oxygen and sugar b. oxygen and carbon dioxide; water and sugar c. sugar and water; carbon dioxide and oxygen d. sugar and oxygen; carbon dioxide and water

a.water and carbon dioxide; oxygen and sugar

Which of the following are findings of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment? (Select all that apply) [mark all correct answers] a. Humanity's extensive alteration of ecosystems have caused a substantial and largely irreversible loss in biodiversity. b. The changes to ecosystems have contributed to substantial gains in human well-being, and economic development, but at the cost of ecosystem degradation, and loss of ecosystem services, and increasing poverty for some. c. The ecosystem degradation could grow worse during the first half of this century. d. Ecosystem degradation may be reversible, but this will require significant modification of many human policies, institutions, and practices. e. All of the above

all of the above

Nucleic Acids: molecules consisting of nucleotide monomers linked together to form polynucleotide chains. ______and_______are examples of nucleic acids.

DNA and RNA

___________ are large molecules composed of many similar smaller molecules linked together in a chain-like fashion.

Biological polymers

Which of the following are examples of non-renewable resources? a. Sunlight b. Coal c. Wind d. Petroleum e. Natural Gas f. Forests

Coal, Petroleum, Natural Gas

________ are organisms that get their energy from eating primary producers

Consumers (like a rabbit)

What are ecosystem services? a. Ecosystem services are natural ecological systems that provide "services" on which we depend, such as pollination, air and water purification, and nutrient recycling. b. Ecosystem services are economic cycles which produce the biodiversity observed on Earth today. c. Ecosystem services are man-made processes whereby species on Earth receive benefits from human activities.

Ecosystem services are natural ecological systems that provide "services" on which we depend, such as pollination, air and water purification, and nutrient recycling.

True or False: Science can address questions regarding the existence of an afterlife.

False

________ describe the trophic, or feeding relationships among the members of a community

Food webs

________ help to store energy, cushion and protect organs, insulate the body, and form cell membranes.

Lipids

_________ are organisms that eat consumers

Predators (like a wolf)

Why is peer review important to the methods of science?

Peer review guards against faulty research contaminating the overall body of scientific knowledge.

Which two revolutions had the greatest impact on human population growth over time? a. The American Revolution and the French Revolution b. The agricultural revolution and the industrial revolution c. The Russian Revolution and the Chinese Communist Revolution d. The agricultural revolution and the Mongolian Revolution

The agricultural revolution and the industrial revolution

Which of the following describes "Environmental Science"? a. Environmental Science is the study of how the natural world works. b. Environmental Science is the study of how the environment affects humans. c. Environmental Science is the study of how humans affect the environment. d. Environmental Science is interdisciplinary.

a. Environmental Science is the study of how the natural world works. b. Environmental Science is the study of how the environment affects humans. c. Environmental Science is the study of how humans affect the environment. d. Environmental Science is interdisciplinary.

Which of the following could be used to describe science? a. Science is a process of discovery. b. Science is a body of knowledge. c. Science is a way of learning about how the natural world works. d. Science is a community endeavor. e. Science is ongoing. f. Science uses testable ideas. g. Science relies on evidence

a. Science is a process of discovery. b. Science is a body of knowledge. c. Science is a way of learning about how the natural world works. d. Science is a community endeavor. e. Science is ongoing. f. Science uses testable ideas. g. Science relies on evidence.

What is a scientific paradigm? a. A paradigm is a dominant view of the world b. A scientific paradigm is an educated guess about why a particular phenomenon occurs c. A paradigm is another term for an observation d. A paradigm is a proven hypothesis

a. A paradigm is a dominant view of the world

What is the simplest hydrocarbon? a. Methane CH4 b. Ethan C2H6 c. Butane C4H10 d. Naphthalene C10H8

a. Methane CH4

A covalent bond occurs when ____________. a. electrons are shared between atoms b. protons are shared between atoms c. neutrons are shared between atoms d. electrons are 'stolen' from one atom and taken by another

a. electrons are shared between atoms

A ___________ is a visual map of energy flow through and ecosystem, while a _________ is a linear series of relationships where energy is passed from lower trophic levels to higher trophic levels. a. food web; food chain b. food chain; food web c. trophic level; food pyramid d. energy pyramid; trophic level

a. food web; food chain

Water molecules are cohesive because _____________allow water molecules to adhere to one another in a type of weak interaction. a. hydrogen bonds b. covalent bonds c. ionic bonds d. metallic bonds

a. hydrogen bonds

Most biological systems have a pH between 6 and 8. Substances that are acidic have a pH that is ____________. a. lower than 7 b. higher than 7 c. higher than 10 d. equal to 7

a. lower than 7

Energy can be defined as ____________. a. that which has the capacity to change the position, physical composition, or temperature of matter b. that which has mass and occupies space c. the distance traveled per unit time d. mass per unit volume e. force per unit area

a. that which has the capacity to change the position, physical composition, or temperature of matter

Matter may be transformed from one type of substance into others, but it cannot be created or destroyed. This principle is referred to as __________________. a. the law of conservation of matter b. the first law of thermodynamics c. the second law of thermodynamics d. the zeroth law of energy conservation

a. the law of conservation of matter

Allopatric speciation occurs ______________. a. A. when species form from populations that are in physically separate locations b. when species arise from populations that are in close proximity, but are separated from one another by time (e.g. day and night) c. when reproductive isolation occurs within a single population without geographic isolation.

a.A. when species form from populations that are in physically separate locations

Which of the following would be an example of artificial selection? a. Breeding of livestock b. The diversity of Hawaiian honeycreepers c. Euphorbs in Africa and Cactus in Arizona having similar adaptations to arid environments d. Beluga whales, killer whales, and blue whales

a.Breeding of livestock

What scientific theory describes how Earth functions? a. Plate Tectonics b. Evolution c. Geocentric Theory d. Heliocentric Theory e. Nebular Theory f. Cell Theory

a.Plate Tectonics